1-4单元《新编语言学教程》课后答案

Chapter1Introduction

1.Define thefollowing termsbriefly.语言学1linguistics thescientific orsystematic study oflanguage.语言任意的声音2language asystem of arbitrary vocal.用于人类交流的任意声音符symbols usedfor humancommunication号系统任意性3arbitrariness theabsence ofsimilarity between the语言form of a linguisticsign andwhat itrelates toin reality,符号的形式与现实的关系缺乏相似性e.g.the worddog doesnotlook likea dog.双重性:4duality theway meaninglesselements of language atonelevel soundsand letterscombine toform meaningful在一个层面上语言和字母的units wordsat anotherlevel.无意义的语言元素结合在另一个层次上形成有意义的单位词语言能力5competence knowledgeof thegrammar of alanguage as a formalabstraction anddistinct from the behavior作为——种形式抽象的语言的语法知of actuallanguage use识，区别于实际语言使用的行为,i.e..形成新的单词加入其他词或语素word formationAFfixes构词形态和构词法:8clipping the process bywhich partsof a word ofmorethan onesyllable havebeen cutoff,and reducedto ashorter一个多音节的词的部分被切断，并缩短为较短的形式form.的过程.首字母缩略词:9acronym words which are composed of thefirst letterofa series of words andare pronouncedas single.单词是由一系列words.Examples:NATO,radar andyuppy的单词的第一字母和发音弹词例子北约、雷达和雅皮士词首字母缩略词10initialism Somenew wordsarecomposedofthe firstletters ofaseriesof wordsand pronouncedby saying一些新单each letterin them.Such wordsare calledinitialism.词是由一系列的单词的第一字母和发音他们说每一封信这样的词叫做缩写混成构词法:11blending Asingle newword can be formed bycombining twoseparate forms.Typically,blending is finishedby takingonly the beginning ofone wordand joiningit to theend ofanother word.For example,brunch isformedbythe一个新单词可以由两shortened formsof breakfastand lunch.个不同的形式组合而成通常情况下，混合皖成以只有一个单词的开始加入到另一个单词的结尾例如，早午餐的缩短形式的早餐和午餐的形成词根:12root themorpheme thatremains whenall affixes arestripped froma complexword,e.g.system fromun-+system+语素是当所有物从复杂的词了atic+ally.AFfi词干13stem thebase towhich oneor moreaffixesareattachedto createa morecomplex formthat maybe anotherstem ora基地的一个或word.For example,book is the stemof bookish.多个连接创建一个更复杂的形式，可能是另一个AFfiXES干或一个字前缀:14prefix Affixescan bejoined to thebeginningof theroot璘勿可以加or stem,in whichcase they are calledprefixes.AF入到根或茎的开始，在这种情况下，他们被称为预fixes后缀:15suffix Affixescan bejoined tothe endof theroot orstem,物可以力口入到根in whichcase they are calledsuffixes.AFfi或茎端，在这种情况下，他们被称为后fixe

2.3,5,

73.1simple:fly treesuite2bound morphemerootfly flyreusespiteful preplanre-usedesks triumphedsuite-ful spiteoptionalityuntiepre-plandelight fastestprettier-s desktreejustly deform-ed triumphmistreatdislike/suitepayment disobey-ality optionprematureun-tie light

4.1Column I:ablautde-fastvowel modification-est prettyColumn II:suppletion-ier treeColumn III:stress/justform-lytreatde-likemis-dis-payobey-mentmaturedis-pre-modification2The processin theColumn Iis finishedby changingthe vowelof each word,while inColumnII,theprocessisfinishedby3ColumnI:awake/awoke bear/bore arise/aroseblow/blew lie/lay goose/geese bite/bit hide/hidColumn II:bad/worse know/knew foot/feettooth/teeth louse/liceare/were many/morechanging vowel and consonantofeachword.Column III:combine/combine compress/com9press7conduct/con ductinsert/in sertinsult/in,sultintem/in tern

5.1Omitted.2Other examples:rerun n.-re-run v.contrast n.-contrast v.convert n.-coif vertv.desert n.-dessert v.export n.-export v.increase n.-increase v.conduct n.-conduct v.object n.-object v.content n.-consent v.protest n.-protest v.insult n.-insult v.produce n.-produce v.When aword belongsto different word classes,the stressof the wordwill besometimes placedon differentsyllables.When allthe wordsabove arestressed on the firstsyllables,they arenouns,but ifthey havethe second syllables stressed,the wordsbecomeverbs.

