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Period6Focus onLanguage-RelativeClauses4Defining andNon-defining Clauses一语法感悟感知以下课文原句,完成方框下的小题
1.Extinctions,where entirespecies arewiped out,are notunusual inour Earths history.
2.These includethe thirdmass extinction,known as the“Great Dying,which killed90%to96%of allspecies.
3.A2015study byscientists whowere basedat BrownUniversity andDuke Universityin theUS,looked athow quicklyspecies dieout due to naturalcauses,that is,the ubackgroundextinction rate.
4.If asixth massextinction occurs,scientists whohave studiedthe issuebelieve thatup tothree quartersofall specieson Earthcould dieout.
5....we need to takesteps tosave endangeredspecies,including settingup specialareas whereplantsand animalscan beprotected.方框中的黑体单词引导的句子都是定语从句,其中句和中主句跟从句用逗号隔开,被称L I作非限制性定语从句;句和工主从句在一起,被称作限制性定语从句3,2在限制性定语从句中,关系代词除了用who,whom,which,whose外,也可以用that;在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词可以用但不能用who,whom,which,whose,that语法精讲
一、定语从句的种类根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度,我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句.限制性定语从句1限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,用于修饰和限定先行词如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整这种从句和主句的关系十分密切,两者之间不用逗号分开;关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as;关系副词有where,when,whyThis isthe computerthat/which hebought forhis sonyesterday.这是他昨天为儿子买的电脑The womanwho/that survivedthe earthquakeis Amys Englishteacher.effects.“People
8.seek tosolve air pollution problemsneedtostart lookingat natureand learningfrom it,“Bakshi said.He addedthat nature-based
9.method couldresult in“win-win“solutions thatsave moneyand are betterfor theenvironment.The studydid notidentify
10.kinds oftrees orplants wouldbe bestatreducing air pollution.语篇解读这是一篇说明文一项新的研究表明,在工厂附近种植绿植可减少三分之一的污染,比科技治污更经济有效答案
2.addition解析考查词性转换句意植物的增添甚至可能比专用于减少污染的科技更省钱更有效The后面应用名词答案
3.designed解析考查非谓语动词此处作的后置定语,意义上是动宾关系,故填technology designed答案
4.were reported解析考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致分析句子可知,与之间是被动关系,The findingsreport且事情发生在过去,故用一般过去时的被动语态,又因为是复数形式,故填findings werereported答案
5.who解析考查定语从句此处引导了一个定语从句,修饰先行词指人,且引导词在Bhavik Bakshi,从句中作主语,故填whoo答案
6.in解析考查介词句意和其他研究员在美国的个州收集关于植被和空气污染的数据Bakshi48是句子的地点状语,故填48American statesin答案
7.harmful解析考查词性转换名词应用形容词修饰,故填emissions harmful答案
8.attempted解析考查动词的时态本句缺少谓语动词,且是发生在过去的动作故填attempted答案
9.seeking解析考查非谓语动词此处是后置定语修饰且与之间是主谓关系,故填People,People seekseekingo答案10methods解析考查名词复数是可数名词,此处为复数意义故填method methods答案
11.which/what解析考查代词空处作的定语,表示“哪几种”或“什么品种”,故填kinds which/what在地震中幸存的那个女人是埃米的英语老师非限制性定语从句
2.⑴非限制性定语从句与先行词之间一般用逗号隔开,是对先行词的附加说明,如去掉,句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整The children,who wanted to havea journeyto thevalley,were disappointedwhen thejourney was那些想去山谷旅行的孩子都因旅行的取消而感到失望cancelled.That theywill getmarried,which hasnot beenannounced,has spreadaround.他们要结婚的消息还没有被宣布,却已经被传得沸沸扬扬⑵非限制性定语从句的先行词既可为单个的名词或代词,也可为整个句子或其中一部分,且常译成并列的分句(先行词为名词)We11graduate inJuly,when wewill befree.我们将于七月份毕业,到那时我们就自由了(先行词为主句的内容)He oftencomes toschool late,which makeshis teacherangry.他经常上学迟到,这使得他的老师很生气
