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名词解释（史诗）（）
1.Epic appearedin thethe Anglo-Saxon PeriodLi..narrativ.o.heroi.action.ofte.wit..principa.hero.usuall.mythica.i.it.conteiit.graii.i.iLstyIe.offerin.inspiratio.an.ennoblemen.withi..particula.cultuno.nationa.tradition..Ion.narrativ.poe.tellin.abou.th.deed.o.grea.her.an.reflectin.th.value.o.th.societ.fro.whic.i.originated.Epi.i.a.extende.narrativ.poe.i.elevate.o.dignifie.language.lik.Homer.Ilia..Odyssey.Lusuall.celebrate.th.feat.o.on.o.mor.legendar.o.traditiona.heroes.Th.actio.i.simple.bu.ful.o.magnificence.Today.som.lon.narrativ.works.lik.novel.tha.revea.a.ag..it.people.ar.als.calle.epic.
2.（异教徒），（非宗教的.《伊利亚特》,《奥德赛《失E.g.BeowuL.th.pagan secular.poetry.Ilia Odyssey.Paradis.Los.乐园》，《神曲》（传奇）（）
3.Romance Anglo-Norman feudalEnglandaracter.an.villain.o.monsters.（中Originally.th.ter.referre.t..medieva.世dealin.wit.th.lov.an.adventure.o.kings.queens.knights.an.ladies.an.includin.supernatura.happenings.Form longcomposition,in verse,in proseContentdescription oflife and adventures of a nobleheroCharacter:a knight,a manof noblebirth,skilled in the use of weapons;often described as ridingforth toseek adventures,（骑士比武）,taking partin tournamentsor fightingfor hislord inbattles;devoted to the churchand thekingRomance lacksgeneral resemblanceto truthor reality.It exaggeratesthe vicesof human nature andidealizes thevirtues.（）It containsperilous dangerousadventures moreor lessremote fromordinary life.,It laysemphasis onsupreme devotionto afair lady.©The RomanceCycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups•matters ofBritain Adventuresof KingArthur andhis Knightsof theRound Table（亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）•matters ofFrance EmperorCharlemagne andhis peers•matters ofRomeAlexander the Great and the attacksof TroyLeMorteD9Arthur（亚瑟王之死）
②Class Nature（阶级性）of theRomance（基石）Loyalty toking andlord was the themeof theromances,as loyaltywasthecorner-stone themost importantpartof feudalmorality.（The romanceswere composednot for the commonbut forthe noble,of thenoble,and by the poetspatronized supported庇护，保护）by thenoble.（押头韵）（开头的（协调，一致比
3.Alliteration••repeate.initial.consonaiit successive（连续的.words.
4.Understatement（低调陈述）（fo.ironica.humor）not troublesome:very welcomeneed notpraise:a rightto condemn--Devoted totales ofhorror and the darkersupernatural forces-Derives itsname fromsimilarities to中古的，中世纪Medieval Gothicarchitecture---Gothic Horror:A thrillerdesigned notonly toterrify orfrighten theaudience,but toconvey a...sens.o.mora.failur.o.spiritua.darkness.---The Gothicin Englandbegins withThe Castleof Otrantoin1760,by HoraceWalpole,which emphasizedthesupernatural mixedwith thegrotesque in a medievalsetting.-.Ann.Radcliff.i.Mysterie.o.Udolph.perfecte.th.sentimenta.gothi.i.th.1790s.---Frankenstein1817by MaryShelley-influenced the later generations:Coleridge,Keats,Dickens,Bronte sisters,etc.伤感文学-
8.SentimentaliLliterature—It wasa partialreaction againstthat cold,logic rationalismwhich dominatedpeoples lifesince thelast decadesof the17th century..—..read.sympath.an.a.inwar.pai.fo.th.miser.o.other.becam.par.o.accepte.socia.moralit.an.ethics.-started bySamuel RichardsonsPamela andClarissa-represented innovel formby Laurence Sternes ASentimentalJourney throughFrance and〃a/y1768-represented inpoetry byThe GraveyardSchool”:Thomas Gray,Edward Young-emphasizing theemotion/heart insteadof ration-gradually mergedinto Romanticismprovemen.o.humanity.The necessaryingredients-Humor---Criticism,either generalcriticism ofhumanity orhumannatureor specificcriticism of an individualor group.---Some kindof moralvoice:simply mockingor criticismis notsatire.”上Th es.an.mos.representativ.work.ar.foun.i.thos.writte.b.Pop.an.Swift.Alexander Pope•Mock epic:“The Rapeof theLock”•Literary Satire:The Dunciad^^•Jonathan Swift•A ModestProposal”•Gulliver sTravelsThe Englishmiddle-class peoplewere readyto castaway thearistocratic romanceand to create anew andrealisticliterature of their ownto expresstheir ideasand servetheir interests.Th.whol.lif.i.it.ordinar.aspect.o.th.middl.clas.becam.th.majo.sourc.o.interes.i.literature.Major novelists:Daniel Defoe,Samuel Richardson,Henry Fielding,LaurenceSterne,Oliver Goldsmith,Tobias GeorgeSmollett...
