Breach-of-contract-in-UK

Cehav.N.V.v.Breme.Handelgesellschaf.m.b.H.The HansaNord[

1976.Q.B.

44.[Th.seller.agree.t.seLt.th.buyer.l

2.

00.ton.o.citru.puI.pellet.c.i.f.Rotterda.fo.us.a.anima.feed.Claus..o.th.contrac.provide.fo.Mn.On.shipmen.arrive.i.th.HHans.Nord.wit.l.

26.ton.o.pellet.i.No..hol.an.2,

05.ton.i.No..hold.Muc.o.th.carg.i.No..hol.wa.foun.t.b.damage.whil.tha.i.No..hol.wa.i.substantiall.goo.condition.Th.buyer.rejecte.th.whol.cargo.Mocatt.J..o..cas.state.fro.arbitration.uphel.th.board.awar.i.favou.o.th.buyer.an.hel.tha.th.ter.^hipmen.i.goo.condition.wa..conditio.o.th.contract.breac.o.whic.justifie.rejectio.o.th.goods.Th.seller.appeale.t.th.Cour.o.Appeal.]Lor.Dennin.M.R.

[57]“SHIPPED INGOOD CONDITION”Th.judg.hel.that.i.contract.fo.th.sal.o.goods..stipulatio.mus.eithe.b..ncondition.o..H warranty.an.tha.ther.coul.b.n.tertiu.quid.Acceptin.tha.distinction.h.hel.tha.thi.stipulatio/shippe.i.goo.condition.wa..Condition.an.no..nwarranty....s.that.fo.an.breac.o.i.b.th.seller.th.buye.wa.entitle.t.trea.th.contrac.a.repudiated...THE GENERALLAW APARTFROMTHE SALEOF GOODSFo.th.las.

30.o.

40.year.th.court.hav.ha.t.grappl.wit.thi.problem.i.wha.circumstance.ca..party.wh.i.i.breac.himsel.o..stipulatio.o.th.contract.cal.upo.th.othe.sid.t.perfor.hi.par.o.su.hi.fo.no..performance.A.onetim.th.solutio.wa.though.t.depen.o.th.natur.o.th.stipulatio.itself.an.no.o.th.exten.o.th.breac.o.it.consequences.Unde.th.oLform.o.pleading..plaintif.ha.t.ave.an.prov.tha.h.ha.performe.aLcondition.preceden.o.tha.h.wa.read.an.willin.t.perfor.them.Th.question.therefore.wa.whethe.th.stipulatio.whic.h.ha.broken.wa..conditio.preceden.o.not.or.i.th.terminolog.o.th.l8t.[

58.century.whethe.i.wa.a.independen.covenan.th.breac.o.whic.di.deba.th.plaintif.becaus.th.performanc.b.th.othe.wa.dependen.o.th.plaintif.performin.his...nonly toa part,where abreach maybe paidfor indamages,there thedefendant hasa remedyon hiscovenant,and shallnot pleadit asa conditionprecedent

1.In short,if the breach wentto the root ofthe matter,the stipulationwas to be considereda conditionprecedent;but ifthebreachdid notgo to the root,the stipulationwas consideredtobean independentcovenantwhich couldbe compensatedfor indamages.[

59.Apar.fro.thos.case.o.nn.th.court.a.th.sam.tim.wer.developin.th.doctrin.o.^nticipator.breach\Whe.on.party.befor.th.da.whe.h.i.oblige.t.perfor.hi.part.declare.i.advanc.tha.h.wiLno.perfor.i.whe.th.da.comes.o.b.hi.conduc.evince.a.intentio.no.t.perfor.it.th.othe.ma.elec.t.trea.hi.declaratio.o.conduc.a..breac.goin.t.th.roo.o.th.matte.an.t.trea.himsel.a.discharge.fro.furthe.performance.se.Hochste.v.LI.l.Tou..l

853..E..B.

678.1l.E.R.