(3)引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词指人时用who,whom和whose;指物时用which和whoseo引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词指时间时用when;指地点时用whereThis isour headmaster,who1think hassomething crucialto tellyou.这是我们的校长,我认为他有非常重要的事情要告诉你My eldersister hasbecome adoctor,which I wantedto be.我姐姐已经成了一名医生,这是我想成为的•卓另林在瑞士Chaplin livedthe lastyears ofhis lifein Switzerland,where hewas buriedin1977U度过了他的晚年,年他被安葬在那里1977He fledhis hometownin1992,when hewas only12years old.他于年逃离家乡,当时他只有岁199212
二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句起限定作用,指特定的人或物,从句不口省仅作补充或说明,若去掉从句,主J意义略,否则原句句意不完整句意思依然完整结构要求紧跟先行词,从句与先行词之间不加逗号用逗号与先行词或主句隔开功能修饰先行词修饰先行词或整个主句关系代词或关系副词,但是关系代引导词所有的关系代词及副词词及关系副词除外that why当你When youreached thevillage,you wouldfirst finda housewhose windowswere madeof wood.到达那个村庄时,你首先会发现一座有着木窗的房子他们欣赏了They enjoyedbeautiful sceneryin themountain area,where theyalso didsome climbing.这个山区的美景,在那里他们还做了些爬山运动[巧学助记]定从分类有奥妙,限与非限看逗号;定前必有先行词,名代两类最适宜;定从先行很紧密,代副两词拉关系
三、与引导非限制性定语从句时的区别as whichaswhich既可指代整个主句的内容,也指代只能指代整个主句的内容可指代主句的一部分位置可位于主句之前、之中或之后不能置于主句之前意义正如这,那连接上下文,表达说话人的观点、看法,引导的从句在意义上相当于一功能并指出主句内容的根据或出处等个并列句.众所周知,地球围绕太阳转As weall know,the earthmoves aroundthe sun正如所期盼的那样,这位歌手取得了巨大成The singer,as wasexpected,achieved agreat success.功Catherine willattend afriend swedding,which sheis busypreparing fornow.凯瑟琳将参加一个朋友的婚礼,现在她正在为此做准备用达标检测.单句语法填空I
1.The number of smokers,as isreported,has decreasedby17%in justone year.
2.I wishto thankProfessor Smith,without whosehelp Iwould neverhave gotthis far.
3.This isthe largestclock in the world,the minutehand ofwhich issix meterslong.
4.We havelaunched anotherman-made satellite,which/as is announced intoday snewspaper.
5.As isoften thecase,I was stuck ina trafficjam whenpicking myson up from school.
6.His nephewfinished collegeat theage of15,which Ifound hardto believe.
7.There aremany waysthat peoplecan makecontributions tothe world.
8.Her parentsbought acandy storethere that/which theyhave ranfor decades.
9.They talkedof thingsand personsthat theyremembered in school.
10.Your speechwas heardby agroup offive judges,all ofwhom agreedthat itwas the best onethis year..完成句子II
1.To befrank,1don,t likethe waythat/in whichyou talkwith me.说实话,我不喜欢你跟我讲话的方式他们有三个孩子,所有
2.They havegot threechildren,all ofwhom havea strongpassion formusic.孩子都很热爱音乐昨晚雨下得很大,这
3.It wasraining heavilylast night,which paeventidme fromgoing tothe party.使我不能去参加晚会
4.As thesaying goes,uFailure isthe motherof success.v正如谚语所说,“失败是成功之母”
5.The reason why Iam phoningyou isto consultsome academicquestions.我给你打电话是想咨询一些学术上的问题课时精练.单句语法填空I
1.The timewhen Ifirst metNelson Mandelawas avery difficultperiod forme.
2.They have been intoa situationwhere theymust takeimmediate measures.
3.Mary was late forclass again,which madethe teacherincredibly annoyed.
4.As isknown toeverybody,the moontravels roundthe earthonce everymonth.
5.Can youlend methe collectionof essaysthat/which isedited byEllen Knight
6.The councildidn ttell thereasonwhythe meeting was canceled.
7.The townhas onlytwo hotels,neither ofwhich servesbreakfast.
8.Creating anatmosphere whereemployees feelpart ofa teamis a big challenge.