41.Elemento.F ictionIdentifyingthe theme•To avoidconfusing aworks themewith itssubject orsituation.•The statementof themedoes thework fulljustice.•It isfully andcompletely supportedby theworks otherelements.•The titleof thework oftensuggests aparticular focusor emphasisfbr thereaders attention.
2.Plo.:Th.actio.i.fiction.th.arrangemen.o.eveiiLtha.mak.u..story.*Plot.tur.o..conflict,o.struggl.betwee.opposin.forces,i.e.ho.on.actio,lead.int.another..Structur.i.th.desig.o.for.o.th.action,i.e.pattern,an.th.shap.o.content.•The classicpattern:exposition,complication,crisis,falling action,and resolution
3.Character:Characters areimaginary peoplethat writerscreate.■Concerne.wit.bein.abl.t.establis.th.personalitie.o.th.character,an.t.identif.thei.intellectual.emotional,an.mora.qualities.•Concerned with the techniquestocreateand developcharacters.•Concerned withwhether the characters arecredible andconvincing.主角.The major,or central,character of the plotis the protagonist反角.The opponent,thecharacteragainst whomtheprotagoniststruggles orcontends,is theantagonist Flatcharactersare thosewho embodyor representa singlecharacteristic,trait,or idea,or atmosta....ver.limite.numbe.o.suc.qualities.typ.characters.one-dimensiona.characters・・・taits.an.ar....comple.multi-dimensiona.character.o.considerabl.intellectua.an.emotiona.depth.Most importantly,they havethecapacity togrow andchange.
4.SettingSetting isboth thephysical localethat framesthe action and thetime ofday oryear,the climaticconditions,andthehistorical periodduring whichthe actiontakes place.The functionsof setting:•Setting asa backgroundfor action.•Setting asantagonist•Setting asmeans ofcreating appropriateatmosphere.•Setting asa means of revealingcharacter.•Setting asa meansof reinforcingtheme.The methodof narrationthat determinesthe position,or angleof visionfrom whichthe storyis told.Commonlyused pointsof view•Third-person pointof viewomniscient•Third-person pointof viewlimited•First-person pointof viewStyleconsists ofdiction theindividual wordsan authorchooses andsyntax thearrangement ofthosewords,as wellas suchwriting devicesas rhythmand sound,allusion,ambiguity,irony,paradox,andfigurativ.language...Eac.writer.styl.i.unique.I.constitute.hi.“signature”inaway thatsets hiswork apart.••Characterizationthrough theuseofnames.•Characterizationthrough appearance.•Characterization bythe author.•Characterizationthrough dialogue.•Characterizationthrough action.（措
43.Diction•辞）.th.typ.an.qualit.o.th.individua.word.tha.compris.a.author’.basi.vocabulary.•The denotativemeaning ofwords,•The connotativemeaning;•The degreeof concretenessor abstractness;•The degreeof allusiveness;•the partsof speechthey represent;•The length and construction;（）•The levelof usagethey reflectstandard ornonstandard;formal,informal,or colloquial;•The imagerythey contain;（）•The figurativedevices simile,metaphor,personification,etc theyembody;『句法;句法规则（分析）.
44.Syntax sn,taeks.•Th.way.th.autho.arrange.word.int.phrases.clauses.an.finall.whol.sentence.t.achiev.particula.effects.•The length-whether theyare short,spare,and economicalor longand involved;•The form-whether theyare simple,compound,or complex;••Loose sentencesthat followthe normalsubject-verb-object pattern,stating theirmain ideanear thebeginningin theform of an independentclause,工整句（故意地，慎重地）（扣留，保留，抑•Periodic sentencesthat deliberatelywithhold制）（暂停，终止，悬，吊）or suspendthe completionof themain ideauntil theend of the sentence,（对杖句）•Balanced sentencesin whichtwo similaror antitheticalideas arebalanced.••.nove.wher.fictiona.character.tak.par.i.actua.historica.event.an.interac.wit.rea.peopl.fro.th.past.•Examples:•Sir WalterScott:Ivanhoe.Waverly•James FennimoreCooper:The Lastof theMohicans
47.Romanticism•politically:a reaction against industrialrevolution andthe socialsystem•literarily:a reactionagainst Neo-classicism;concerned withimagination andpersonal feelinginsteadof thepower ofration/reason（个人主义）•philosophically:It stressesindividualism insteadof socialorder.
