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2017年上海高考英语真题Famous peopleoUcn saythat the key to becoming bothhappy andsuccessful isto**do whatyou love,But masteringa skill,even onethat youdeeply love.41__________________a hugeamount ofdull work.Anyone whowant comaster askill mustmn throughthe cycleof praciice.42_______________feedback,nKxiiGcation.and increasingimprovement again,again and again.Some peopleseem able to cone5gle onpracticingan activitylike thistor yearsand lakepleasure iniheir gradualimprovcnicnt Yetothers findthis kindoffbcuacd.tinw-intcnsivc workobe43________________________________________________________orboring.WhyThe differencemay turnon theability to enter into a stateof,follow/the fellingof beingcompletely44_________________in whatyou arcdoing.Whether youcall itbeing“in thezone；or somethingelse,a flowstale is a specialexperience.Since MihalyCsikszentmihalyi developed the45of flowin the1970$.it has been amainstay ofpositive-psychology research.Flow slatescan happenin hecourse of anyactivity,and heyarc mostcommon whena taskhas well-tlefinud goalsand is at an46skill level,and wherethe individual isableto47their pcrlbnnancclo clearand immediatefeedback.Csiks/cntmihalyi suggestedthat those who most48__________entered intoflow stateshad an・auUMclic pcntonalily自带H的性人格a disposition to seekout challengesand getintoastale offlow.While thosewithout such a personalitysee ditTicullies,autotclic individualssee opportunilicso buildskills.Autolclic individualsarc receptiveand opento newchallenges.They arcalso49and havelow levelsofsclf-centcrcdncss.Such people,with theircapacity tor^disinterested interesthave agreat advantageover othersin developingtheir innateabilities.Fortunately forthose ofus whoarent51________blessed withan autotclicpersonality,there isevidencethat flowstutes canbe52by enxironmcnulfactors.53_,the learningframework prescribedbyMontessori schoolsseems oencourage flowstales.While there isnt ycla pillthat canlum mundanepruclicc intoa ihrillingaclivily toranyone.H ishearteningthat weseem,at leasto some
54.to be able lonudge ourselvesloward How〔states.By givingourselves unstructured,open-ended time,minimal55__________,andatask scat amoderatelevel ofditlkulty.we maybe ableto loveuhat we,re doingwhile weput inhe hardwork practicingthethings welove doing.
41.inquires B.requires
55.A.attractionscmptalion
42.A.B.maintainable D.gainspreventable C.acquires\B.encouraging D.cntical
43.A.tnistrating susumablcBindicated D.instructing
44.A.improved C.concerningB receiptD.inspired
45.A.conceptC.involvedB.appropriate Dcondition
46.A.alternativeC.receptionB.adopt D.sufficient
47.A,makeC.approximateB.really D.adj uM
48.A.fullyC.adaptB.persistent D.accidentally
49.A.generousC.readilyB.advance D.resistant
50.A.addictC.courageousB.obviously D.admire
51.A.C.advantageB.tunctioned D.occasionallynecessarilyB.For example\gradually D.facilitated
52.A.forbiddenB.extent C.fastened D.In comparison
53.A.InparticularB.chamung C.In conclusionI,inlenl
54.A.inleniionC.purpose\D,distracUoivi（起飞，脱掉，开始成功）（伸出，坚持）（返
64.A.agreement B.回）prediction C.outcome D.challenge2012年People ona collegecampus were more likely to givemoney to the MarchofDimes if they were asked fora donationby adisabled womanin awheelchair thanifasked bya nondisabledwoman.In another50,subway ridersin NewYork sawaman carryinga stickstumble（绊脚）and fallto thefloor.Sometimes thevictim hadalarge redbirthmark onhis51;sometimes hedid not.In thissituation,the victimwasmore likelyto52aid ifhis facewas spotlessthan ifhe hadan unattractivebirthmark.In53these andother researchfindings,two themesare54:we aremorewilling to help people we likefor somereason andpeoplewethink55assistance.In somesituations,thosewhoare physicallyattractive aremore likelytoreceive aid.56,in afield studyresearchers placeda completedapplication tograduateschool（研究所）in atelephone boxat theairport.The applicationwasready to be57_,but hadapparently beenlost.The photoattached to theapplication wassometimes thatof avery58person andsometimes thatofalessattractive person.The measureof helpingwas whethertheindividualwho foundtheenvelope actuallymailed itor not.Results showedthat peoplewere more likelyto59the applicationiftheperson in the photowas physicallyattractive.The degreeof60between the potential helperand theperson inneed isalsoimportant.For example,people aremore likelyto helpa strangerwho isfrom thesamecountry rather than aforeigner.In onestudy,shoppers ona busystreet in（）Scotland were morelikelytohelpa personwearing an61T-shirt thana personwearinga T-shirt printedwith offensivewords.Whether aperson receiveshelp dependsin parton the“worth”of the case.For example,shoppers in a supermarketweremorelikelytogive someone62_tobuy milkrather thanto buycookies,probably becausemilk isthought moreessentialfor63than cookies.Passengers ona NewYork subwayweremorelikelyto helpa manwho fellto theground ifhe appearedto be64rather thandrunk.