6.1It meansthe inhabitantof2It meansthe personwho does”.3The morphologicalrule workinghere isn.+-er一n.”,and thelast phonemeof thenoun,which thesuffix-er is added to,should bea consonant.4The rulein3doesnt workin theword discovererbecause thelastphonemeof discovereris avowel/2/・

7.1inflection2derivation3inflection4inflection5derivationChapter4Syntax

1.Define thefollowing termsbriefly.语法1syntax theterm used to refertothe structure of sentences已用来指句子结构和句子and tothe study ofsentencestruetur结构研究的术语词类2word classa groupof wordswhich aresimilar infunction;wordswhich are groupedinto wordclasses accordingto howtheycombine withother words,how theychange theirforms,一组在功能上相似的词；根据单词与其他单词的组合方etc.式，将单词分为词类，如何改变它们的形式等3prescriptive approach:This viewregards grammaras a set ofrulesfor the8proper use ofa language,thats to say,it tries tolay downrules to tell peoplehow touse a language.4descriptive approach:the approachof linguisticstudies,withwhich linguistscollect samplesof thelanguage they areinterested in and attemptto describethe regularstructures of thelanguage as theyareused,not accordingto someview of howthey should be used.5IC analysis:the approach to dividethe sentenceup intoitsimmediate constituentsby usingbinary cuttinguntilobtaining itsultimate constituents.For example,the immediateconstituents of Theman boughta car”are the man andboughta car.The immediate constituentsof themanare theand man,and soon untilno furthercuts can be made.The ultimateconstituentsof Theman boughta carat theword levelare the,man,bought,a,and car.6structural analysis:a typeof descriptiveapproachtostudy thedistributionof linguisticforms in alanguagethrough suchmethodsas the useoftest frames^.7immediateconstituent:Linguistic unitscanbedivided intosmallconstituents,which canbe furtheranalyzed intosmallerconstituents.This processcontinues untilno furtherdivisionsare possible.The firstdivision orunits areknown asimmediateconstituents.8ultimate constituent:Linguistic unitscanbedivided intosmallconstituents,which canbe furtheranalyzed intosmallerconstituents.This processcontinues untilno furtherdivisionsare possible.The finaldivision orunits areknown asultimateconstituents.9constituent structuralgrammar:It refersto agrammar whichanalyzessentences usingonly theidea ofconstituency,which revealsa hierarchyof structurallevels.10transformational grammar:a typeof grammarwhich attemptstodefine anddescribe by asetof rulesor principlesall thegrammaticalsentences withoutungrammatical onesof alanguage.11ideational function:the useof language as ameans ofgivingstructure toour experienceof thereal orimaginary world.12interpersonal function:theuseof languagefor maintainingsocialroles andinteracting withothers.13textual function:to createwritten orspoken textswhich coherewithin themselves andwhich fitthe particularsituation in whichthey areused.

2.Yes.As weknow,morphology is the study of theinternal structure,forms and9classes ofwords,while syntaxfocuses on the structureandordering ofcomponents within a sentence.The majordistinctionbetween morphology and syntaxis that the formeris concerned with theinternalcomposition ofaword,while thelatter isconcernedwiththecombination ofwords.

3.2Instead ofusing theform suggestsomebody todosomething，we usuallyuse suggest+that-clause^orsuggest doing,here wedbetter substitute“advise”fbr“suggest”4The wordrequest isa transitive verb whichshould takean objectdirectly,so theword for”should beomitted.6The worddonate cannotbe followedby doubleobjects as“donate somebodysomething”.Instead wealways use“donatesomething tosomebody”.10The subjectof theverb“write isusually ahuman;an“article“cannot writeitself.In thiscase thepassive constructionisnormally used:The articlewas verywell writen.11Usually wedont usebe boredof something/somebody5\but“bebored withsomething/somebody^which meanslosing interestinsomebody/something.13Here“myself isa reflexivepronoun,which cantbe used assubject,and itshould bereplaced by14The wordsurprise isusually used as atransitiveverb,so theexpression”…surprise fbryoiTis ungrammatical,and itcan bereplacedby surprisesomebody withsomething orI wassurprisedby yourgetting married.”15The word“sleep isusually usedas anintransitive verb,whichcant takean object.The casesof“sleep beingusedas atransitive verbare semanticallylimited,as intosleep agood sleepor theroom cansleep3people”.

4.Its ungrammatical,because usis theobjective casewhich cantserveas the subject,while“she”is thesubjective casewhichcant serveastheobject.The sentenceshouldbe”We visitheron Sundays”.The personalpronouns youand ithave thesameform whetherusedasthesubjector object.

5.1NP:A Guns“N Rosesconcert,an arena,some2500fans,afull-fledged riot,A GunsN Rosesconcert at an arena,A GunsNRoses concertat anarena near ST.Louis,The trouble,venue security,acamera,the front,the stage,the front ofthe stage.PP:at anarena,at anarenanear ST.Louis,nearST.Louis,in disaster,near thefront,of thestage,near thefrontofthestage.VP:staged afull-fledged riot,askedvenue security,confiscate acamera.2N:Guns,Roses,concert,arena,ST.Louis,disaster,fans,riot,trouble,Axl lORose,venue,security,camera,front,stage.Prep:at,near,in,of.V:end,stage,start,ask,confiscate,see.

