托福阅读tpo67R-1原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识

阅读原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识TPO67Crop Engineering原文Crop Engineering

①Our currentability toprecisely engineercrop genomeswas precededby alonghistory ofgenetic manipulationin agriculture.Human impactand itsaccompanyingeffects beganearly inour historyat manytropical andsubtropical sitesaround theglobe.Our ancestorswere omnivores,consuming whateverplant oranimal materialtheyfortuitously encountered.Even then,humans hadconsiderable effectson theenvironment,reducing andeven drivingto extinctionpopulations of the animalspeciesthey huntedand expandingthe distribution of plantsby accidentallydistributingseeds as they migrated.

②Humans probablyfirst realizedthat seedscould yielda stablefood supplythroughagriculture whenthey observedplants arisingfrom refuseor wasteland,perhaps fruittrees growing alongforest andjungle pathsfrom discardedor defecatedseeds orelsevegetables sproutingin garbage dumps attemporary settlements.A moreorganizedapproach toagriculture beganabout eightto tenthousand yearsago coincidentallyata number of locationsaround theglobe.The mostdiverse farmingdeveloped in theNear East,with legumes,cereals,flax,sesame,and fruit trees.At aboutthe sametime,New Worldresidents were growing beans,maize,squashes,and potatoes,and Asianfarmerswere beginningto cultivaterice.

③These earlydomesticated cropsforeshadowed theoverwhelming changescontemporaryagriculture haswrought inplants.Humans soonlearned toseparatevarieties thatcould begrown ascrops fromwild typesin orderto preventcharacteristicsundesirable forcultivation frommingling withthose selected forfarming.Continued selectionof cropswith desirablecharacteristics increasedtheseparation betweenferal wildand managedplants and accelerated thediminishingdiversity andmore limitedvariation foundin todayscrops.

④The simplestway toselect cropsis tosave seedspreferentially fromplants withbeneficialtraits,and the first farmersselected forlarge seedsand fruit,increased seedproduction,lack ofdormancy,faster germination,higher annualyield,and reducedseedscattering.The successof thisearly selectionresulted inan acceleratingimpact ofagricultureon cropdiversity andferal plants.Crops quicklybecame commodities,moved andtraded overa rapidlywidening area,so thatmany plantswere distributedwellbeyond theirprevious ranges,and somethroughout theglobe.

⑤Three phenomenahave characterizedthe morerecent impactof agricultureonEarth.The firstwas theincrease inhuman population,which hasdoubled atshorterand shorterintervals overthe lastthousand years.The resultwas increasedacreageunder cultivation and afundamental remodelingof theglobe towardmanaged ratherthanwild ecosystems.By1998there were3,410,523,800acres ofland undercultivationworldwide,an arealarger thanthe UnitedStates.Entire ecosystemshavedisappeared,others remainbut arethreatened,and thesheer volumeof peopleandarea offarmland havebeen majorforces ofbiological change.

⑥The secondevent throughwhich agriculturemodified ourplanet wasEuropeancolonization.Previously,migration andtrade hadmoved cropsbetween countriesandcontinents,but theEuropeans inauguratedan unprecedenteddispersal ofbiologicalmaterial worldwide.Maize,tomatoes,and potatoeswere transportedfrom theNewWorld to the Old;wheat,rye,and barleywere carriedfrom theOld Worldto theNew;and rice,soybeans,and alfalfawere movedfrom theirAsian sourcesto everyarablecontinent.Each of these andinnumerable otherintroductions conveyednot onlyuniquematerial butalso assemblagesof introducedplant pests and diseases thattoday causethe majorityof pest-management problemsaround the world.

⑦The thirdfactor shapingthe natureof agricultureand theenvironment alikeis theincreasingprecision withwhich wehave selectedand bredcrops.This acuitystemmed一from manyadvances,but atits heartlies the work oftwo menone,the EnglishnaturalistCharles Darwin,and theother,an Austrianmonk,Gregor Mendel.Theconcepts ofevolution and genetics werenot theirwork alone,but bothof themweredecades aheadof theircolleagues insynthesizing thecompanion conceptsof naturalselection and inheritancethat areat thecore ofall contemporarybiological scienceandthat formthe substrateupon whichbiotechnology grew.译文作物工程

①我们目前能准确设计农作物基因组的能力是由在农业中长期的基因操控得来的人类及其相关的对农作物的影响起始于全球很多热带及亚热带地区的人类早期文明中我们的祖先是杂食动物，他们会吃任何偶遇到的植物，动物即使在人类文明初期，人类对环境也有巨大的影响，使得他们猎杀的物种数量减少甚至灭亡，并且在迁徙的过程中携带的种子，意外扩张了植物的分布