①Artistic feature（颂，赋）verse form:lyrics,odes,sonnets,balladsdiction（措辞）fresh,simple,commonly usedcolloquial languagethemes:the beautyand mysticismof nature;simple,common rurallife;facts andideas ofrevolution浪漫主义是对新古典主义的反驳诗歌内容不再是对现实的反映或道德说教，而是诗人内心涌出的真实感情；诗歌语言不是模仿经典作家去追求高雅精致，而是要贴近普通人的日常用语浪漫主义诗人崇尚自然，主张返朴归真浪漫主义是一个比较笼统的概念，每个诗人各有其特征Definition2•Romanticism..movemen.i.ar.an.literatur.i.th.l8Lan.l9tcenturie.i.revoLagains.Neoclassicis.o.th.previou.centuries.•Friedrich Schlegeldefined itas literaturedepicting emotionalmatter in an imaginativefbrm.”•Victor Hugosphrase liberalismin literature”is alsoapt.Characteristics3Imagination.emotion.an.freedo.ar.th.foca.pointo.romanticism.An.lis.oat.particula.characteristic.include.subjectiviLan.a.emphasi.o.individualism.spontaneity.freedo.fro.rules.solitar.lif.rathe.tha.socia.life.belief.tha.imaginatio.i.superio.t.reaso.an.devotio.Lbeauty.lov.o.an.worshi.o.nature.an.fascinatio.wit.th.past.especiall.th.myth.an.mysticis.o.th.middLages.©English romanticpoets:William Wordsworth,Samuel TaylorColeridge,Lord Byron,Percy ByssheShelley,and JohnKeatsAmerican romanticpoets:
⑤Romantic Literatureanegative attitudetoward theexisting conditions of political,economic,and sociallife underthe firmrule ofthebourgeoisie,though suchan attitudecame fromwriters ofquite differentclass stands:-some speakingforthefeudal aristocracy;-some forthe patriarchalpeasantry;--some forthe newindustrial proletariat.（）•Lakers/Lake PoetsThe PassiveRomantic Poets:Wordsworth,Coleridge,Southey•-criticized industrialcapitalism by advocating thereturn to the patriarchalsociety ofthe past•Active RomanticPoets:Byron,Shelley,Keats•-attacked thetyranny and exploitation ofboth feudalismand capitalismand calledon theoppressed peopleto riseagainsttheir earthlytyrantsTh.conflic.betwee.th.tw.camp.wa.no.simpl.on.o.persona.hatred.bu.i..wa.stoo.fo.th.broa.socia.struggl.betwee.th.lande.aristocrac.an.th.oppresse.multitud.o.th.Englis.people.
48.Difference.betwee.th.l8L.th.l9t.century.betwee.Neodassicis..Romanticism:••reason vspassion•reason vsimagination•commercial vsnatural（田园生活的，农村生活的）•industrial vspastoral•present vspast•society vsindividual（稳定，稳固）•order andstability vsfreedom（天真的，率性的，自发的，无意识的）decorative expressionvs simpleand spontaneousexpression
49.Lakers/Lak.Poets:（）（保守的，传统的）Wordsworth,Coleridge,Southey radicalyouth;conservative oldage-ha.radica.inclination.i.thei.yout.bu.late.turne.conservativ.an.receive.favor.fro.th.great.（资本主义）（男权社会）-criticized industrialcapitalism byadvocating thereturn tothe patriarchalsociety ofthe past—attacked byByron
5.Chronicle《编年史》（.moniimenMOLEiiglis.prose）（民谣）（）
6.Ballad.Th.mos.importan.departmen.o.Englis.foLliteratur.
①De行nition:A balladis anarrative poemthat tellsa story,and isusually meantto besung orrecited inmusical form.An importantstream ofthe Medievalfolk literature©Features ofEnglish Balladsl.Th.ballad.ar.i.variou.Englis.an.Scottis.dialects.
2.The.wer.create.collectivel.an.revise.whe.hande.dow.fro.mout.t.mouth.
3.The.ar.mainLth.literatur.o.th.peasants.an.giv.a.outloo.o.th.Englis.commo.peopl.i.feuda.society.
