托福阅读tpo65R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识

阅读TPO655Pastoralism andAgriculture inIran原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文Pastoralism andAgriculture inIran

①Geographical constraintshave hadimportant consequencesfor theeconomy andsocietyof Iran.Where rainfallis adequate,there arefertile valleys and grasslandssuitablefor grazinganimals.However,since thenatural vegetationtends to be sparse,it isdifficult forsuch animalsto remainin oneplace for any length of time.Thusnomadic pastoralism—keeping livestocksuch assheep andgoats bywandering fromplaceto place——was oneof thefirst andmost persistenthuman economicactivitiesto flourishin thisarea.This nomadicmovement wasoften of the verticalvariety,withpeople andanimals movingfrom lowlands in wintertime to highlandsin summer.Theanimals raisedby the pastoralists providednot onlyfood butalso materialfor craftssuch as themaking ofcarpets,thick feltcloth,and tents.The pastoralistsweretypically organizedinto largetribal confederationscapable ofcontrolling thevastterritories neededfor maintainingtheir herds.

②The tribeswere apowerful socialand politicalfactor throughoutIranian history.The skillsnecessary forherding animals,hunting andchasing offpredators,directingmigrations,disciplining tribesmen,and protectinglands andanimals fromrivals couldbeeasily adaptedand directedtoward militarypurposes aswell.It wastypically thetribesthat producedthe soldiersand rulersof thecountry andprovided the powerbase formost ofits dynasties.Once established,governments needed to cultivatethesupport offriendly tribalgroups andtried tocontrol hostiletribes bycombat,deportation,or forciblesettlement.At thebeginning of the twentieth century,approximately one-fourth of the populationwere tribalpeoples,and theywere apotentforce in Iranian affairs.With theadvent ofmechanized armiesin the1930s,however,there weresystematic effortsto breakthepower of the tribes andtocoerce thetribal populationinto asedentary wayof life.These effortshave beenlargelysuccessful,and the tribes areno longerso significanta forcein eithertheIranian economyor society.Less than5percent of the populationnow consistsofnomadic pastoralists.

③The aridityof the Iranian plateauretarded itsagricultural developmentincomparison toadjacent regionssuchasMesopotamia,which hadgreat riversto drawuponforasupply of water.Eventually,at someuncertain dateprobably about26centuries ago,there wasa technologicalbreakthrough thatmade itpossible tofarmcrops outsidethe fewoases,streams,and otherplaces withsufficient rainfallforagriculture.This was the development of underground canals knownas qanats.Theqanat systemtook advantageof thenatural slopeinclination of the plateaubasins.Awell would be dugin thefoothills toreach awater source,usually waterfrom meltingsnowthat hadseeped underground.Then asequence ofwells andshafts connectedbyunderground canalswould beconstructed totransport the water toan areasuitablefor cultivation,where itcould supportthe needsof oneor morevillages.The slopeofthe undergroundcanals hadto becontrolled carefullyto preventerosion,and theinteriorsurface ofwells andshafts neededto bekept underconstant maintenancetoprevent themfrom collapsing.

④Since thecanals wereunderground,loss fromevaporation wasminimized.Gravityprovided the means of moving the water,so nomechanical energywas required tooperate the system.The numerouswells andshafts keptthe length of thetrickyunderground canalshort andfacilitated repairsof eachsegment.Built upover thecenturies,the systemeventually becameimmense.It has been estimatedthat thetotal length of the qanat system today,counting wells,shafts,and canals,is in excessof300,000kilometers almostthe distancefrom Earth to the Moon!,which givessomeidea of the tremendousinvestment inmoney and labor powerit represents.Yetthe type of agriculture that developed around the qanat systemgave modestyieldsand required hard work from the peasant farmers,who receivedonly asmall share ofthe agriculturalproduce.译文伊朗的畜牧和农业

①地理上的限制对伊朗的经济和社会产生了重要的影响在降雨量充足的地方,有肥沃的山谷和适合食草动物的草地然而，由于自然植被逐渐稀疏，这些动物很难在一个地方停留任何一段时间因此，游牧畜牧业，即从一个地方流浪到另一个地方饲养牲畜（如绵羊和山羊），是这一地区繁荣的最早和最持久的人类经济活动之一这种游牧运动通常是垂直变化的，人们和动物冬季在低地，夏季迁移到了高地牧民饲养的动物不仅提供了食物，而且还提供了制作地毯、厚毡和帐篷等工艺品的材料牧民通常被组织成大的部落联盟，能够控制广阔的领土以饲养他们的牲畜群