50.A.study B.way C.word D.college
51.A.hand B.arm C.face D.back
52.A.refuse B.beg C.lose D.receive
53.A.challenging B.recording£understanding D.publishing
54.A.important B.possible C.amusing D.missing
55.A.seek B.deserve C.obtain D.accept
56.A.At firstB.Above allC.In additionD.For example
57.A.printed B.mailed C.rewritten D.signed
58.A.talented B.good-looking C.helpful D.hard-working
59.A.send inB.throw awayC.fill outD.turn down（递送，提出）（填写，长胖）
60.A.similarity B.friendship C.cooperation D.contact
61.A.expensive B.plain C.cheap D.strange
62.A.time B.instructions Cimoney D.chances
63.A.shoppers B.research C.children D.health
64.A.talkative B.handsome C.calm D.sick（健谈的，多嘴的）2011年Everyone inbusiness hasbeen toldthat successis allabout attractingandretaining（留住）customers.It soundssimple andachievable.But,50,words ofwisdomare soonforgotten.Once companies have attractedcustomers theyoften51the secondhalf of the story.In theexcitement ofbeating off（击退）thecompetition,negotiating prices,securing（固定，使安全，获得）orders,and deliveringtheproduct,managers tendto becomecarried away（.冲昏...头脑,带走，冲走）Theyforget what they regardas theboring sideof business_52that thecustomerremains acustomer.53to concentrateon retainingas wellas attractingcustomers costsbusinesshuge amountsof moneyannually.It hasbeen estimatedthat theaveragecompany losesbetween10and30per centof itscustomers everyyears.Inconstantly（不断的,经常的）changing54,this is not surprising.What issurprising isthefact thatfew companieshave anyidea howmany customersthey havelost.Only noware organizationsbeginning towake up to（意识至U）those lostopportunitiesand calculatethe55implications.（暗示，牵连）Cutting downthenumber ofcustomers acompany losescan makea big56in itsperformance.Research inthe USfound thata fiveper centdecrease inthe number of defecting（流失的）customers ledto57increases ofbetween25and85per cent.In theUS,Dominos Pizzaestimates thata regularcustomer isworth morethan$5,000over tenyears.A customerwho receivesa poorquaHty productorservice on their firstvisit and58never returns,is losing（使・・・失去，可接双宾语）（the companythousands ofdollars in59promts moreif youconsider howmany）people theyare likelyto tellabout theirbad experience.The logicbehind cultivatingcustomer60is impossibleto deny.uln practicemostcompanies marketingeffort isfocused ongetting customers,with little，attention paidto61them”says AdrianPayne ofCornfieldUniversity,School ofManagement.Research suggests that thereisacloserelationship betweenretaining customersand makingprofits.62customers tendtobuy more,are predictableand usuallycost lessto servicethan newcustomers.Furthermore,they tendto beless price63,and mayprovide freeword-of-mouth（口头的，口头传达的）advertising.Retainingcustomers alsomakes it64for competitorstoentera marketor increasetheir
50.A.in particular
8.in realityC.at leastD.first ofall
51.A.emphasize B.doubt C.overlook D.believe（忽视，俯瞰）
52.A.denying B.ensuring C.arguing D.proving（确保，保证）
53.A.Moving B.Hoping C.Starting D.Failing
54.A.markets C.prices D.expensesB.tastes
55.A.culture C.financial D.economicalB.social（经济的，节俭的）
56.A.promise C.mistake D.differenceB.plan
57.A.cost C.profit D.budgetB.opportunity
58.A.as a result C.in conclusionD.on thecontraryB.on thewholeshare ofa market.