③Stylistic（风格上）Features ofthe Ballads（相连并押韵的两行诗，对句（四行诗（民谣
1.Compose.i.couplet..o.i.quatrain..know.a.th.balla.stanz.诗.）（重读音节.rhymin.aba.o.abcb.wit.th.firs.an.thir.line.carryin..accente.syllable..an.th.secon.an.fourt.cairyin.
3.（方言，土语（口语的，会话的）.（符合当地语言
2.Simple.plai.languag.o.dialec..o.th.commo.peopl.wit.colloquia.习惯的.expressions
3.Tellin..goo.stor.wit..vivi.presentatio.aroun.th.centra.plot.（方
4.Usin..hig.proportio.o.dialogu.wit..romanti.o.tragi.dimensio.ffi.t.achiev.dramati.effect.©Subjects ofEnglish Ballads
123.cruelt.ojealousy
7.Heroi.couple.（英雄双韵体）（introduce.b.Geoffre.Chaucer）Definition:the rhymedcouplet ofiambic pentameter;a verseform inepic poetry,with linesof tensyllables andfive stresses,in rhymingpairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵（两行诗，
8.couplet对句）.Tw.consecutiv.line.o.poetr.tha.rhyme..heroi.couple.i.a.iambi.pentamete.couplet.Durin.th.Restoratio.perio.an.th.l8LC.i.wa..popula.vers.form.（9aambi.pentameter..poeti.lin.consistin.o.fiv.Vers.fee.pentaj.fro..Gree.wor.meanin.）“five.witeac.foo.a.iamb-.tha.is.a.unstresse.syllabLfollowe.b..stresse.syllable.（韵，押韵）（反
10.Rhyme.th.repetitio.复.o.sound.i.tw.o.mor.word.o.phrase.tha.appea.clos.Leac.othe.i..poem•••••river/shiver.song/long（格律.（属于］（韵文学；诗体学；（某语言的）韵
11.mete.Prosod.fprosad i律（学）））（音节［..generall.regula.patter.o.stresse.an.unstresse.syllables poetry.The meterswith two-syllable feetare:（/）（抑扬格）lambic x:That timeof yearthou maystin mebehold（/）（扬抑格）:Trochaic xTell menot inmournful numbersSpondaic（//）（扬扬格）Break,break,break/On thycold graystones,O Sea!The meterswith three-syllable feetare:（/）（抑抑扬格）anapestic x x:And thesound ofa voicethat isstill（）（强弱格，长短格，扬抑抑格）dactylic/xx:This is the forestprimeval,the murmuringpinesandthehemlock（）a trocheereplaces thefinal dactyl（节奏，韵律）（属于「（韵文学;诗体学；（某语言
12.Rhythm Prosod.prosad]的）韵律（学）））（反复,重现（.referttli.regiila.reciirreiice oth.accent.o.stres.i.poe.o.song.e.g.th.rhyth.o.da.an.night.th.seasona.rhyth.o.th.year.th.bea.o.ou.hearts.an.th.ris.an.fal.o.se.tides.etc.basic patternsof rhythms）（）（抑扬格）a lambicfoot iambfaiaemb]an unstressedsyllable followedby anstressed oneas inthe word“preventor“about”Its timethe childrenwent to bed.We41learn apoem byKeats.b）Trochaic[traukeiik]foot（trochee[trsuki:]）（扬抑格）a stressedsyllable followedby anunstressed oneas in“football”,“never”,“happy or“English”William Morristaught himEnglish.Double,double,toil andtrouble.Fire burnsand cauldronbubble.c）Anapestic foot（anapest J岔nopi:st]）（抑抑扬格）:two unstressedsyllables followedbya stressed oneas in“comprehend or“intervene”Ive beenworking inChina forforty years.）（）（强弱格，长短格，扬抑抑格）d Dactylicfoot dactylastressedsyllable followedby twounstressedones asin dangerous,cheerfully”,ayesterdayw ormerrily”
13.Common linelengths:number offeet perline（）（单音部）•one footmonometer[monomite]rare「（二步）•two feetdimeter dimits]「（三步）•three feettrimester trimits]（四步）•four feettetrameter[tetreemits]（五步）•five feetpentameter[pentaemita]•six feethexameter[hek^aemite]（）•seven feetheptameter[hep^aemita]rare•eight feetoctameter[ok!taemita]（rare）
14.Line patterns:（相连并押韵的两行诗，对句）Couplet2lines rhymingwith eachother•A heroiccouplet is an iambicpentameter couplet.Tercet[fta:sit]（三行押韵诗句，三拍子）3lines,terza rima（aba,bcb,cdc,ded）Quatrain[fkwotrein]（四行诗）4lines,ballad stanza（abcb）（八行诗）:（）Octave foktiv,-,teiv]8lines,ottava rimaabababccSpenserian stanza（斯宾塞诗节）9lines（ababbcbcc）（The FaerieQueene（仙后））（十四行诗）:（）Sonnet14lines Shakespearean:ababcdcdefefgg•Example:She walksin beauty,like thenightof cloudlessclimes andstarry skies;And allthafs bestof darkand brightMeetin heraspect andher eyes:Thus mellowdto thattender lightWhichheaven togaudy daydenies
1.Foo.an.length..Iambi.tetrameter（）
2.Rhym.scheme..ababab
15.Humanisml.Humanis.i.th.essenc.o.th.Renaissance.Accordin.