②人类第一次意识到种子可以通过农业产生稳定的食物供应，可能是在观察到从垃圾或荒地中生长出来的植物，可能是从废弃或排便出的种子中生长出来的沿着森林和丛林小路生长的果树，或者是在临时聚居处的垃圾堆中发芽的蔬菜一种更具有组织的农业发展方式开始于八千到一万年前，是在全球的一些地方同时出现的最多样化的农业生产模式发展于近东，有豆类、谷物、亚麻、芝麻和果树大约在同一时期，新世界的居民开始种植豆类、玉米、南瓜和土豆，亚洲的农民开始种植水稻

③这些早期人工种植的作物预示着当代农业在植物上带来的巨大变化人类很快学会了从野生植物中分离出可以作为农作物生长的品种，这样可以防止植物中不适合耕种的特性与那些被选中的耕作特性混在一起持续的选择具有理想特性的作物，增加了野生植物和被管理植物之间的分离，并且加速了当今作物多样性的减少和更有限的差异

④选择作物最简单的方法是优先从具有有利特征的植物中保存种子，早期农民选择较大种子和果实，增加了种子产量，不需要休眠，发芽更快，更高的年产量，减少种子散布早期选种的成功加速了农业对植物多样性和野生植物的影响作物很快变成了商品，传播和交易的范围在快速扩大，因此很多植物的分布远远超出了他们的之前的范围，甚至遍布到全球各地

⑤农业对地球近期的影响主要体现在三个方面第一是人口增长，在过去的一千年里，人口翻倍的周期越来越短随之而来的结果是耕种面积的增加，并从根本上改变了地球，使得它朝着被管理的方向而不是野生的环境发展截止到年，1998全球总共有英亩的耕地，面积比美国还大整个生态3,410,523,800系统已经消失，其他生态系统仍然存在，但受到威胁，人口和耕地面积的绝对数量已经成为生态变化的主要力量

⑥农业影响地球的第二个方面是欧洲的殖民在此之前，移民和贸易使农作物在国家和大陆之间流动，但欧洲人开创了一种前所未有的生物物质在世界范围内的扩散玉米、西红柿和土豆从新大陆运到了旧大陆；小麦、黑麦和大麦从旧大陆被带到新大陆；水稻、大豆和紫花苜蓿从发源地亚洲转移到每一个可耕种的大陆每一个物种的引进和无数其他物种的引进不仅带来了独特的物质,而且带来了害虫和疾病的汇集，这些害虫疾病导致了现如今全球的大多数害虫管理问题

⑦第三个影响农业和环境的因素是我们越来越精确地选择和培育农作物这种敏锐源于许多进步，但其核心在于两个人的努力-------------位是英国博物学家查尔斯•达尔文，另一位是奥地利僧侣格雷戈尔•孟德尔进化和遗传学的概念并不是他们单独研究的，但在综合自然选择和遗传这两个概念方面，他们俩都领先他们的同事几十年自然选择和遗传是所有当代生物科学的核心，也是生物技术发展的基础题目

1.According toparagraph1,all of the followingare true of earlyhumans EXCEPT:A.They fedon anyplants andanimals that they found.B.They significantlyreduced thenumberofanimal speciesthrough hunting.C.They spreadplants from one place to anotheras theymigrated.D.They introducednew animalspecies todifferent parts of theworld.

2.Which of the sentencesbelow bestexpresses theessential informationin thehighlightedsentence in the passageIncorrect choiceschange themeaning inimportantways orleave outessential information.A.Humans firstsaw fruittreesgrowing along pathwaysand vegetablesgrowing ongarbagedumps in temporary settlementsand startedcultivating themfor asteadyfood supply.B.Humans livingin temporary settlements noticedthat fruittrees andvegetables thatthey could cultivatefor a constant supply of foodweregrowingin waste areas.C.Humans sawplants growingin wasteareas attemporary settlementsand gottheidea thattheycouldplant seedsto ensurea constantsupplyoffood.D.Humans maintainedaconstantfood supplyby plantingfruittreesalong pathwaysandvegetables in garbagedumpsand otherwasteareasintemporarysettlements.

②Humans probablyfirst realizedthat seedscould yielda stablefood supplythroughagriculture whenthey observedplants arisingfrom refuseor wasteland,perhaps fruittreesgrowingalongforest andjungle pathsfrom discardedor defecatedseeds orelsevegetables sproutingingarbageclumps attemporarysettlements.A moreorganizedapproach toagriculture beganabout eightto tenthousand yearsago coincidentallyata numberof locationsaround theglobe.The mostdiverse farmingdeveloped in theNear East,with legumes,cereals,flax,sesame,and fruittrees.At aboutthe sametime,New Worldresidents weregrowing beans,maize,squashes,and potatoes,and Asianfarmerswere beginningto cultivaterice.