9.They builtshelters for the peoplewhose houseswere destroyedinthetyphoon.单句写
10.Happiness andsuccess oftencome tothose whoare goodat recognizingtheir ownstrength,n.作(定语从句).他是那群学生中唯一一个被北京大学录取的人i】He wasthe onlyone of these studentsthat was admitted toPeking Univesity.上周日,我们学校举行了一场五公里越野赛跑,高三的学生都参加了比赛
2.Last Sunday,our schoolheld afive-kilometer cross-country runningrace,when allstudents inSenior3took partin it我把她的名字叫错了,对此我应该向她道歉
3.I calledher bythe wrongname,for whichI shouldapologize to her..他开会迟到的原因是遭遇了交通堵塞4The reasonwhy hewaslateforthemeetingwasthat hewasstuckin trafficjams.校广播站宣布,由于暴风雨,运动会将被推迟到下周
5.As is announced onthe schoolradio station,the sportsmeeting willbe putoff untilnext weekduetotherainstorm..阅读理解HIMore attentionis beingpaid tothe airissue in London,especially witha continuinginvestigationinto thedeath ofElla Kissi-Debrah,a9-year-old girlwho livedjust metersfrom oneof the capital s(哮口用发作),busiest roads.Ella diedin February2013,having sufferedfrom manyasthmatic attacksandhad beentaken tohospital fornearly30times inthe threeyears priortoherdeath.She maybecome thefirstperson inthe UKfor whomairpollutionis listedasthecause of death.(料放)Today lowemission Fhas helped reduce dangerous poisonous air in partsoftheUnited()Kingdom capitalby94percent,according toan annualreport fromTransport forLondon TFL.Thetransport authoritysaid theyhad establishedthe definedareas whereaccess bysome pollutingvehicles isrestrictedor forbiddenin CentralLondon inFebruary,which contributedmostly tothe change.The TFLreport showedtraffic on roads fellby halfduring lockdown.Figures showeda bigincreasein the numberof people walking and cyclingin London,with journeysmade onfoot orby bicycleupfrom29percent betweenJanuary andMarch2020to46percent betweenMarch andJune
2020.TFL willspend atleast75million poundson walkingand cyclingprograms acrossthe capitaloverthe nextsix months.About
88.5kilometers ofnew orupgraded cyclelanes havebeen builtor areunderconstruction.“This newdata showjust howimportant walkingand cyclinghavebeenin helpingLondoners stayhealthyand safe,“TFL Streetspacedelivery managerHelen Cansicksaid.That swhy its crucialthatwe continueto investto supportwalkingandcycling,ensuring thatthecapitalcan becomea healthierand语篇解读本文是一篇说明文文章主要讲了伦敦为降低空气more sustainableplace foreveryone.”污染、保护市民生命健康采取了很多措施,最终空气质量有所改善
1.What doesElla Kissi-Debrah sdeath indicateA.Air pollutionisabig causeofdeath.B・Children oftensuffer fromasthma.C.Big citiesare pollutedmore seriously.D.Air pollutionand itseffect aresevere.答案D解析推理判断题根据第一段内容可知,空气污染被列为的死因之一,说明英国的空气污Ella染及其影响非常严重故选D
2.What mainlycontributed tothe reducedpoisonous airin partsof LondonA.Policy onlockdown.B・Change intransport.C.Low-emission zones.D.Reduction ineconomy.答案c解析细节理解题根据第二段的(排放)“Today lowemission hashelpedreducedangerouspoisonous()”可知,低排放有助于减少伦敦地区的有毒空气故airinparts...Transport forLondon TFL.选C
3.What doesthe TFLreport showA.Short-distance journeysare morepopular.B・The trafficonroadsincreases alot.C.Walking andcycling areLondoners firstchoice.D.More Londonerschoose towalk andride.答案D解析细节理解题根据第三段的uFigures showedabigincrease inthenumberofpeoplewalking andcyclinginLondon,,可知,TFL报告显示,越来越多的伦敦人选择步行和骑自行车故选D
