中西文化差异表现及其原因

中西文化差异表现及其因素

一、中西文化差异表现

1、思维模式的异同中国人喜欢站在生命的更高处思考问题，跳出现实，重视对生命的思考，在对人和人之间，人和自然界之间，人的精神和肉体之间的关系都有深刻的思考西方人偏重于逻辑思维或者理性思维；中国人属于抽象思维或者感性思维而西方人更注重于从物质世界入手，去探索和求证问题的本源

2、对待个人利益与集体利益、国家利益的异同中国人更看重集体利益，涉及家族利益、国家利益，主张控制自己的欲望，反对极端个人主义和英雄主义，往往把个人利益和集体利益，国家利益联系在一起，富于爱国和献身精神而西方人更重视个体利益，追求人权，崇尚自由，认为假如连个体利益都无法保障，更谈何集体利益，正是这样的思想结识,最终推动了西方民主政治的发展；

3、民主观念的异同中国人注重精神的自由，把自由、民主当作是君主权贵的赏赐所以我们的人民总在渴望青天，希望能有好官的出现为民谋利而西方的民主政治认为，政出于民，一切的政权只是人民授予，让政府来行使的一种公权力

4、科学观的异同中国人更相信先人的经验和权威，相信古人甚至超过相信今人，迷信权威，缺少创新和探索精神而西方人重视实践和理论，富丁•探险精神，提倡理性思维通过正规的学院式教育对科学成果进行普及和推广，极大的促进了科学的发展，也最终建立了完整的科学体系；

5、中西方的道德观是迥然不同的西方强调个体本位，而中国人提倡群体本位中西方道德观的不同，使中西方的伦理体系和道德规范具有了不同的特点西方重契约，中国重人伦；西方重理智，中国重人情；西方伦理重于竞争，中国则偏重于中庸、和谐；西方的伦理道德是以人性恶为出发点，强调个体的道德教育，中国儒家是从人性善的观点出发，强调个体的道德修养

6、法制观念的异同中国人主张用礼、道德来约束，通过先贤的教导和学习提高自己的修养，讲究克己复礼，导致了人格的缺陷，丧失了独立的人格；而西方人认为人的原欲是不应当被压制的，对于社会和个人的规范，主张用“法制”，通过制度,如三权分立的组织、政治机构来约束制约，道德则处在从属的地位

7、在为人处世方面的异同中国人内敛、自省，喜欢“每日三省吾身”，为的是合于先王之道,把修养身心看的很重，推崇中庸思想，导致思想的保守、缺少创新和开拓进取精神西方人更热心于公益事业，把服务社会当成自己的职责First,Chinese andWestern cultural differences inperformance1,the similarities and differences of thinkingmodeThe Chineselike tostand on the higherground of their lifeto thinkabout things,to jumpout ofreality,to thinkabout life,and tothink deeplyabout therelationshipbetween people and people,between peopleand nature,and betweenhumanspirits andflesh..Westerners focuson logicalthinking orrational thinking;Chinese peopleare abstractthinking oremotional thinking.Westerners paymoreattention tostarting fromthe materialworld to explore andprove theorigin oftheproblem.2,treat personalinterests andcollective interests,the similarities anddifferences betweennational interestsChineseattach moreimportance tocollective interests,including familyinterests,national interests,advocating thecontrol of their owndesires,and opposingextremeindividualism andheroism.They oftenassociate personalinterests withcollectiveinterests andnational interestsand arerich inpatriotism anddedication.Westerners,on theother hand,attach moreimportance toindividualinterests,pursue humanrights,and advocatefreedom.They thinkthat evenifindividual interestscan not be guaranteed,it issuch anunderstanding ofideologythat ultimatelypromotes thedevelopment ofWestern democraticpolitics.3,similarities and differencesof the concept of democracyChineseattach importanceto spiritualfreedom andregard freedomand democracyasa rewardfor themonarchy.Therefore,our peopleare alwayslonging for the blueskyand hopingthat therewill bethe emergenceof goodofficials forthe benefitof the people.However,Western democraticpolitics holdthat the government isoutof thepeopleandthat allpower isonly akind ofpublic powergranted bythe peopleandexercised bythegovernment.4,the scientificconceptofsimilaritiesanddifferencesChinese believein theexperience andauthority oftheir ancestorsmore andbelievethat the ancients evensurpassed thosewho believein modernity,superstition andauthority,lack ofinnovation andexploration.The Westernersattach importanceto practiceand theory,full ofadventure spirit,promote rationalthinking.Popularizing andpopularizing scientificachievementsthrough formalcollege educationhas greatlypromoted thedevelopment ofscienceand finallyestablished acomplete scientificsystem.5,Western ethicsis verydifferentWestern emphasis on individualstandard,while the Chinese peopleadvocate groupstandard.The differentethics betweenChina and the Westmake theethical systemandmoral normsoftheWest havedifferent characteristics:the Westernre-contract,Chinas emphasison humanresources,the Westsemphasisonreason,Chinas humannature;Western ethicsover competition,China ismore emphasisonthegolden mean,Harmony.The westernethics embodiesthe evilof humannature asthe startingpoint,emphasizing individualmoral education.Chinese Confucianismemphasizes individualmoralcultivation fromthe viewpoint of humannature.6,the similaritiesanddifferences between thelegal conceptChinese advocatetheuse ofcourtesy,moral restraint,through theteachings ofthe sagesand learningtoimprove theirself-discipline,pay attention to self-denial,leading to thepersonality defects,loss ofindependent personality;and Westernersthink thatpeoplesdesires shouldnotbeSuppression ofsocial andpersonal norms,advocatedthe useof“legal system”,through thesystem,such asthe separationof powersofthe organization,political institutionsto restrain the constraints,moralityis ina subordinateposition.7,similaritiesanddifferences in the attitudeof othersTheChinese areintroverted andintrospective.They likethe ThreeWages ofOurDaily Livingin ThreeProvinces,/z inorder toreconcile themselveswith thekingsof thepast.They regardthe cultivationof mindand bodyas heavyas one,advocatingthe goldenmeanings,leading toconservative thinking,lack ofinnovation andpioneeringspirit.Westerners aremore enthusiasticabout publicwelfare andregardserving thesociety astheir ownresponsibility.

