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目录
1.作目的状语1
①I stayedthere tosee whatwould happen.
②Henry hasdecided togo tothe hospitaltobeexaminedby thedoctor.2有时为了强调,不定式前可加in order或so as如Bob tookdown mytelephone numberso asin ordernot toforget it.有时为强调目的状语可把in orderto或不定式置于句首,但so as to不能这样用在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so that,inorderthat,成为目的状语从句,如I stayedthere sothat inorder thatIcould seewhatwould happen.3在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如astonished,glad,happy,laugh,pleased,sad,smile,sorry,surprised等
①We areglad tohear thenews.
②I wassurprised tosee thata three-year-old babycould write so well.在部分形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语如The questionraised bythestudent isdifficult to answer.The roomis reallycomfortable tolive in.常这样用的形容词有comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等
2.作结果状语We camehome afterour holidayto findour gardenneat andtidy.不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中如
①so…as to;such…as tor m notso stupid(a fool)asto put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢至会把它写下来rmnot sucha stupidfool astoputitinwriting.
②enough…toThe speedis highenough forus tocatch up with thefirstliner.
③only toJanehurried backonly tofind hermother dyinginthehospital.
④too…tor mtoo tiredto stayup longer.但在下列结构中,too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意如
①Im onlytoo glad to havepassed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了(too修饰gladto have…,相当于very)
②We have too muchto learn.我们要学的太多了(不定式作定语)too..•eto的用法、too...to...的意义
一、句子成分与基本结构(包括时态)主语subject谓语predicate宾语object宾语补足语object complement表语predictive定语attributive状语adverbialWARM-UPl)The teacherin theclassroom.2)Sang manysongs anddanced happily.3)She attracts.4)Many peopleliving inthe country.5)All thebooks onthe deskover there.以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子英语句子(sentence)=主语+谓语(核心主动词)I.八大成分的概念和构成
1.主语(名词代词形)句子的主体,是谓语陈述,说明的对象If youwant therainbow youhave toput upwith therain.不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹The secretof successis tostart fromscratch andkeep onscratching.成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始,并要坚持不断磨练充当主语的形式1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7)-ing形式8)介词短语(少见)形式主语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)
2.谓语表示主语的行为或进行的活动I havea dream.You dontalways wantwhat youneed,or needwhat youwant.所需之物未必皆所欲,所欲未必皆所需谓语形式动词(英语句子的灵魂)
3.宾语行为或活动的对象,接受者或受影响者You dontfind opporttin ities...you makethem.你找不到机会你得去创造机会You probablywont hearopportunity knockif yourtelevision is always on.如果你常开着电视,你就可能听不到机会的敲门声充当宾语形式1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7)-ing形式形式宾语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)
4.表语说明主语的身份和情况(跟在系动词后)Time ismoney.Three oclockisalwaystoo lateor tooearly foranything youwant to do.你想做什么事,三点钟总是太早或太迟构成形式1)名词2)形容词3)代词4)数词5)不定式6)ing形式7)过去分词8)副词9)介词短语10)小品词11)名词从句
5.补语补充说明(由动词类别来决定)构成形式1)名词2)代词3)形容词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)副词小品词10)名词从句主语补语Tom wasmade monitor.宾语补语I madeTom monitor.表语补语I amsure tosucceed.
6.定语对名词性形式进行范围限定This isbeautiful music.There areonly twokinds ofmusic...good andbad.自古音乐分两种,好的和坏的构成形式1)限定词2)形容词3)名词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)副词10)关系从句
7.同位语对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释Puff,the magicdragon,lived bythe sea.构成形式1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)名词从句
8.状语修饰词,短语,从句和整句位置自由自在1)修饰性状语修饰动词,形容词,副词等(时间,地点,肯定,否定,程度,频度,方式,伴随,原因,目的,比较等)Can youfeel thelove tonightHomenever looksso goodas whenyou comeback fromgetting awayfrom it.只有出走又回家时,家才最感亲切2)连接性状语连接上下文(顺序,递进,转折,让步,结果,推论,比较)First comesspring,then summer.Ive neverbeen toAmerica,therefore Idont knowmuch aboutit.3)评述性状语修饰整个句子,表示说话人的看法或态度Frankly speaking,the foodis notvery good.英语句子成分歌英语句子八呀八大块,补语跟着宾语表语跑,主谓宾表真呀真实在;状语的位置它自由自在,浑身的毛病真呀真定语同位(语)专把名词踹不少,II.成分关系忽右忽左随心所欲摆
1.补语跟着宾语表语跑:前后乱窜它还会加塞(RAP)补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补把有宾补的句子变成被动语态,则宾补就变成了主补To loveothers makesus happy...to loveourselves makesus lonely.(宾补)We aremade happyto loveothers...we aremade lonelyto loveourselves.(主补)爱他人使我们幸福,在自己使我们孤单
2.定语,同位(语)专把名词踹定语,同位语修饰名词性形式Experience isthe bestteacher.(被定语所修饰的形式为名词)They aregoing toMelbourne,the beautifulcity insouthern Australia.(同位语所修饰的形式为名词)