922.B.hi.prio.declaratio.o.conduc.th.guilt.part.i.sai.t.repudiat.th.contract.Th.wor.Yepudiation.shoul.b.confine.t.thos.case.o.a.anticipator.breach.bu.i.i.als.use.i.connectio.wit.case.o.a.actua.breac.goin.t.th.roo.o.th.contrac.se.Heynw.v.Dar-win.Lt.[

1942.A.C.

356.378-

379.pe.Lor.Wright.Al.o.the.wer.gathere.togethe.b.Lor.Blackbur.i.hi.famou.speec.i.Merse.Stee.an.Iro.Co.Lt.v.Naylor.Benzo..Co.

1884.App.Cas.

434.

44.,444:nTh.rul.o.law.a..alway.understoo.it.i.tha.wher.ther.i..contrac.i.whic.ther.ar.tw.parties.eac.sid.havin.t.d.somethin.i.i.s.lai.dow.i.th.note.t.Pordag.v.Col.l

2.Februar.

1894..hav.studie.th.the.curren.editio.o.Benjamin.Sal.o.Persona.Propert.4t.ed..1888,for.l

89.an.afte.th.Ac.Chalmer..Sal.o.Good.ActJ

893..s.ed..l

894.an.th.proceeding.i.Parliament.Thes.sho.tha.unti.th.yea.l

89.ther.wa.muc.confusio.i.th.us.o.th.word.Hcondition.an.nwarrantyn.Bu.tha.confusio.wa.remove.b.th.Ac.itsel.an.b.th.judgmen.o.Bowe.LJ.i.Bentse.v.Taylor.Son..Co.[

1893..Q.B.

274.

280.Thenceforwar.thos.word.wer.use.b.lawyer.a.term.o.art.Th..differenc.betwee.the.wa.tha.i.th.promiso.brok..conditio.i.an.respect.howeve.slight.i.gav.th.othe.part..righ.t.b.qui.o.hi.obligation.an.t.su.fo.damages.unles.h.b.hi.conduc.waive.th.condition.i.whic.cas.h.wa.boun.Lperfor.hi.futur.obligation.bu.coul.su.fo.th.damag.h.ha.suffered.Lth.promiso.brok..warrant.i.an.respect.[

60.howeve.serious.th.othe.part.wa.no.qui.o.hi.futur.obligations.H.ha.t.perfor.them.Hi.onl.remed.wa.t.su.fo.damages...No.tha.divisio.wa.no.exhaustive.Llef.ou.o.accoun.th.vas.majorit.o.stipulation.whic.wer.neithe.conditions.no.nwarranties.strict!.s.called.bu.wer.intermediat.stipulations.th.effec.o.whic.depende.o.th.breach.Th.case.abou.thes.stipulation.wer.legion.The.stretche.continuousLfro.Boonev.Eyr.t.Merse.Stee.an.Iro.Co.Lt.v.Naylor.Benxo..co..canno.believ.tha.Parliamen.i.l

89.intende.t.giv.th.g..b.t.al.thes.cases.o.t.sa.tha.the.di.no.appl.t.th.sal.o.goods.Thos.case.expresse.th.rule.o.th.commo.law.The.wer.preserve.b.s,

612.o.th.Ac.o.l

893.whic.said:HTh.rule.o.th.commo.law.includin.th.la.merchant.sav.i.s.fa.a.the.ar.inconsisten.wit.th.expres.provision.o.thi.Act...shal.continu.t.appl.t.contract.fo.th.sal.o.goods..Ther.wa.nothin.i.th.Ac.inconsisten.wit.thos.cases.S.the.continue.t.apply.L

196.i.th.Hongkon.Fi.Shippin.Co.Lt.v.Kawasak.Kise.Kaish.Lt.[

1962..Q.B.