59.A.huge B.potential C.extra D.reasonable
60.A.beliefs B.loyalty C.habits D.interest
61..A.altering B.understanding C.keeping D.attracting
62.A.Assumed B.Respected C.Established D.Unexpected（局部轻微的改变）
63.A.agreeable B.flexible C.friendly D.sensitive
64.A.unfair B.difficult C.essential D.convenient（可弯曲的，柔韧的，可变通的，灵活的）2010年The firstattempt ofeven themost talentedartists,musicians,and writersisseldom amasterpiece,If youconsider yourdrafts asdress rehearsals（彩排）,ortryouts,（试用，预赛）revising willseem anatural part of the writing—50—.What is the purposeof thedress rehearsalsand theout-of-town previews（试映，预告，预习）that manyBroadway showsgo throughThe answeris adding,deleting,replacing,reordering,51revising.Andrew Lloyd Webber*s musicalPhantomof theOpera underwent（经历）suchaprocess.When LloydWebber beganwriting in1984,he hadin minda funny,excitingproduction.However,when Phantomopened inLondon in1986,the audiencesawa movingpsychological lovestory setto music（.被谱曲）The musicalhad52severalrevisions due,in part,to problemswithcostuming andmakeup（戏月艮和化妆）.For instance,LloydWebber53some of the musicbecause thePhantoms makeupprevented theactor fromsingingcertain sounds.When yourevise,you changeaspects of your work in54to yourevolving（进化的）purpose,onto include55ideas ornewly discoveredinformation.Revision is not justan afterthought（事后想法）that getsonly asmuch timeasyou haveattheend ofan assignment.56,it isa majorstage of thewritingprocess,and writersrevise everystep of the way.Even yourdecision to57,topics whileprewiitincisatype ofrevising.Howeverdont makethe mistakeof skippingthe revisionstage thatfollows
58.Always maketime tobecome yourown59and viewyour dressrehearsal,so tospeak.Reviewing yourworkin this waycan giveyou60new ideas.Revising involves61the effectivenessand appropriatenessof allaspectsofyourwriting,making yourpurpose moreclearly,and refocusingordeveloping thefacts andideas youpresent.When yourevise,ask yourselfthefollowing questions,keeping inmind theaudience forwhom youare writing:Ismy mainidea orpurpose62throughout mydraft DoI everlose sightofmy purposeHave Igiven myreaders allofthe63that is,facts,opinions,inferences（推理，推断）—that theyneed in order tounderstand mymainidea Finally,have Iincluded toomany64details thatmay
50.A.technique B.style C.process D.careerconfuse readers
51.A.in particularB.as aresult C.for exampleD,in otherwords
52.A undergoneB.skipped C.rejected D.replaced
53.A.rewrote B.released C.recorded D.reserved（释放、赦免、发行）（保留、预订）
54.A.addition B.response C.opposition D.contrast（反对）
55.A.fixed B.ambitious C.familiar D.fresh
56.A.However B.Moreover C.Instead D.Therefore
57.A.discuss B.switch C.exhaust D.cover（开关，转换）（使筋疲力尽，耗尽）
58.A.drafting B.rearranging C.performing D.training
59.A.director B.master C.audience D.visitor
60.A.personal B.valuable C.basic D.delicate（纤细的，精美的，微妙的）
61.A.mixing B.weakening C.maintaining D.assessing
63.A.angles B.evidence C.information D.hints（暗示）
64.A.unnecessary B.uninteresting C.concrete D.final（混凝土，具体的）2016年In the1960s,Douglas McGregor,one ofthekeythinkers inthe artofmanagement,developedthemow famousTheory Xand Theory Y.Theory Xis theideathat peopleinstinctively（本能地）51work andw川do anythingto avoidit.TheoryYistheview thateveryone hasthepotentialto findsatisfaction inwork.In anycase,despite somuch evidencetothe52,many managersstill agreetoTheory X.They believe,53,that theiremployees needconstantsupervision（监督，管理）if theyare towork effectively,or thatdecisions mustbe（impose sthon sb把..