二、中西文化差异的因素从地理和文化的角度看，全世界可以分为东方和西方两大区域导致它们文化差异的因素很多，本文重要归纳为三个方面

1、受经济制度的影响中国的传统经济是典型的自给自足的自然经济人们比较安分保守由于他们依靠一块土地可以活一辈子，文化比较内向并且中国的古代文明,发源于大河流域,属于农业文明，“农业文明性格”造就了东方人注重伦理道德,求同求稳，以“和为贵，忍为高”为处世原则西方的古希腊文明，发源于爱琴海沿岸，属于海洋文明，况且欧洲的农耕远不像中国的农耕在古代社会那样重要，所以欧洲人喜欢向外探索，文化比较外向并且西方国家通过工业革命很早就进入了工业经济时代，工业文明性格”造就了西方人有较强的斗争精神和维护自身利益的法律意识，以独立、自由、平等为处世原则

2、受地理环境的影响封闭的大陆型地理环境使中国人的思维局限在本土之内，善于总结前人的经验教训，喜欢“以史为镜”，而空间意识较弱这种内向型思维导致了中国人求稳好静的性格，对新鲜事物缺少好奇，对未知事物缺少爱好而西方国家大多数则处在开放的海洋型地理环境，工商业、航海业发达，自古希腊时期就有注重研究自然客体，探索自然奥秘的传统同时，海洋环境的山风海啸、动荡不安，也构成了西方民族注重空间拓展和武力征服的个性

三、结语不同文化之间的差异是由于各自民族的文化历史背景、审美心理的不同而产生的，是在社会的发展、历史的沉淀中约定俗成的，是一种永久性的文化现象我们应了解不同地区、不同民族的文化背景知识以及社会风俗习惯在信息技术飞速发展的今天，人们居住的世界变得越来越小，不同文化背景的人交流越来越多了解不同文化差异，提高文化适应性，对于现代人来说具有十分重要的意义学习了解中西方文化的差异，有助于我们实现从感性到理性质的奔腾，排除东方思维负迁移的影响，进而使我们的跨文化交际更有效，更顺畅Second,the reasonsforthe differences betweenChinese andWestern culturesFroma geographicaland culturalpointofview,the worldcan bedivided intotwomajor regions,the EastandtheWest.There aremany reasonsthat leadto theirculturaldifferences.This articleis mainlysummarized inthree aspects:The companyis locatedin:1,affected bythe economicsystem.Chinas traditionaleconomy isa typicalself-sufficient naturaleconomy.People arerelatively safeand conservative.Because theycan relyon apiece oflandcan livea lifetimeculture moreintroverted.Moreover,the ancientcivilizationin Chinaoriginates fromthe greatriver basin and belongs to theagricultural civilization.The characterof^agriculturalcivilization77has createdtheprinciple thatthe orientalpeople payattentiontoethics,seek commongroundwith stability,and takeharmony asyour principleand endureas highnessas theprincipleof living.Western ancientGreek civilizationoriginated in the coastofthe AegeanSea,belongstothe marinecivilization.Moreover,Europes far-reachingfarming isfar lessimportant thantheancientChinese farmingin ancientsociety.Therefore,Europeans liketoexploreand culturemore outgoing.Moreover,after theindustrialrevolution,the westerncountries enteredthe eraof industrialeconomylong ago.The industrialcivilization characterhas createdthe awarenessof theWesternersthat theyhave astrong senseof struggleand theirown interests,andare independent,free andequal.2,affected bythe geographicalenvironment.The closedcontinental geographyhas restrictedChinese thinkingtothelocalcommunity,is goodat summingup theexperiences andlessons ofour predecessors,likes takinghistory asa mirrorand hasless spatialawareness.This introvertedthinkingled totheChinese，s questfor stability,lack ofcuriosity aboutnew thingsandlack ofinterest inunknown things.However,most ofthe westerncountries areinanopen oceanicgeographicalenvironment,and havedeveloped theirbusiness,shipping andmarine industries.Since ancientGreece,there wasa traditionof focusingon naturalobjects andexploringnatural mysteries.At thesame time,the mountainoustsunami andturmoilin themarine environmenthave alsoconstituted theindividuality thatthe westernnationpays attentionto spaceexpansion andthe conquestof force.Third,the conclusionDifferencesbetween differentcultures aredue tothedifferencesintheculturaland historicalbackgrounds andaesthetic psychologyoftheirown nationalities.Theyare establishedinthedevelopment ofsociety andinthesedimentation ofhistoryas apermanent culturalphenomenon.We shouldunderstand thecultural backgroundandsocial customsof differentregions andethnic groups.With therapid developmentofinformation technology,the worldinhabited bypeople hasbecome smallerandsmaller,and peoplefrom differentcultural backgroundshave beencommunicating moreandmore.Understanding differentculturaldifferencesand enhancingculturaladaptability isof greatsignificance tothe modernpeople.Learning tounderstand thedifferencesbetweenChinese andWestern cultureshelpsus toachieve aleap fromperceptual torational natureand eliminatethe negativeimpactofthenegative thinkingoftheEast,so asto makeour cross-culturalcommunication moreeffective andsmooth.。