1.humanists.huma.being.wer.gloriou.creature.capabl.o.individua.developmen.i.th.directio.o.perfectio.an.th.worl.ca.b.questioned.explore.an.enjoyed.
2.B.emphasizin.th.dignit.o.huma.being.an.th.importanc.o.th.presen.life.i.contras.t.th.medieva.emphasi.o.Go.an.contemp.fo.th.thing.o.thi.world.the.voice.thei.belief.tha.ma.di.no.onl.hav.th.righ.t.pursu.happines.o.thi.life.bu.ha.th.abilit.t.perfec.himsel.an.t.perfor.wanders..
16.Drama•l.Definitio.•Drama is“a compositionin proseor verse,adapted tobe actedupon astage,in whicha storyis relatedby meansofdialogue andaction,and isrepresented with accompanying gesture,costume,and scenery,as inreall.Religiou.Perio.）1Mystery playspresented stories from theOld andNew TestamentoftheBible.•Creation ofthe World,the Fall,theGreatFlood,Redemption,Final Judgment,etc.一（复Th.birt.o.th.Christ chil.symbolize.hop.i.th.darknes.o.winter.Christ....resurrection活.accorde.wit.th.earth.renewa.i.spring.an.th.promis.o.harves.a.midsummer.）（奇迹剧）2Miracle plays（将-改编成剧本）（神的干预，•Dramatizing the lives andmiracles of saints,or divineintervention介入）in humanaffairs,that is,storiesfromthelivesofsaints.•Often focusedon blessedvirgin Mary）（道德剧）3Morality plays（抽象的（美德和恶习）•Presentin.storie.containin.abstract.virtue.an.vice.a.characters.（统治）•They wereplays whichhad amoral message:Good andEvil fightfor dominationofthehumansoul.•Everyman,the bestexample,isthestory ofa characterrepresenting mankind....
2.CharacterHow theylook,what theysay and in whatmanners theysay;what theydo andhow theiractions revealwhothey areand whatthey representThehuman qualitiesare themost engagingfeature.（对白）••
3.DialogueDrama isdescribedaspersons movingabout onstage usingwords.”Major functionsof Dialogue:to advancethe plot,to establishsetting,and toreveal character.（舞台设计）
4.StagingThings likepositions ofactors,nonverbal gesturesand movements,scenic background,props andcostumes,lighting andsound effects（主题）
5.Theme.th.centra.ide.o.th.play.•l.Script（^l^Dialogue（舞台
2.Stag.Directions指导）.note,provide,b.th.play wrigh.t.describ.ho.somethin.shouLb.presente.o.performe.o.stage（独白
3.Monologue（独白）
4.Soliloquy（
5.Aside旁）S..statemen.intende.t.b.hear.b.th.audienc.o.b..singl.othe.characte.bu.no.b.al.th.othe.character.o.stag.（）
6.Act^..majo.divisio.o..drama.Comedy（喜剧）（Dram.form）•.pla.writte.chiefl.t.amus.it.audienc.b.appealing..sens.o.superiorit.ove.th.character.depicted..comed.wil.normall.b.close.t.everyda.lif.tha..tragedy.an.wil.explor.commo.huma.failing.rathe.tha.tragedy.disastrou.crimes.It.endin.wil.usuall.b.happ.fo.th.leadin.characters.（莎士比亚）（）（皆大欢E.g.Romanti.Comedies th.overcomin.th.obstacLo.love.A.Yo.Lik.It喜）（威尼斯商人）..Midsumme.Night.Dream.Th.Twelft.Night..Th.Merchan.o.Venice（）
18.Tragedy Dram.form••.seriou.pla.o.nove.representin.th.disastrou.downfal.o..centra.character.th.protagonist.Accordin.t.Aristotle.th.purpos.i.t.achiev..catharsi.throug.incident.arousin.pit.an.teiTor.Th.tragi.effec.usuall.depend.o.ou.awarenes.o.admirabl.qualitie.i.h.protagonist.whic.ar.waste.terribl.i.th.fate.disaster.（莎士比亚）（四大悲剧）（E.g.Grea.Tragedies
