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第一节国际货物买卖合同的商订小结交易磋商一般包括询盘、发盘、还盘、接受四个环节发盘和接受必不可少一方的发盘经对方有效接受,合同即告成立
一、询盘(Inquiry),又称询价,邀请发盘,要约邀请询盘既可由买方发出,也可由卖方发出询盘对买卖双方均没有约束力.
二、发盘(Offer),又称报盘,报价、发价,要约发盘可以由卖方提出,也可以由买方提出.发盘有口头和书面两种方式,《公约》规定口头发盘必须立即接受方能成立合同
(一)构成发盘的必要条件
1.发盘应向一个或一个以上特定的人提出
2.发盘的内容必须十分确定
①完整,三个基本要素货物名称、数量和价格
②明确不使用“大概”、“预计”、“可能”、“参考”等词语
③终局不能有保留性、限制性的条款
3.发盘必须表明发盘人对其发盘一旦被受盘人接受即受约束的意思
4.发盘必须送达受盘人
(二)发盘的有效期一段有效期,如发盘有效期5天最迟接受的期限,如发盘限7天复按惯例在合理时间内有效,不明确规定有效期
(三)发盘的撤回与撤销发盘送达受盘人时开始生效
1.发盘的撤回发盘尚未生效,阻止发盘生效撤回通知应当在发盘到达受盘人之前,或与发盘同时到达受盘人
2、发盘的撤销发盘已经生效,解除其生效行为SALES CONTRACTNO.08SUG0012DATEJAN.6,
2008、THE SELLERSJIANGSU GLORYGARMENTS CO.,LTDADDRESS20HANZHONG RD.,NANJING,P.R OFCHINATEL FAXE-MAIL THE BUYERSA.B.C.CORP.ADDRESS1020TOWER BUILDING,OSLO,NORWAYTEL FAXE-MAIL THIS SALES CONTRACTIS MADEBY ANDBETWEEN THE SELLERS ANDTHE BUYERS,WHEREBY THE BUYERS AGREETO BUYTHEUNDERMENTIONED GOODSACCORDING TOTHE TERMSAND CONDITIONSSTIPULATED BELOW
2.
1.DESCRIPTION OF GOODS QUANTITY
3.UNITPRICE
4.AMOUNTCIFOSLO INCOTERMS2000100%CTN T-SHIRTSSTYLENO.123USD
14.005000PCS USD
70000.XMANSTROUSERSSTYLE NO.456USD
16.005GOO PCS USD
80000.0010000PCSUSD
150000.005PCTMORE ORLESSIN QUANTITYANDAMOUNTAREACCEPTABLE
5.TOTAL AMOUNTSAY USDOLLARS ONEHUNDARD ANDFIFTY THOUSANDONLY.
6.PACKING1PC/POLYBAG48PCS/CARTONSHIPPING MARKA.B.C.08SUG0012OSLOC/NO.1-UP
7.SHIPMENTNOT LATER THAN APRIL30,2008BY SEAFROM CHINAPORT TOOSLO NORWAYWITH PARTIALSHIPMENT ANDTRANSSHIPMENTALLOWED.WITHIN24HOURS IMMEDIATELYAFTER COMPLETIONOF LOADINGOF GOODSON BOARDTHE VESSELTHESELLER SHALLADVISE THEBUYER BYFAX ORE-MAIL OF THE CONTRACTNUMBER,THE NAME OFGOODS,WEIGHT NET/GROSSOR QUANTITYLOADED,INVOICE VAL-UE,NAME OFVESSEL,PORT OFLOADING,SAIUNG DATEAND EXPECTEDTIME OFARRIVAL ETAAT THE PORT OFDESTINATION.
8.PAYMENT20%OF THECONTRACT VALUEUSD30000,00by T/T,THE REMAINBY IRREVOCABLESIGHT L/C,TO REACHTHE SELLERNOTLATERTHANAPRIL10,2008AND TO BE AVAILABLEFOR NEGOTIATIONIN CHINAUNTIL THE15DAYS AFTERSHIPMENT.
9.INSURANCETO BEEFFECTED BY THE SELLERAT110%OF THEINVOICE VALUECOVERING ALLRISKS ANDWAR RISKAS PERCIC CLAUSES.