・强力口给某人）imposed from54without consultation（咨询）.This,of course,makes forauthoritarian（专制的）managers.Different cultureshave differentways of55people.Unlike authoritarianmanagement,some cultures,particularly inAsia,are wellknown for theconsultative natureof decision-making—all membersofthedepartment orworkgroup areasked to56to thisprocess.This ismanagement by the collective（集体的，共同的）opinion.Many westerncompanieshavetried toimitate suchAsianways ofdoing things,which arebased ongeneral57,Some expertssay thatwomenwill becomemore effectivemanagers thanmen becausethey havethepower toreach commongoals ina waythat traditional58_managers cannot.A recenttrend hasbeen toencourage employeesto usetheir owninitiative（首创精神，主动权），to makedecisions on their ownwithout59managers first.Thisempowerment（授权）hasbeenpartofthe trendtowards downsizing:60the numberof management layersin companies.After de-layering（减少员工层）inthisway,acompany maybe61with justa toplevel ofsenior managers,front-line managersandemployees withdirect contactwith thepublic.Empowerment takesthe ideaofdelegation（委才毛）much furtherthan has62been thecase.Empowerment anddelegationmeannew formsofmanagementcontrol to63that theoverall businessplan isbeingfollowed,and thatoperations becomemore profitableunder theneworganization,rather thanless.Another trendis off-site（不在现场的）or64management,where teamsofpeople linkedby e-mail andthe Internetwork onprojects fromtheir ownhouses.Project managersevaluate the65oftheteam membersin termsof whattheyproduce forprojects,ratherthanthe amountof timethey
51.A.desire B.seek C.lose D.dislike
52._A.contrary B.expectation C.degree D.extreme
53.A.vice versaB.for exampleC.however D.otherwisespend on them.
54.A.outside
8.inside C.below D.above
55.A.replacing B.assessing Cmanaging D.encouraging（评价，估价）
56.A.refer B.contribute C.object D.apply（〜+to有助于）
57.A.agreement C.election D.impressionB.practice
58.A.bossy C.western D.maleB.experienced
59.A.asking C.warning D.firingB.training
60.A.doubling C.reducing D.estimatingB.maintaining
61.A.honored C.crowded D.comparedB.left（反过来也是一样的）
62.A.economically B.traditionally C.inadequately D.occasionally（不够地，不够好地）
63.A.deny B.admit C.assume D.ensure（假定，承担）
64.A.virtual B.ineffectiveC.day-to-day D.on-the-scene
65.A.opinion B.risk C.performance D.attractiveness2015年If youstudied picturesthat ancientpeople lefton rockwalls andyou triedtodetermine theirmeaning,you wouldnot detect（探测，察觉）interest inromanceamong theartists.51,you wouldsee plentyof animalswith peoplerunning afterthem.Life forancient peoplesearned tocenter on（集中在）hunting andgatheringwild foodsfor meals.In moderntimes,when foodis availablein grocerystores,finding loveismore52in peopleslives.The53is allaround us.It iseasy toprepare alist ofmodernstories havingto dowith love.An endlessnumberofbooks andmoviesqualify as（作为・・・合适）love storiesin popularculture.Researchers arestudying whetherlove,a highlyvalued emotionalstate,canbe
54.They ask,what islove Toothpastecompanies wantus tothink attractionisall aboutclean teeth,but cleanteeth goonly sofar.Scientists wonderhow muchthebrain getsinvolved.You haveprobably heardthat oppositesattract butthat55attract,too.One thingis certain:The truthabout loveisnotyet setin stone.（——层不变，板上车丁车丁）First ImpressionTohelp determinethe56of attraction,researchers paired164collegeclassmates andhad themtalk for3,6or10minutes sothey couldget asense ofeachothers individuality.Then studentswereaskedto57what kind of relationshiptheywere likelyto buildwith theirpartners.After nineweeks,they reportedwhathappened.As itturned out,their58judgments oftenheld true.Students seemedto59atan earlystage whowould bestfit into their lives.The60KnowsScientists havealso turnedto nonhumansto increaseunderstanding ofattraction.Many animalsgive offpheromones（信息激素）一natural chemicalsthatcan bedetected by,and thencan producea responsein,other animalsof thesamespecies.Pheromones cansignal that an animalis eitherready tofight orisfeeling61to partnerships.In contrast,humans donot seem to beas62as otheranimals atdetecting suchchemicals.Smell,however,does seemtoplay apart inhuman attraction.Although wemay notbe awareof chemicalslikepheromones consciously,we giveand receiveloads ofinformation throughsmellin everyinteraction withother people.Face ValueBeingfond ofsomeone seemsto havea numberof factors,including seeingsomethingwe findattractive.Researchers hadpeople judgefaces for
63.Theparticipants had