19.dramati.Romanc（.tragi-comedy）（悲喜剧）（莎士比亚）（Dram.form）.••Romances focuson theseparation andreunion offamilies ratherthan loveand marriage.•Endings werecharacterized byhomecoming,recognition,reconciliation,and forgiveness.•The romancesare setin mythicalworlds wheresupernatural andmagic andunlikely coincidencesarecommonplace.《波里克利斯》《辛柏林》《冬天的故事》《暴风雨》.Cymbeline.Th.Winter.Tale.Th.Tempest（长篇独白）•
20.Monologue•（A.extende.speec.uttere.b.on.speaker.eithe.t.other.o.alone.Significan.varietie.includ.th.dramati.monologu..kin.o.p）（oe.i.whic.th.speake.i.imagine.t.b.addressin..silen.audience.an.th.soliloqu.i.whic.th.speake.i.suppose.t.b.（偷听,无意中听到））overheard.whil.alone.•
21.Soliloquy（自我反ce.eithe.i.suppose.self-communion省（演说，演.o.i..consciousLdirec.address讲）内心独白.I.i.als.know.a.interio.monologue.）
22.Th.basi.plo.o.th.pla..Freytag’.pyrami.（阐述，讲解，说..l.Expositio.明）•provideth.backgroun.informatio.needetproperLuiiderstaii.th.story.suc.a.th.protagonist.th.antagonist.th.basi.conflict.an.th.setting...
2.Risin.action（发展）.durin.risin.action.th.basi.internal（内部・c（mflic・i・complicated（复^.b.th.introductio.o.relate.secondar.conflicts.includin.variou.obstacle.（高.
3.Climax潮）.th.turnin.point.whic.mark..change.fo.th.bette.o.th.worse.i.th.protagonist’.affairs.I.th.stor.i..comedy.thing.wil.hav.gon.badLfo.th.protagonis.u.Lthi.poinLnow.th.tide.s.t.speak.wiLturn.an.thmg.wiLbegi.t.（反向，倒转，转变
4.Fallin.action.durin.th.faIlin.action.o.resolution.whic.i.th.momen.o.reversal，颠倒.afte.th.climax.th.conflic.betwee.th.protagonis.an.th.antagonis.unravels.wit.th.protagonis.winnin.o.losin.agains.th.aiitagonist.Th.fallin.actio.migh.contai..momen.o.nna.suspense.durin.whic.th.fina.outcom.o.th.conflic.i.i.doubt.•5D6nouement.resolution.o.catastrophe.comprise.event.betwee.th.fallin.actio.an.th.actua.en.o.th.dram.o.narrativ.an.thu.serve.a.th.conclusio.o.th.story.Conflict.ar.resolved.creatin.normalitfo.th.character.an..sens.o.catharsis.o.releas.o.tensio.an.anxiety.fo.th.reader.Th.comed.end.wit..de（nouemen..conclusion.i.whic.th.protagonis.i.bette.of.tha.a.th.story.outset.Th.traged.end.wit..catastroph.i.whic.th.protagonis.i.wors.of.tha.a.th.beginnin.o.th.narrative.LShakespeare.tragedies.th.d6nouemen.i.usuall.th.deat.o.on.o.mor.characters.•（戏剧性讽刺）Dramatic irony:the wordsor actsofacharacter maycarry ameaning unperceivedbythecharacter butunder-stood bytheaudience.Examples ofdramatic ironyin Romeoand Juliet•Before Romeodrinks thepoison,he observesthat Julietlooks asthough shewere alive.•Romeo ischeerful becauseofadream,but hishopes arequickly dashedby Balthasarsnews ofJuliefs death.（无韵诗）
24.Blan.Vers.•・I.i・・ve】s.for.whic.ca.attai.rhetorica.grandeur（雄伟，X士观】・・popula.for.fo.narrativ.an・dramati.poetTy.Marlowe.Shakespeare.Milton.Wordsworth.Tennyson.Steven.an.Rober.Fros.ar.fon.O.thi.form.
25.Sonnet］（十——.sonne.i..lyri.poe.comprisin.l.rhymin.line.o.equa.length.iambi..pentamete.i.English.hendecasyllableJhen^ek^silGbl音节.［闵］（亚历大诗彳亍lig zamdrainill.i.French.（彼得拉克..