26.th.Cour.o.Appea.dre.attentio.t.thi.vas.bod.o.cas.law.The.showe.that.beside.condition.an.warranties.strict!.s.called.ther.ar.man.stipulation.o.whic.th.effec.depend.o.this.i.th.breac.goe.t.th.roo.o.th.contract.th.othe.part.i.entitle.t.trea.himsel.a.discharged.bu.i.i.doe.no.g.t.th.root.h.i.not.I.m.opinion.th.principl.embodie.i.thes.case.applie.t.contract.fo.th.sal.o.good.jus.a.t.al.othe.contracts.Th.tas.o.th.cour.ca.b.state.simpl.i.th.wa.i.whic.Upjoh.L.J.state.i.a.[

1962..Q.B.

64.First.se.whethe.t.tru.construction.i..conditio.strictl.s.called.tha.is...th.othe.part..entitle.t.trea.himsel.a.discharged.Second.i.i.i.no.sue..condition.the.loo.t.th.exten.o.th.actua.breac.whic.ha.take.place.I.i.i.suc.a.t.g.t.th.roo.o.th.contract.th.othe.part.i.entitle.t.trea.himsel.a.discharged.but.otherwise.not.T.thi.ma.b.adde.a.anticipator.breach.Lth.on.party.befor.th.da.o.whic.h.i.du.t.perfor.hi.part.show.b.hi.word.o.conduc.tha.h.wil.no.perfor.i.i..vita.respec.whe.th.da.comes.th.othe.part.i.entitle.t.trea.himsel.a.discharged.SHIPPED INGOOD CONDITION11This bringsme backtotheparticular stipulationin thiscase:Shipped ingood condition.Was thisacondition strictlyso called,so thatany breachof itentitled the buyer toreject thegoods Orwas itanintermediate stipulation,so thatthebuyercannot rejectunless thebreach isso seriousas togo totherootofthe contract[

61.Lther.wa.an.previou.authorit.holdin.i.t.b..conditio.strictl.s.called.w.shoul.abid.b.i.jus.a.w.di.wit.th.claus.nexpecte.read.t.load.se....Th.Mihali.Angelos[l

971..Q.B.

164.But.ther.i.n.suc.authorit.wit.th.claus.nn..regar.thi.claus.a.comparabl.t..claus.a.t.quality.suc.a.fai.averag.qualit ynn.I..smal.portio.o.th.whol.carg.wa.no.i.goo.conditio.an.arrive..littl.unsound.i.shoul.b.me.b..pric.allowance.Th.buyer.shouLno.hav..righ.t.rejec.th.whol.carg.unles.i.wa.seriou.an.substantial.Thi.i.born.ou.b.th.difficult.whic.ofte.arise.a.i.thi.case.o.ac.i.f.contrac.a.t.whethe.th.damag.wa.don.befor.shipmen.o.too.plac.afte.shipment.fo.i.th.latte.cas.th.buye.woul.hav.n.clai.agains.th.selle.bu.woul.b.lef.t.hi.clai.agains.th.insurers.So.a..matte.o.goo.sense.th.buye.shoul.b.boun.t.accep.th.good.an.no.rejec.the.unles.ther.i..seriou.an.substantia.breach.fairl.attributabl.t.th.seller.I.m.opinion.therefore.th.ter.shippe.i.goo.conditio.H wa.no..conditio.strict!.s.called.no.wa.i..warrant.strictLs.called.Lwa.on.o.thos.intermediat.stipulation.whic.give.n.righ.t.rejec.unles.th.breac.goe.t.th.roo.o.th.contract.O.th.fact.state.b.th.boar.o.appealed.no.thin.th.buye.wa.entitle.t.rejec.thes.instalment.o.th.contractTh.boar.onl.sai.tha.Hn.Tha.doe.no.sa.ho.man.wer.bad.Lan.case.thei.conditio.canno.hav.bee.ver.bad.seein.tha.al.o.the.wer.i.fac.use.fo.th.intende.purpose.Th.breac.di.no.g.t.th.roo.o.th.contract.Th.buye.i.entitle.t.damages.bu.no.t.rejectio.....Roskil.an.Ormro...J.J.delivere.judgment.t..simila.effect.]思考题、根据本案判决解释“条件，“担保”和“中间条款”的含义

1、在本案中，法院是如何确定卖方违约的性质的，其理由是什么？

2、3。