3.谓语动词由状语修饰When youreach for the stars,you maynot quiteget one,but youwont comeupwitha handfulof sandeither.你想摘下天上的星星,可能一个也摘不下;但也不会一无所获
1、主语()1由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的如The painterpainted avery nicepicture.(画家画了一幅漂亮的画)/They foughtagainst SARSbravely.(他们勇敢地与非典搏斗)/To seeis tobelieve.(耳听为虚眼见为实)./Helping animalsis to help people.(帮助动物就是帮助人类)⑵动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后如It isvery comfortabletohavea ClassA seatduring thelong journey.(在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了)/Eating toomuch isbad foryour health.(=It isbad foryour healtheating toomuch.)(吃得太多对你的身体不利)
(3)口语中常见主语或主--系”省略:(It is)nothing.((那)没有什么)/(It)doesnt matter.((那)没有关系)/(I)thank you.((我)谢谢你)
(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词The manlooks worried,doesn9t he(这个人看上去很着急不是吗?)/Tigers aredangerous animals,arent they(老虎是危险的动物不是吗?)⑸祈使句一般省略主语加主语时往往用来指定某个人Keep thekeyboards clean,children.(孩子们请保持键盘的清洁)(省略了主语)/You gothere andfetch mea glassof water.(你去给我弄一杯水来)
(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾;倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后如Computers aremade inthis factory.(计算机生产于这家工厂)/Where arethey(他们在哪儿?)/Does theboy likestaying home(这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗?)⑺主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致,而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求Neither Jimnor Rosehas passedtheexam.(Jim和Rose都没有通过考试)/The Chinesepeople area hardworkingand bravepeople.(中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族)
2、谓语⑴由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”如He travelledin spaceforthefirst time.(他首次在太空旅行)/Who teachesyou Englishthis year(今年谁教你们的英语?)/The pizzahas gonebad.(那块烤馅饼已经变坏)/⑵谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成[情态动词]+[时态助动词]+[语态助动词]+[主要动词](不一定全部出现)(见动词的时态和语态构成表)记住谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词如I amsorry Iam makingso muchnoise butI haveto.(对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样)/He canthave finishedreading the800-page-long novel.(他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说)/Something mustbe doneto stopthe fowlflu fromspreading out.(该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延)
二、不定式
一、作主语不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种⑴把不定式置于句首如To getthere bybike willtake ushalf anhour.⑵用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中如
①It+be+名词+to doItsour duty to takegood careof theold.
②It takessb+some time+to doHowlong didit takeyou tofinish thework不定式作宾语
①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语如agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,这些词大部分可接that引导的从句如I decidedto askfor mymoney back.I decidedthat Iwould askfor mymoney back.When ourvisit tothe farmwas over,we expectedto startbackon foot.When ourvisit tothe farmwas over,we expectedthat wewould startback onfoot.
②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式如We thinkit quiteimportant forus tolearn aforeign1anguage well.He feelsit hisdutytohelp thepoor.
③介词but,except,besides+to dodo在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do,则接to不定式,即带do不带to,带to不带do如The enemysoldiers hadno choicebut togive in.On Sundayafternoon Ihad nothingto dobut watchTVIt is+adj.+to dosth句型It isdifficult forus tofinish writingthe compositionina quarterof anhour.
④It+be+形容词+of sb+to doItis stupidof youto writedown everythingthe teachersays.
⑤It seemsappears+形容词+to doItseemed impossibleto savemoney.在句型
③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等;在句型
④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式,如It skindofyoutohelpme withmy English.=You arekind tohelpme withmy English.
2.动词+todo作卖语动词不定式做宾语其实你只要杷不定式to dosth看成一个名词即可,它属于五种基本句型里的主+谓+宾结构,例如!beto dffer.我不敢咨同.能用此结构的动词有决,a decidedetermin学会learn想want希望expect wishhope,柜/色refuse设法manage strive愿care假装pretend,x动ofer答应promise选choose计划plan,同意agree请求ask beg帮一帮help,为方便记忆大彖把汉字连成句.另外再加上afford todosth承担的超
3.在一些动词之后,可以在连接代词what/who/which或者连接副词fhow/when/where以及whether后面接一个带to的动词不定灰这种结构是连接词卖语从句的简限形式J OIwonder whoto invite.=who Ishould inviteShowus whattodo.=what wemust doIdon tknow whethertoanswerhis letter.二止匕处不用if
4..不定式作宾语时,如带有宾语补足语,则要把不定式放到后面,用it作形式宾语,构成主语+动词+it+宾补形容词,名词+不定式〃He foundit verydifficult toget tosleep.他发现很难入睡.注意常用此结构的动词有consider,judge,make,feel,make等。