1.Th.Italian/Petrarchan.sonnet・・・・・Li.name.afte.Francesc.Petrarc.（1304-1374）.th.Italia.poet.Th.l.line.brea.int.a.octav.（（）o.octet.o..quatrains.rhyme.abbaabb.rhyme.sometime.abbacdd.o.eve.abababab.an..sestet.usuall.rhyme.cdecd.o.cdcdcd.••••（）
1.wa.introduce.int.Englis.poetr.i.th.earl.16t.centur.b.Si.Thoma.Wyat.1503-
1542.Lconsist.o..quatrain.an..fina.couplet.rhymin.aba.cdc.efe.gg.An importantvariant isthe Spenseriansonnet,which linksthe3quatrains byrhyme,rhyming ababhcbc cdcdee.（四行诗（每节四行，韵律一般为或））quatrain:abab abba（寓言）
26.Allegory••A storywithadouble meaning:a primaryor surface meaning,andasecondary orunder-the-surfacemeaning•A storythat canbe read,understood andinterpreted attwo levelsTwolevels ofallegory•o.al.Christians.Th.secon.leve.i.th.particular,whic.focuse.o.th.political.social.an.religiou.conflict.i.th.the.Englis.society.）1Narrative poetryepic,romance,and balladThe stressis onaction,e.g.t.teLstorie.an.describ.actions;）2Lyric poetry］（挽歌），（颂诗,颂歌）［］（铭文,碑文）,Elegies feledg:odes,sonnets,epigraphs*epigra:f etc.（口头的，言语的）To combinespeech andsong toexpress feelingsin varyingdegrees ofverbal music.（散文，随笔）
28.essayAs aform ofliterature,the essayisacomposition ofmoderate length,usually inprose,which dealsinaneasy waywiththe externalconditionsofa subject,and,in strictness,with thatsubject,only asit affectsthe writer.l.Purpose.Essays isintended forthe ambitiousElizabethan andJacobean youthof upperclass,to tellthem howtobeefficient andmaketheir wayin publiclife.
2.Writing style:four prominentqualities:preciseness,directness,tenseness,forcefulness3・Bacon’.essaysBacon offershis viewsonawhole smorgasbordof topicsranging fromTruth,Death,Adversity,MarriagetheSingle Life,Love,Boldness,Superstition,Friendship,Health,Ambition,Youth,Beauty toAngerFame...
4.Feature.o.Bacon.essays......Bacon.essay.ar.th.firs.exampl.o.tha.genr.i.Englis.literatur.an.hav.bee.recognize.a.a.importan.landmar.i.th.developmen.o.Englis.prose.Th.essay.ar.famou.fo.th.pith.aphoristi.style.whic.h.ha.defende.i.principl.i.Th.Advancemen.o.Learnin.a.prope.fo.th.expressio.o.tentativ.opinions.E.g.Essay.«培根论文集.UO.Studies.UO.Wisdom.UO.Death.O.Friendship.O.Travel”.etc.（形而上学，超自然，纯哲学
29.Metaphysical.PoetsMETAPHYSICA.POET.refe.t..schoo.o.poet.a.th.beginmn.o.th.l7t.centur.Englaii.wh.wroLunde.thjnfluenc.o.Joh.Donne.Th.work.o.th.Metaphysica.poet.ar.characterized.generall.speaking.b.mysticis.i.conten.an.fantasticalit.i.form.Themost eminentpoets areJohn Donne,Georgs HerbertAndrew Marwell.Metaphysical poetryis concernedwiththewhole experienceof man,especially aboutlove,romantic andsensual;about mansrelationship withGod,and aboutpleasure,learning andart.....Metaphysica.poem.ar.lyri.poem.o.brie.bu.intens.meditations.characterize.b.th.strikin.us.o.wit.iron.an.wordplay.Beneat.（th.forma.structur.o.rhyme.metr.an.stanza.i.th.underlyin.structur.o.th.poem.argument.
1.（“T.Hi.Co.Mistress,.th.explici.argumen.Marvell.reques.tha.th.co.lad.yiel.t.hi.passion.i..stalkin.hors.fo.th.mor.seriou.argumen.abou.th.transitorines.o.pleasure.RiseFall ofMetaphysical Poetry•Metaphysical poetrywas rarelyread inthe17th,18thand early19th century.•In thelate19th centuryandearly20th century,there wasa renewedinterest inmetaphysical poetry.Th.modernis.poet.T.S.Eliot.Joh.Ranso.an.Alle.Tat.claime.thei.influenc.b.Joh.Donne.S.Joh.Donn.becam..cul.figur.i.th.earl.20t.centur.English-speakin.countries..（巧妙的词语；别出心裁的比喻）3LConcei.concei.i..figur.o.speec.whic.make.a.unusua.an.sometime.elaboratel.sustaine.compariso.betwee.tw.dissimila.things.Metaphysical conceit・・Thi.typ.o.concei.draw.upo..wid.rang.o.knowledge.an.itcomparison.ar.elaborately（苦心经营地，精巧地.rationalized.For instance,Donnes“The Fleacompares aflea bitetotheact oflove;andin“A Valediction:Forbidding Mourning,,separated loversare likenedtothe legs ofa compass,thelegdrawing thecircle eventuallyreturning hometo nthefixed foot.