4.What sthebesttitle ofthis textA・London sAir IsNow CleanerB・Traffic RestrictionsTake EffectsC.Walking andCycling HelpStay HealthyD.Air IssueinLondonIs GainingAttention答案A解析标题归纳题通读全文尤其是最后一段可知,文章主要讲了伦敦为降低空气污染采取了很多措施,最终空气质量有所改善,项“伦敦现在的空气更干净了”适合作为本文标题故选A A项.完形填空IV(代养的)When I wasayoung boyI wasliving ina poorneighborhood asa fosterchild.I wouldoften]to helpclean ayard orwash somewalls2some pocketmoney justto buy some clothesor candy.Once Iknocked onthe doorof an elderly woman and asked if she needed her yard cleaned.She askedwhy I was not inschool andI3her mytorn trousers and4shoes.And when I finished the work,she gaveme some5,She said,“I want you tobuy sometrousersand new shoes and6school.I alsowantyou tocome backand7me withyour report card andI will8you when I see you haveworked hardand havesome good marks.vI returnedseveral timesto seethe womanand shedid justas she
9.She lookedat myreportcardandgave mea handfulof dollarsand a sandwich every time I10showed her I had an A or B”.And overthenext yearsshe continuedtobethis11influence inmy lifebut I12knew hername.Later,I movedfrom thatneighborhood intoa differenthome!will ofcourse never13the hugedifferencethis wonderful14made overmy lifewith her15;this is something I hope todo myselfin thislifetime over and over again.语篇解读本文是一篇记叙文文章讲述了作者在一位陌生老太太的鼓舞下变得越来越好的故事
1.A.happen B.offerC.apply D.agree答案B解析发生;主动提出;应用;同意根据下文happen offerapply agree“Once Iknocked onthe doorofanelderlywomanandaskedifsheneededheryardcleaned.v可知,作者主动找活干
3.A.selected B.showedC.carried D.left答案B角星析select选择;show展示;carry携带;leave离开根据She askedwhyIwasnotinschool,,可知,老人询问作者不去学校的原因,此处指作者把自己的贫穷展示给老人看
4.A.special B.strongC.worn-out D.clean-washed答案c解析特殊的;强壮的;破损的;洗干净的根据上文special strongworn-out clean-washed“Iwaslivingin apoor neighborhoodvutorn trousers可知,作者是个穷孩子,穿着破旧的裤子和鞋子
5.A.food B.moneyC.clothes D.trousers答案B解析食物;钱;衣服;裤子根据下文food moneyclothes trousers“Iwantyoutobuysometrousers可知,老人给的是钱andnewshoesandschool.”
6.A.retum toB.leave forC.adapt toD.look for答案A解析返回;动身去;适应;寻找根据下文return toleave foradapt tolook for“whenIseeyouhave可知,老人想让作者回至学校worked hardand havesomegoodmarks”U
8.A.reward B.comfortC・thank D.repay答案A解析reward奖励;comfort安慰;thank感谢;r叩ay偿还根据下文的ugave mea handfulof dollars可知,老人给的是奖励andasandwich”
9.A.hoped B.recordedC.waited D.promised答案D解析希望;记录;等待;保证根据下文hope recordwait promise“gavemea handfulof dollarsand可知,老人信守承asandwicheverytimeI showed herI hadan Aor B右o
710.A.proudly B.carefullyC.anxiously D.nervously答案A解析自豪地;细心地;焦虑地;紧张地根据proudly carefullyanxiously nervously“showedherIhad”可知,得了或应该很自豪anAorB“A”“B”
11.A.typical B.positiveC.extra D.common答案B解析典型的;积极的;额外的;普通的老人的做法对作者产生了typical positiveextra common积极的影响
12.A.still B.evenC.also D.never答案D角窣析still仍然;even甚至;also也;never从不根据u Andover thenext yearsshe continuedtobe thisinfluence inmylife,,和转折词but可知,作者一直不知道老人的名字
13.A.forget B.believeC.receive D.compare答案A解析忘记;相信;收至比较根据forget believereceive I;compare thisissomethingIhopeto domyselfin thislifetimeoverandoveragainn可知,作者永远不会忘记老太太给自己带来的改变
14.A.guest B.partnerC.stranger D.relative答案c解析guest客人;partner搭档;stranger陌生人;relative亲戚根据上文Ubut Iknew hernamev可知,作者不知道她的姓名,她只是个陌生人
15.A.dream B.trustC.principle D.inspiration答案D解析梦想;信任;原则;启发由上文语境可知,一个陌生dream trustprinciple inspirationM#,老太太鼓励作者去上学,并在作者取得好成绩时奖励作者,由此可知,是老人的鼓舞使得作者变得更好语法填空V.A newresearch suggestsplanting treesand otherplants nearfactories couldreduce pollutionbyalmost one-third.The
1.add ofplant lifemay evencost lessand bemore effectivethan technology
2.design tocut pollution.The findings
3.report inthe publicationEnvironmental ScienceTechnology.生The leadauthor ofthe studywas BhavikBakshi,
4.isaprofessor ofchemical andbiomolecular物分子engineering atThe OhioState Universityin Columbus.Bakshi andother researcherscollecteddata aboutairpollutionand plantlife
5.48American states.They knewthat treesand plantswere absorbinglots of
6.harm emissionsfrom theair.So they
7.attempt tofind outwhether newvegetation couldreduce airpollutionJ s。