3.Why doesthe authorinclude theinformation that“New Worldresidents weregrowingbeans,maize,squashes,and potatoesnA.To supportthe claimthat organizedagriculture developedin different partsof theworld atthe sametimeB.To indicatethat differentcrops weregrown indifferentpartsoftheworldC.To argueagainst theidea thatthe mostdiverse farmingoccurred inthe NearEastD.To indicatethat New World farmerscultivated alarger numberof cropsthan Asianfarmersdid

4.Which ofthe followingcan beinferred fromparagraph3about plantswithundesirable characteristicsA.Farmers cultivatedthem onlywhen plantswith desirablecharacteristics werenotavailable.B.Farmers didnot letthem grownear plants that were selectedforcultivation ascrops.C.They enabledfarmers tomore properlymanage theplantsthatwereselectedforcultivation ascrops.D.They providedfarmers witha limitedvariety ofplants toselect forcultivation ascrops.

5.Which ofthe followingis mentionedin paragraph4as aneffect of crops becomingcommoditiesA.Farmers wereable tocultivate agreater variety of cropsthan theyused to.B.Trade routesquickly developedas peoplemoved cropsfromoneplacetoanother.C.Plants becamewidely distributedoutside theirplaces oforigin.D.Feral plantswere quicklywiped outas morecrops werecultivated fortrading.

6.The wordu inaugurated“inthe passage isclosest inmeaning toA.encouragedB.observedC.achievedD.introduced

7.Which ofthe followingis mentionedin paragraph6as oneoftheeffects ofmovingcrops fromone partoftheworld toanother partoftheworldA.Europeans wereable tosuccessfully colonizeother continents.B.Plant pestsand diseasesbecame morewidespread.C.Some cropsfailed togrow verywell attheir newlocations.D.New waysto managepestsanddiseasesthataffected cropswere introduced.

8.Which ofthe followingis mentionedin paragraph7as beingtrueofCharles DarwinandGregor MendelA.They werethe firstto integratethe conceptsof naturalselection andinheritance.B.They werethe firstto encouragethe useof biotechnologyin agriculture.C.They werethe firstto workon evolutionandgeneticsatthesame lime.D.They werethefirstto providefarmers withinformation onselecting andbreedingcrops.

9.Look atthe foursquares[H]that indicatewhere thefollowing sentencecould beaddedto the passage.Where wouldthe sentencebest fitClickonasquare[H]to addthesentence to the passage.This large-scale agriculturehas actuallyresulted ina decreasein biologicaldiversity..

⑤Three phenomenahave characterizedthe morerecent impactof agricultureonEarth.[・]The firstwas theincrease inhuman population,which hasdoubled atshorterand shorterintervals overthe lastthousand years,[.]The resultwas increasedacreageunder cultivationandafundamental remodelingoftheglobe towardmanaged ratherthanwild ecosystems.[■]By1998there were3,410,523,800acres ofland undercultivationworldwide,an arealarger thanthe UnitedStates.[HjEntire ecosystemshavedisappeared,others remainbut arethreatened,and thesheer volumeof peopleandarea offarmland havebeen majorforces ofbiological change.

10.Directions:An introductorysentence fora briefsummary ofthe passageisprovided below.Complete thesummary byselecting theTHREE answer choices thatexpressthe mostimportant ideas inthe passage.Some sentencesdo notbelong inthesummary becausethey expressideas thatare notpresented inthepassageor areminorideasinthepassage.Drag youranswerchoicestothespaces wherethey belong.To removean answerchoice,click onit.To reviewthepassage,click VIEWTEXTAgriculture hashad atremendous effecton theenvironment.A.Humans have affected plantsthrough theprocess ofselective breedingfor morethan10,000years.11Domesticated plantshaveaffectedecosystems worldwideastheyhave spreadthroughhuman migration,trade,and colonization.C.Biotechnology,based onthe conceptsof naturalselection andinheritance,hasenhanced farmersability toselect andgrow cropswith valuablecharacteristics.D.A greatervarietyofcrops wascultivated inthe NearEast thanintheNewWorldandAsia.E.The widedistributionofplants throughouttheworldhas ledtothedevelopment ofeffectivepest-management techniquesaimed atprotecting plantsagainst pestsanddiseases.EFarmers havedeveloped methodsofcropselectionandbreeding thatdo notadverselyaffect theenvironment followingtheworkof Darwinand Mendel.答案1-

5.DCABC6-

9.DBAD

10.ABC小结题解析符合文章主题，对应原文第三四段段落主旨，正确;A:selective breeding。