②在伊朗历史上部落是一个强大的社会和政治因素放牧、狩猎和驱赶食肉动物、指导迁徙、训练部落成员、保护土地和动物不受竞争对手伤害等所需的技能也可以很容易地进行调整并直接用于军事目的国家的士兵和统治者通常是由部落产生的，并为大多数王朝提供了权力基础一旦建立，政府需要培养友好部落团体的支持，并试图通过战斗、驱逐或强制定居来控制敌对部落在二十世纪初，大约四分之一的人口是部落人民，他们是伊朗事务中的一股强大力量然而，随着世纪年2030代机械化军队的出现，人们开始系统地努力打破部落的权力，迫使部落居民过上定居式的生活这些努力在很大程度上是成功的，部落不再是伊朗经济或社会中那么重要的力量现在，不到的人口是游牧民族5%

③与美索不达米亚等邻近地区相比，伊朗高原的干旱阻碍了其农业的发展，因为美索不达米亚有大江大河供其取水最终，在某个不确定的时间大约是年前，一2600项技术突破使人们能够在稀有的绿洲、溪流和其他有足够降雨的地方以外地区种植作物这就是所谓的“坎儿井”的地下运河的发展坎儿井系统利用了高原盆地的自然坡度（倾斜）人们会在山脚下挖一口井来获取水源，通常是地下渗出的融化的雪水然后，一系列由地下运河连接的水井和竖井被建造起来，将水输送到适合耕种的地区，在那里可以满足一个或多个村庄的需要地下运河的坡度必须小心控制，以防止侵蚀；而且，井和竖井的内部表面需要经常进行维护，以防止坍塌

④由于运河在地下，蒸发造成的损失被降到最低重力提供了移动水的方法,所以不需要机械能来运行这个系统大量的井和竖井使得复杂的地下运河长度很短，便于每段的维修这个体系建立了几个世纪，最终变得相当巨大据估计，如今坎儿井系统的总长度，包括水井、竖井和运河，超过了万公里（几乎是地球到月球的距30离!），这说明了它需要金钱和劳动力方面的巨大投入然而，围绕坎儿井系统发展起来的这种农业，产量适中，需要农民的辛勤劳动，而农民只获得很小的农产品份额题目l.According toparagraph1,pastoralists inIran neededto movetheir animalsfor whichofthe following reasonsA.Their herdswere constantlygrowing insize.B.Much ofthe landwas toosteep tobe usedby allthe grazinganimals atonce.C.In anygiven place,the animalssoon ranout offood.D.Many fertilevalleysandgrasslands couldbe reachedonly atcertain timesof theyear.E.According toparagraph2,nomadic pastoralistswere importantinIranianhistoryfor allofthe followingreasonsEXCEPTA.They producedrulers forIran.B.They formeda significantproportion oftheIranianpopulation.C.They usedthe skillsdeveloped fornomadic pastoralismto supportruling dynasties.D.They helpedmake thetransition inIran fromtraditional tomechanized armies.E.Which ofthefollowingcan beinferred fromparagraph2about therelationshipbetween Iraniangovernments andthe nomadic tribesA.Governments usedsoldiers fromfriendly tribesto combattribes opposedto thegovernment.B.Governments triedto increasethe militarypowerofthetribes.C.Governments usedthepastoralskills oftribesmen tobenefit the governmentseconomic interests.D.Governments encouragedfighting amongstthetribesin orderto limittribal power.

4.The word“breakthroughin the passage isclosest inmeaning toA.experimentB.opportunityC.advanceD.method

5.According toparagraph3,why wasit necessaryto regularlyinspect the qanatsystemA.Erosion mightcause thecanals toslope.B.Runoff frommelting snowcould sometimescause flooding.C.Wells andshafts mightcollapse ifnot keptin goodrepair.D.Water from the system was notalways distributedfairly amongvillages.