32.Cavalier[,kaeva,l B.Poets（保皇党派诗人）•Cavalie.poet.are.mor.ofte.tha.not.knight.an.squires.wh.sid.wit.th.kin.agains.th.parliamen.an.th.puritan.i.th.Englis.revolution.The.mostl.dea.i.shor.song.o.th.flittin.joy.o.th.day.bu.underneat.thei.lightheartednes.lie.som.forebodin.o.impendin.doom.•
1.Writin.o.th.courtl.theme.o.loyalty.love.an.beauty.th.cavalie.poet.produce.finel.finishe.verses.•
2.Th.commo.facto.tha.bind.th.cavalier.togethe.i.thei.us.o.direc.an.colloquia.languag.expressiv.o..highl.individua.（夕卜行的，业余的）（充]酋深青•ersonality.an.thei.enjoymen.o.th.casual.th.amateur.th.affectionate T的已.poe.writt b.th.way.•
3.The.ar.cavalier.i.th.sense.no.onl.o.bein.Royalists.bu.i.th.sens.tha.the.distrus.th.over-earnest.th.to.intense.（新古典主义）-
33.neoclassicismIt foundits artisticmodels inthe classicalliterature ofthe ancientGreek andRoman writerslike Homer,Virgil,Horace,Ovid.A partialreactionagainstthe firesof passionblazed inthelateRenaissance,especially inthe Metaphysicalpoetry.一.Pros.shouLb.precise.direct,smoot.andflexible.（抒情的）（叙事的）（教导的）―Poetry shouldbe lyrical,epical,didactic,satiric ordramatic,and eachclassshould beguided byits ownprinciples.---Neo-classical writersare:John Dryden,Alexander Pope,Jonathan Swift,Joseph Addison,Richard Steele,Henry Fielding,Samuel Johnson,Oliver Goldsmith,Edward Gibbon,etc.（中产阶级）（
34.Bourgeoisie[,bu93wa:*zi:]th.l8t.Centur..AgaO.Bourgeoisie（蒙运动）
35.Enlightenmen.Movement/B（Unde.th.influenc.o.scientifi.discoverie.Newton.an.flourishin.o.philosophies.Frenc.enlightenmen.started.伏尔泰,孟德斯鸠,洛克,霍布斯，Enlightenment thinkerssuch asVoltaire MontesquieuLocke Hobbesand Rousseau卢梭】believed thatth worldwas anobject ofstudy andthat peoplecould understandand controlthe worldbymeansof eason（以观察或实验为依据的）and empirical[esearch.•an intellectualmovement beginningin Franceand thenspread throughoutEurope•a continuationof Renaissancein beliefinthepossibility ofhuman perfectionthrough education（标语，标号）（定量？）（•the guidingprinciple orslogan isRation/Reason,natural rightand equalityAmerican）Independence Warin1776;French Revolutionin1789•Ration becamestandard formeasurement ofeverything.（迷信）（心胸狭窄）（教条主义，独断，武断）Lreligion.i.wa.agains.superstition.intolerance.an.dogmatism（暴政，苛.i.politics.i.wa.agains.tyranny政）.an.i.society.i.wa.agains.prejudice.ignorance.inequality.an.an.obstacle.t.th.realizatio.o.a.individual.fuLinteHectua.a（提n.physica.wen-being.A.th.sam.time.the.advocated倡.universa.education』.thei.opinion.huma.being.wer.limited.dualistic（二元的）.imperfect.an.ye.capabLo.rationality（合理性，合理的行为见解.an.pcrfectio.throug.education.The greatenlighteners:•Alexander Pope,•Joseph Addison,•Jonathan Swift,and•Samuel Johnson
36.Prose）（传，己）1Biography JamesBoswells Lifeof SamuelJohnson）（期刊）2Journalism/Periodicals Steelsand Addisonsliterary journals）（现实主义小说）3Realist novel:bourgeois inessence-subject matter,---readership,-didactic purpose,（）--form prose,comic epic;（
37.Gothi.nove.fro.mid-18t.century.。
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