0.013seconds toview eachface,yet somehowthey generallyconsideredthe imagesthe sameas peoplewho hadmore timeto studythe samefaces.The waywe64attractiveness seemtobesomewhat automatic.When shownan attractiveface andthen wordswith goodor badassociations,people respondedto65words fasterafter viewingan
51.A.Instead B.Therefore C.Moreover D.Otherwise
52.A.romantic B.stressful C,central D.beneficial
53.A.priority B.proof C.possibility D.principle（原则，原理）
54.A.tested B.imposed C.changed D.created
55.A.appearances B.virtues C.similarities D.passions
56.A.illustrations B.implications C.ingredients D.intentions（暗示，含意）（配料，材料）
57.A.predictB.investigate C.diagnose D.recall（判断）
58.A.critical旦.initialC.randomD.matureattractive face.Seeing somethingattractive seemsto causehappy thinking.
59.A.memorize B.distinguish C.negotiate D.question（批评的，决定性的）
60.A.Nose B.Eye C.Heart D.Hand
61.A.open B.alert C.resistant D.superior（谈判，协商）（警觉的，灵敏的）
62.A.disappointed B.amazed C.confused D.gifted
63.A.emotions B.attractiveness C.individuality D.signals
64.A.enhance B.possess C.maintain_D.assess
65.A.familiar B.plain C.positive D.insulting（侮辱的）2014年Research hasshown thattwo-thirds ofhuman conversationis takenup notwithdiscussion ofthe culturalor politicalproblems ofthe day,not heateddebatesabout filmswe*ve justwatched orbooks wevejust finishedreading,but plainandsimple_51_.Language isour greatesttreasure as a species,and whatdo we_52_do withitWe gossip.About others1behaviour andprivate lives,such aswhos doingwhatwith whom,whos inand whosout-and why;how todeal withdifficult_53_situations involvingchildren,lovers,and colleagues.So whyare wekeen ongossiping Arewe justnatural_54_,of bothtime andwordsOr dowe talka lotabout nothingin particularsimply toavoid facingupto（敢于面对）the reallyimportant issuesof lifeIt*snotthecaseaccording toProfessorRobin Dunbar.In fact,in hislatest book,Grooming,Gossip andtheEvolution ofLanguage,the psychologistsays gossipis one of thesereally_55_issues.Dunbar_56_the traditionalview thatlanguage wasdeveloped by the menatthe earlystage ofsocial developmentinorderto organizetheir manlyhuntingactivities moreeffectively,or evento promotethe exchangeof poeticstories abouttheirorigins andthe supernatural.（超自然的）Instead hesuggeststhatlanguageevolved（进化）among women.We don*t spendtwo-thirds ofour timegossipingjust becausewe cantalk,argues Dunbar_57_,he goesontosay,languageevolved specificallyto allowus togossip.Dunbar arrivedat hischeery theoryby studyingthe_58_ofthehigherprimates（灵长类动物）like monkeys.By meansof grooming（打扮，梳理毛发，新郎，马夫）-cleaning thefur bybrushing it,monkeys formgroups withotherindividuals onwhom theycan relyfor supportintheevent ofsome kind of conflictwithinthe groupor_59_from outsideit.As wehuman beingsevolve froma particularbranch ofthe primatefamily,Dunbar_60_that atone timein ourhistory wedid muchthe same.Groupingtogether madesense becausethe biggerthe group,the greaterthe61_it provided;ontheother hand,the biggerthe group,the greaterthe stressesofliving closeto others.Grooming helpedto_62_the pressureand calmeverybodydown.But asthe groupsgot biggerand bigger,the amountof timespent ingroomingactivities alsohad tobe_63to maintainits effectiveness.Clearly,a more_64_kind ofgrooming wasneeded,and thuslanguage evolvedas akindofvocal（有声的）grooming whichallowed humansto developrelationship withever-largergroups byexchanging informationover awider networkof individualsthan would
51.A.claim B.description C.gossip D.language
52.A.occasionally B.habitually C.independently D.originally（习惯地）（原本，起初，独创地）
53.A socialB.political C.historical D.cultural
54.A.admirers B.masters C.users D.wasters（挥霍者，废物）
55.A.vital B.sensitive C.ideal D.difficult
56.A.confirms旦.rejects C.outlines D.broadens（概述）
57.A.for instanceB.in additionC.onthecontrary D.asaresult
58.A.motivation B.appearance C.emotion D.behaviour
59.A.attack B.contact C.inspection D.assistance（视察，检查）D.confessesC.concludesbe possibleby one-to-one_65_contact.