10.INSPECTIONIT ISMUTUALLY AGREEDTHAT THECERTIFICATE OFQUALITY ANDWEIGHT QUANTITYISSUED BY AQSIQ AT THE PORT/PLACEOF SHIPMENTSHALL BEPART OF THE DOCUMENTSTOBEPRESENTED FORNEGOTIATION UNDERTHE RELE-VANT L/C.THE BUYERSSHALLHAVE THERIGHT TORE-INSPECT THEQUALITY ANDWEIGHT QUANTITYOF THECARGO.THE RE-INSPECTION FEESHALL BEBORNEBY THEBUYERS.SHOULD THEQUALITY WEIGHTQUANTITY BEFOUND NOTIN CONFORMITYWITH THATOF THECONTRACT,AND/6RTHE BUYERSARE ENTITLEDTO LODGEWITH THE SELLERS ACIAIM WHICHSHOULD BESUPPORTED BYSURVEY REPORTSISSUED BYARECOGNIZED SURVEYORAPPROVED BY THE SELLERS.THE CLAIM,IF ANY,SHALL BELODGED WITHIN30DAYS AFTERARRIVAL OF THEGOODS ATTHEPORT/PLACE OFDESTINATION
11.CLAIMSANY CLAIMBYTHEBUYER REGARDINGTHE GOODSSHIPPED SHOULDBE FILEDWITHIN30DAYS AFTERTHE ARRIVALOFTHE GOODSATTHEPORT/PLACE OFDESTINATION SPECIFIEDIN THERELATIVE B/L AND/OR TRANSPORTDOCUMENT ANDSUPPORTEDBY ASURVEY REPORTISSUED BYA SURVEYORAPPROVED BYTHE SELLER.CLAIMS INRESPECT OFMATTERS WITHINRESPONSIBILITYOF INSURANCECOMPANY,SHIPPING COMPANY/OTHER TRANSPORTATIONORGANIZATION WILLNOT BECON-SIDERED ORENTERTAINEDBY THESELLER.
12.FORCE MAJEUREIF THESHIPMENT OF THE CONTRACTEDGOODS ISPREVENTED ORDELAYED INWHOLE OR IN PARTBY REASONOFWAR,EARTHQUAKE,FLOOD,FIRE,STORM,HEAVY SNOWOR OTHERCAUSES OFFORCE MAJEURE,THESELLERSHALL NOT BE LIABLEFORNON-SHIPMENT ORLATE SHIPMENTOFTHEGOODS OFTHIS CONTRACT.HOWEVER,THESELLERSHALL NOTIFYTHEBUYERBYPHONE/FAX/EMAIL ANDFURNISH LATTERWITHIN5DAYS BYREGISTERED AIRMAILWITH ACERTIFICATE ISSUED BYTHECHINA COUNCILFORTHE PROMOTIONOF INTERNATIONALTRADE CHINACHAMBER OFINTERNATIONAL COMMERCEATTESTING SUCHEVENT OREVENTS.
13.ARBITRATIONANY DISPUTEARISING FROMORINCONNECTION WITHTHISSALESCONTRACT SHALL BE SUBMITTEDTO CHINAINTERNATIONALECONOMIC ANDTRADE ARBITRATIONCOMMISSION FOR ARBITRATION WHICHSHALLBECONDUCTED INACCORDANCE WITHTHECOMMISSIONS ARBITRATIONRULES INEFFECT ATTHE TIMEOF APPLYINGFORARBITRATION.THE ARBITRALAWARD ISFINALAND BINDINGUPON BOTHPARTIES.
