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2024年英语|级语法讲义大全英语四级语法讲义大全英语四级语法讲义:现在分词的完成被动式现在分词的完成被动式表示分词的动作发生在谓语的行为之前,且动作由逻辑主语所承受(即与逻辑主语是被动关系)Having beengiven sucha goodchance,he plannedto workhard.Having beenexperimented severaltimes,this newproduct willbe putsintosmassproduction.All thecompositionsshavingsbeen writtenand collected,the teacherdismissed thestudents.英语四级语法讲义〃悬垂分词〃问题前节说过,分词(短语)有意义上的逻辑主语,它或是句子的主语,或者另有自己的主语,不然称这种分词为〃悬垂分词〃,这样的句子一般认为是不能接受或错误的(这句话听^Looking outof thewindow ofour hotelroom,there arelots ofmountains.起来好象是那些山从窗户往外看)(这句话听起来^Admired byeverybody,dozens ofletters reachedthe veteransoldier.好象是信件被赞扬)^Sitting underan appletree onenight,an ideacame toNewton.(这句话听上去好象是某种思想坐在树下)关于〃悬垂分词〃这条语法规则也有例外情况下面几种情况中的分词(短语),不再认为它们是〃悬垂分词〃,即句子是正确的)有些分词(短语)可用来表示说话人的态度,看问题的角度,或者对所叙述的情况进行解释,1它们便成了句子的独立成分,其逻辑主语也就不再是句子的主语.严格地讲,谁也不允许在这儿(的Strictly speaking,nobody is allowed inhere speaking逻辑主语并不是).从他的口音nobody Judgingfrom hisaccent,he mustbe fromthe South判断,他一定是南方人(这句中不是在〃判断)he Takenas awhole,there isnothing with the.总的来说,这本书没有问题book Takingall thingssintosconsideration,his workisasuccessful全面考虑起来他的工作还是很成功的经常这样用的分词(分词词组)有(one.frankly broadly,)()generally,properly,strictly...speaking,judging fromby…,talking about...speakingz.等of...,looking at..^taking...into consideration,put frankly,taken..)这样使用的有些分词,在句子中逐渐起到连词或介词的作用,便把它们视为连词或介词
2.就算他Granting thathe hadthe bestintention,his conductmight workgreat mischief出于好意,他的行为也会引起极大不快屋子There wereten peoplein theroom,including me.里有十个人,包括我在内川要是我的费用有人代Provided thatmy expensesare paid,I wgo.付,我就去经常这样使用的分词有()()admitting that,assuming that,barring,concerning,()presuming,granting,pending,excepting,failing,saving,supposing that,touching,given,()等granted,provided that)某些句子中作状语的分词的逻辑主语虽然不是句子的主语,但可能是句中的另外某一成分,对3这样的句子也不再认为是〃悬垂分词〃Seeing herhealth sinkingrapidly,alarm clutchedthe father#39;s heart.她父亲看到她健康迅速恶化,很是惊慌(分词的逻辑主语当然不是,但它包含在宾语的定语之中)seeing alarmheart father#39;s他在His summerholidays werespent in the countryside,helping hisfather withfarm work乡下过暑假,帮助父亲干农活(分词的逻辑主语包含在主语的定语之中)helping holidayshis以上句子之所以能被接受,是因为它们能清楚表达意思,不会引起误解,如第一句中是抽象alarm名词,不会误解为的逻辑主语;第二句中主语是无生命的名词,不可能误解为seeing holidays的逻辑主语helping)如果句子谓语是被动语态,分词的逻辑主语可以包含在后面的动作执行者之中(有时这个4by执行者并未明确表示出来)这样的句子也可以被接受,而非悬垂分词Ideas can be expressedaccurately andeffectively,using simplesentences.用简单的句子可以准确有力地表达思想Knowing asmuch asyou do,the situationis easily,像你这样了解情况,很容易解释这一形势以上两句中的分词和的.逻explained usingknowing辑主语当然不是它们句子的主语和而是没有明确表达出来的和两ideas situation,express explain个动作的执行者英语四级语法讲义:现在分词的完成式现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中,表示这个动作在谓语所表示的动作之前完成Having succeededinthelast examination,she wasmore confidentof anothersuccessin thecoming one.Having foundthe cause,they wereable topropose aremedy.Having finishedhis homework,the boywent toplay computergame.Notshavingsmade adequatepreparations,they thoughtit betterto postponetheexcursion tillnext week.独立结构中也可以用现在分词的完成形式His parentsshavingsdied,the orphanis nowtaken care of by the government.The guestsshavingsleft,they resumedtheir discussion.英语四级语法讲义过去分词表被动语态get+〃英语中还有一种过去分词〃构成的被动语态其中与过去分词〃结构中的get+get be+同样起助动词的作用这种结构在谈论突然发生、出乎意料的偶然事件beIt isupsetting whena persongets punishedfor acrime thathe didn#39;t commitThepicture gotdamaged=was damagedwhen wewere moving.If theymake suchcriticismsthey willget treatedwiththecontempt theydeserve.The oldlady gothit byaflower potfalling froma balcony.I gotinvited tolots ofparties lastholidays.I don#39;twant toget mixedup withthe policeagain.〃过去分词与过去分词〃表达的被动语态并不完全相同,〃过去分词〃既可get+be+be+表示动作,又可表示状态,而过去分词〃则主要表示动作get+The policesay theman was shot whenthey foundhim,but theydon8i#39;t knowwhenhe got shot.在这个句子中表示状态,而则表示动作再如另外,过去分wasshotgotshotbe+〃词〃构成的被动语态不用于将来进行时和完成进行时;而过去分词〃可以用这些时态get+You willbe gettingcursed.My brotherhas beengetting examined.英语四级语法讲义:不能变为被动结构的主动结构)某些表示状态或者特征的及物动词没有被动语态形式这类动词常见的有1beg,equal,fail(相彳以),等hold,possess,fit,become,contain,cost,fit,have lack,resemble,suitz#This newEnglish-Chinese dictionarycost meten dollars.)某些动词的主动形式表示被动意义,如;2cook,read,shut smell,taste,wash,write,prove.Good medicinetastes bitterto themouth.The theoryproved rightafter aseries ofexperiments.英语四级语法讲义:特殊的被动结构)带情态动词的被动结构其形式为情态动词+过去分词1be+The babyshould betaken goodcareofbythebaby-sitter.This instrumentmust behandledwith greatcare.In thissense,bad thingscanbeturnedsintosgood things.)有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另2一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面通常变为主语的是间接宾语The delegationwas givena warmsend-off at the airport.He wasasked anumber ofquestionsatthepress conference.Two dayswere allowedthem formaking thenecessarypreparation.)当动词+宾语+宾语补语结构变为被动语态时,原句中的宾语补语成为主语补语能用这种3结构的动词有:declare,call,consider,elect,appoint,nominate,find,leave,like,make,prefer,等think,wantShe wasnominated amember ofthe council.Professor Smithwas appointedthe headofthe PhilosophyDepartment.)在使役动词以及感官动词等后4have,make,get see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to to.A strangerwas seento walksintosthebuilding.She wasmade toclean thefloor.)某些感官动词加形容词可以表示被动意义5The dishtastes delicious.The applesmells sweet.)过去分词+从句,或主语+过去分词+6It+be+that be+to dosth.It is said thatthe boyhas passedthe nationalexam.The boyissaidto havepassedthe nationalexam.It wasreported that60%students inthe universityhad passed本文来源网络收CET-
6.60%students inthe universitywere reportedto havepassed CET-
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