6.According toparagraph4,why wasthe qanat system builtwith numerouswells andshaftsA.To minimizewater lossB.To keepindividual segmentsofthe qanat canalsshort foreasy maintenanceC.To avoidthe needto supplyenergy totransport waterthrough the qanat canalsD.To providesufficient meansfor removing thewaterfor irrigation

7.Which ofthe sentencesbelow bestexpresses theessential informationin thehighlightedsentence in the passageIncorrect choiceschange themeaning inimportantways orleave outessential information.A.The qanat system todayis thoughttobeinexcessof300,000kilometers,which isalmostas greatasthe distance betweenEarth andthe Moon.B.Counting allofthewells,shafts,and canalswouldbeboth difficultand expensive,so the totallength oftheqanat systemhasbeen estimated ratherthan measured.C.The effortand expenserequired tobuild theqanatsystemis apparentfrom itsestimatedlengthofmore than300,000kilometers.D.The investmentof money andlaborneededtoconstruct theqanatsystemwasprobably almostas greatas thatrequiredtotravel from Earthto theMoon.

④Since thecanals wereunderground,loss fromevaporation wasminimized.Gravityprovided themeans ofmoving thewater,so nomechanical energywas requiredtooperate the system.The numerouswells andshafts keptthe lengthofthetrickyunderground canalshort andfacilitated repairsof eachsegment.Built upover thecenturies,thesystemeventually becameimmense.It hasbeenestimatedthat thetotallengthoftheqanatsystem today,counting wells,shafts,and canals,is inexcessof300,000kilometers almostthe distancefrom Earthto theMoon!,which givessomeidea ofthe tremendousinvestment inmoney andlabor powerit represents.Yet thetypeof agriculturethat developedaround theqanatsystemgave modestyields andrequiredhard workfromthepeasant farmers,who receivedonly asmall shareof theagriculturalproduce.

8.1n paragraph3,why doesthe authorcompare the agricultural developmentof theIranian plateau withthat ofadjacent regionsA.To explainhow riversaffect agriculturaldevelopmentB.To explainwhy adjacentregions didnot developa qanatsystemC.To providethe motivationfor thedevelopmentoftheqanatsystem inIranD.To implythat inboth theIranianplateauand Mesopotamia,agriculture dependedonirrigation

9.Look atthe foursquares[H]that indicatewhere thefollowing sentencecould beaddedto the passage.Where wouldthe sentencebest fitClick ona square[H]to addthesentence to the passage.The designofthesystemwasingenious inseveral respects..

④[-Since thecanals wereunderground,loss fromevaporation wasminimized.[■]Gravity providedthemeansofmovingthewater,so nomechanical energywasrequired tooperate thesystem.[.]The numerouswells andshafts keptthe lengthofthe trickyundergroundcanalshort andfacilitated repairsof eachsegment.[■]Built upoverthe centuries,thesystemeventually becameimmense.It hasbeen estimatedthatthetotallengthoftheqanatsystem today,counting wells,shafts,and canals,is inexcessof300,000kilometers almostthedistancefromEarthtotheMoon!,whichgives someidea ofthe tremendousinvestment inmoneyandlabor poweritrepresents.Yet thetypeofagriculturethatdevelopedaroundtheqanatsystem gavemodestyields andrequiredhardworkfromthepeasantfarmers,who receivedonly asmallshareoftheagriculturalproduce.

10.Directions:An introductorysentence fora briefsummary ofthe passageisprovided below.Complete thesummary byselecting theTHREE answer choices thatexpressthe mostimportant ideas in the passage.Some sentencesdo notbelong inthesummary becausethey expressideas thatare notpresented inthepassageor areminorideasinthepassage.Drag youranswerchoicestothespaces wherethey belong.To removean answerchoice,click onit.To reviewthepassage,click VIEWTEXTThe scarcityofwaterhas hada majoreffect onthe economicand socialdevelopmentof Iran.A.For centuries,people raisedlivestock forfood andwool,movingtheanimals fromthelowlandsinwintertimetothe highlandsin summertime.11Historically,thegovernmentsof Irandepended onthe supportofthetribal groupstodefend thewater suppliesof citiesand othersettlements.C.A complexsystem ofwells,shafts,and undergroundcanals changedagriculture inIranby increasingthe amountof landthat couldbe farmed.D.Until the1930s,nomadictribeswere asignificant forceinthecountry seconomicand politicalstructure.E.During thetwentiethcentury,nomadic peopleof Iransuccessfully resistedtheattempts ofcentralized governmentsto settlethem intowns andcities.F.The naturalslope fromhighlands tolowlands requiredthe constructionof irrigationcanalsthat linkedagricultural areas.。