61.A.prospect B.responsibility C.leadership D.protection
62.A.measure B.show C.maintain D.ease（减轻，放松，安逸自在）
63.A.saved B.extended C.consumed D.gained
64.A.common旦.efficient C.scientific D.Thoughtful
65.A.indirect B.daily C,physical D.secret（扩展，提供）2013年Over thepast fewdecades,more andmore countrieshave openedup themarkets,increasingly transformingthe world economy intoone free-flowing globalmarket.The questionis Iseconomic globalization50for allAccordingtotheWorld Bank,oneofits chiefsupporters,economicglobalization hashelped reduce51inalarge numberof developingcountries.Itquotes onestudy thatshows increasedwealth52to improvededucation andlongerlife intwenty-four developingcountries asaresultof integration（融合）oflocal economiesinto theworld economy.Home tosome threebillion people,thesetwenty-four countrieshave seenincomes53atanaverage rateof fivepercent-compared totwo percentin developedcountries.Those who54globalization claimthat economiesin developingcountries willbenefit from newopportunities forsmall andhome-based businesses.55,smallfarmers inBrazil whoproduce nutsthat wouldoriginally havesold onlyin56open-air marketscan nowpromote theirgoods worldwidebytheInternet.Critics takea differentview,believing thateconomic globalizationis actually57the gapbetween therich andpoor.A studycarried outbytheU.N.-sponsoredWorld CommissionontheSocial Dimensionof Globalizationshows thatonly afewdeveloping countrieshave actually58from integrationintotheworldeconomyandthat thepoor,the uneducated,unskilled workers,and nativepeoples havebeen leftbehind.59,they maintain（维持，保养，断言）that globalizationmay eventuallythreaten emerging（新兴的）businesses.Forexample,Indian craftsmenwho currentlyseemtobenefitfromglobalizationbecause theyare ableto60their productsmay soonface fiercecompetition thatcouldpot themout of
61.When large-scale manufacturersstart toproduce thesamegoods,or whensuperstores likeWal-Mart movein,these smallbusinesseswill notbeableto62and willbe crowdedout.One thingis certainabout globalization—thereisno
63.Advances intechnologycombined withmore openpolicies havealready createdaninterconnected world.The64now isfinding away tocreate akindofglobalizationthat worksforthebenefit ofall.
50.A.possible B.smooth C.good D.easy
51.A.crime B,poverty C.conflict D.population
52.A.contributing B.responding C.turning D.owing
53.A.remain B.drop C.shift D.increase
54.A.doubt B.define C.advocate D.ignore
55.A.In additionB.For instanceC.In otherwords D.All inall
56.A.mature B.new C.local D.foreign
57.A.finding B.exploring C.bridging D.widening
58.A.suffered B.profited C.learned D.withdrawn（获利，有益于）（撤回，撤退，取款）
59.A.Furthermore B.Therefore C.However D.Otherwise
60.A.consume B.deliver_C.export D.advertise
61.A.trouble B,business C.power D.mind
62.A.keep upB.come inC.go aroundD.help outB.getting alongC.holding outD.turning back
63.A.taking off。
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