14.DOCUMENTS*FULL SET3/3OF ORIGINALCLEAN ONBOARD OCEANBILLS OFJADING,MADE OUTTO ORDERAND BLANKENDORSED,MARKED FREIGHTPREPAID,NOTIFYING THEAPPLICANT OF LETTER OF CREDIT.*THREE COPIESOF SIGNEDCOMMERCIAL INVOICE,INDICATING CONTRACTNUMBER,L/C NUMBER,NAMEOFCOMMODITY,FULLSPECIFICATIONS,AND SHIP-PING MARK,SIGNED ANDISSUEDBYTHE BENEFICIARY OFLETTER OF CREDIT.*TWO COPIESOF PACKINGLIST WITHINDICATION OFGROSS ANDNET WEIGHTOF EACHPACKAGE ANDMEASUREMENTS ISSUEDBYBENEHC1ARYOFLET.TEROFCREDIT.*CERTIFICATE OFQUALITY ISSUEDBYAQUALIFIED INDEPENDENTSURVEYOR ATTHE LOADINGPORT ANDMUST INDICATEFULLSPECIFICATIONS OFGOODS CONFORMINGTO STIPULATIONSIN LETTER OFCREDIT.*ONE COPYOFTHESHIPPING ADVICEAS STIPULATEDIN CLAUSE7*INSURANCE POLICYCOVERING110%OFTHEINVOICE VALUE,AGAINST ALLRISKS ANDWAR RISKAS PERCIC CLAUSE*ENDORSED INBLANK,INCLUDING WAREHOUSETO WAREHOUSE,WITH CLAIMSPAYABLE ATDESTINATION INTHE CURRENCYOFTHECREDITMARKED PREMIUMPREPAID.*DOCUMENTS ISSUEDEARLIER THANTHE OPENINGDATE OFLETTEROFCREDIT SHALLNOTBEACCEPTABLE.THE SELLERSTHEBUYERSJIANGSU GLORYGARMENTS CO.,LTDA.B.C.CORP.LI UNGMARY对照译文
10.INSPECTION检验检疫双方均同意在装运港由AQSIQ签发的质量和重量(数量)证书将成为相关信用证下交单议付的单据.买方有权对货物进行复检复检费用由买方负担.如果发现货物质量和/或重量(数量)与合同不符,买方有权向卖方提出索赔,并应提供由卖方认可的获得承认的调查机构出具的调查报告.索赔应该在货物到达目的港后30天内提出
11.CLAI MS索赔买方关于已运抵货物的索赔应该在货物到达在相关海运提单和/或运输单据中指定的目的港后30天内提出,且应提供由卖方认可的调查机构出具的调查报告.如果索赔是关于保险公司责任范围内的问题,那么船公司/其他运输机构将不会被卖方予以问责
12.FORCE MAJEURE不可抗力如果由于战争、地震、洪灾、火灾、暴风雨、暴雪或其他不可抗力原因而致全部或部分合同货物的运输受到阻碍或延迟,卖方将不会就合同货物未装运或延迟装运而承担责任但是,卖方应该通过电话/传真/邮件通知买方,并且在5天内通过航空挂号邮件向买方提供由中国国际贸易促进委员会(中国国际贸易商会)出具的证实该事件的证书.
13.ARB ITRAT10N仲裁由本合同所引起的或与本合同有关的任何争端应该提交至中国国际经济与贸易仲裁委员会,按照申请仲裁时该委员会现行有效的仲裁规则进行仲裁仲裁裁决是终局性的,对双方均有约束力撤销通知在受盘人发出接受通知前送达受盘人.
3.发盘不得撤销的情形
①发盘是以规定有效期或以其他方式表明为不可撤销的;
②受盘人有理由信赖该发盘是不可撤销的,并已本着对该发盘的信赖采取了行动四发盘的终止1超过了有效期2受盘人拒绝或还盘;3有效的撤销;4不能控制的因素所致如战争、灾难或发盘人死亡、法人破产等
三、还盘Counter offer还盘构成一项新的发盘,还盘一旦作出原发盘随之失效
四、接受acceptance发盘一经接受,合同即告成立,对买卖双方都有约束力,任何一方都不得任意更改或撤销一构成接受的条件
1.接受必须由特定的受盘人作出
2、接受必须表示出来声明statement:用口头、书面形式表示同意行为performing anact:卖方发运货物、买方支付价款
3.接受必须是无条件的未作实质性更改A.实质性更改货物价格、付款、货物重量和数量、交货时间、地点、一方当事人对另一方当事人的赔偿责任范围或解决争端等等的添加或不同条件实质性变更是对发盘的拒绝,构成还盘.B.非实质性更改如要求增加重量单、装箱单、原产地证明或某些单据的份数,包装的改变等.非实质性更改,除发盘人在不过分迟延期间内表示反对其差异外仍构成接受4,接受必须在发盘规定的有效期内送达发盘人吨
(四)包装条款(Packing)一般包括包装方式、包装材料、包装规格、包装标志和包装费用等由买方提供包装标志和包装物料时,在包装条款中应规定提供的最迟期限以及未能及时提供而影响货物出运时所应承担的责任.伊〕乜口:Pack i ng.Eac.p iec.i..po Iybag.ha I.doz.i..bo.an.
1.dozen.i..woode.case.包装:每件装一塑料袋,半打为一盒,十打装一木箱
(五)价格条款(Price)一徼包括商品单价(unit price)和总值(total amount)两部分商品单价(unit price)包括计价货币、单位价格金额、计价单位和贸易术语四部分例如Unit Price:at USD200per metri cton ClFC2London单价每公吨200美元ClFC2%伦敦(含2%佣金)TotaI Value:USD100000(Say US.Do I Iars OneHundred ThousandOnly)o总值100000美元USD1,000PER METRICTON CIFHK INCLUDING2%DISCOUNTCIF香港,每公吨1000美元,减2%折扣
(六)装运条款(Shipment)一般包括运输方式、装运期或交货期、装Not LaterThan Apr.30,2001BY VESSEL运地与目的地、是否允许分批装运与转运、装运通知等例如装运期及运输方式Time ofShipmentmeans ofTransportati on装运港及目的地From:SHANGHAI PORT,CHINAPort ofLoadingDestination To:DAMMAM PORT,SAUDI ARABIATo:DAMMAM PORT,SAUDI ARABIA七保险条款Insurance使用FOB/FCA或CFR/CPT术语出口时,只在保险条款中规定由买方负责投保即可使用CIF/CIP术语出口时,合同中要列明保险条款,一般包括由卖方负责投保、保险公司名称、适用的保险条款、保险险别、保险金额如何确定、提供何种保险单据等.例如I nsurance:To becovered bythe SeIIers for110%of thei nvoiceva Iue against XXandXX asper OceanMar ineCargo CIausesof thePeople*s InsuranceCompany ofChina DatedJani,
1981.由卖方按发票金额的110%投保XX险和XX险,按1981年1月1日中国人民保险公司海洋运输货物保险条款八支付条款Payment一般包括支付工具、支付方式、支付时间与地点等例如远期信用证支付条款The buyersshaI Iopen througha bankacceptabIe tothe seIIers anIrrevocabIe Letterof Creditat30days sightto reachthe SeIIers XXdays beforethe month of shipment,valid fornegot iati oninBeijing untiI the15th dayafter themonthofsh ipment.买方应通过卖方可接受的银行于装运月份前XX天开立并送达卖方不可撤销的见票后三十天付款的信用证,有效期至装运月份后十五天,在北京议付.
1.支付工具列明是汇票Draft/Bi II本票Promissory Note还是支票Cheque汇票-一无条件支付命令,卖方开给买方本票——无条件支付承诺,买方开给卖方支票一存款人对银行无条件支付一定金额的委托或命令
2.支付方式汇付、托收、信用证前两项属于商业信用,第三项属于银行信用
①汇付是指付款人主动通过银行或其他途径将款项汇交收款人在合同支付条款中应注明是信汇M/T,Ma iI Transfer,电汇T/T,Te Iegraph ic Transfer还是票汇D/D,Remittance byBanker sDemand Drafto
②托收是指卖方出具汇票,委托银行向买方收取货款.在合同支付条款中应注明是跟单托收Documentary Collection还是光票托收Clean Collectiono若使用跟单托收,是付款交单D/P,Documents agai nstPayment,还是承兑交单D/A,Documents againstAcceptanceo
③信用证是银行开立的、有条件的付款承诺.在合同支付条款中应注明开证时间、开证行、信用证种类、信用证有效期及到期地点等九商品检验条款Inspection一般包括检验权、检验时间与地点、检验机构、检验技术标准与检验证书等十索赔条款CI ai m一般包括索赔的证据、索赔期限、索赔金额根据需要还可以加订“违约金条款”十一不可抗力条款Force Majeure一般包括不可抗力事件的性质和范围、不可抗力事件的通知和证明、不可抗力事件的处理原则和办法等十二仲裁条款Arbitration一般包括仲裁地点、仲裁机构、仲裁程序规则、仲裁裁决的效力和费用十三单据条款Document包括单据的种类、单据的份数、对单据出其人的要求、单据关键内容的缮制要求以及单据转移的要求等【例题】出口合同的基本条款通常有哪些?【答案】品名、品质规格、数量、包装、价格、运输、保险、支付、检验、不可抗力、仲裁、违约救济等条款.
三、约尾部分一般列明合同的份数、使用的文字及其效力、签约地点、生效时间和双方当事人签字等项内容.指定教材P47合同样例。