6.1You mustntend asentence witha preposition.You mustntsplit infinitives

7.iperformance.语言运用:6performance Chomskysterm foractual languagebehavioras distinctfromtheknowledge thatunderlies it,or乔姆斯基对实际语言行为的术语不同于它的知competence.识，或能力交际性谈话:8phatic communionLanguage is usedtoestablish anatmosphereor maintainsocial contactbetweenthespeaker and.语言是用来建立一个气氛或保持说话人和听话人the hearer之间的社会联系共时语言学11synchronic linguisticsthe studyof languageandspeech astheyareused ata given moment andnot interms.语言和语言的研究，因ofhow they haveevolved over time为它们是在一个给定的时刻使用，而不是他们如何随着时间的推移演变历时语言学:12diachronic linguisticsthe studyof linguisticchangeovertimein contrastto lookingat languageas it isused语言在时间上的变化与语言在特定时刻使atagivenmoment.用的对比研究

2.No,language ishuman-specific.Human languagehas sevendesignfeatures,including arbitrariness,duality,productivity,interchangeability,displacement,specialization andii

8.1a.Terry loveshis wifeand Ilove his wife,too.b.I lovemywife aswell asTerry loveshiswife.2a.Its yesterdaythat they said shewould go.b.She wouldgoyesterday astheysaid.3a.The governorisastreet fighterwho isdirty.b.The governorisa fighterinadirty street.4a.The designhas squaresand circles,both ofwhicharebig.b.The designhas bigsquares,and italso hassome circles.Thesizes ofthe circlesare notmentioned.cultural transmission.These featuresare foundutterly lackingin dogsorpigs noisesand thusset human language apartfrom animalcrysystems.

3.Arbitrariness referstothe fact thatthere isno logicalor intrinsicconnectionbet weena particularsound andthe meaningitisassociatedwith.For example,for thesame animaldog,in Englishwe callit/d0g/5in Chineseas“goubut“yilu”in Japanese;it barkswow wowinEnglish butwang wangin Chinese.Of course,onomatopoetic wordssuch as“quack-quack andbang areexceptions,but wordslike thesearerelatively fewcompared withthe totalnumber ofwords inalanguage.

4.A humanbaby does not speakany languageat birth.What languagethebaby isgoing tospeak isdetermined bythe culturehe isbom into.AChinese babyborn andbrought upin Londonby anEnglish familywillspeak English,while anEnglish childbrought upin Beijingby aChineseaunt willspeak Chinese.That is tosay,language cannotbetransmitted throughheredity.It isculturally transmitted.

5.Firstly,linguistics describeslanguages anddoes notlay downrulesof correctnesswhile traditional grammar emphasizescorrectness.Secondly,linguistics regardsthe spokenlanguageasprimary,whiletraditional grammaremphasizes thepriority ofthe writtenlanguage.Thirdly,traditionalgrammaris basedon Latinand ittriestoimpose theLatincategories andstructures onother languages,while linguisticsdescribeseach languageon itsown merits.

6.A descriptiveapproach attemptstotellwhat isin thelanguagewhile theprescriptive approachtells peoplewhat shouldbe inthelanguage.Most modernlinguistics isdescriptive,whereas traditionalgrammarsare prescriptive.

7.Synchronic linguisticsstudies languageat oneparticular timewhilediachronic linguisticsstudies languagedevelopments throughtime.Synchronic linguistics focuses onthe stateof languageat anypoint inhistorywhile diachroniclinguisticsfocusesonthedifferences intwo ormorethan twostates oflanguage overdecades orcenturies.

8.No,humanlanguagehas thedesign featureof specialization.Itrefers tothefactthat mandoesnothave atotal physicalinvolvement intheact ofcommunication.For example,a mothercan tella storyto herchildwhile slicingup acake.However,wolves canonly respondto astimulusand istotally involvedphysically inthe communicationprocess.Thus,a wolfcannot havealanguagesimilar tomans,eventhough itcould expressa thousanddifferent emotions.Besides,theaspect ofproductivity alsodistinguisheshuman languagefrom wolfspostures.Chapter2The Soundsof Laniuaqe

1.Define eachofthefollowing termsbriefly.1articulator:the tongue,lips,and velum,which changethe shapeofthe vocaltract toproduce differentspeech sounds.2assimilation:a phonologicalprocess wherebya soundbecomesphonetically similaror identicalto aneighboring sound,e.g.avowel becomes[+nasal]when followedbya[+nasal]consonant.辅音3consonant aspeech soundproduced bypartial orcompleteclosure ofpart ofthe vocaltract,thus obstructingtheairflow andcreating audiblefriction.Consonants are describedin termsof voicing,place ofarticulation,and mannerof.由于部分或全部声道的部分关闭所产生的声音articulation讲话，从而阻碍空气和创造声音的摩擦辅音清浊的flow描述方面，发音部位和发音方式4elision:the leavingout ofa soundor soundsin speech.语调5intonation thevariation inpitch andstress whichgivesbeat andrhythm tothe tunethe voiceplays inordinary speech.音高和重音的变化，使节奏和节奏在普通语言中起到旋律的作用音位6phoneme the abstract elementofasound,identified as个声音的抽象being distinctiveinaparticular language.——元素，并为在一个特定的语言特色fi语音学7phonetics thestudyoflinguistic speech sounds,howthey areproduced,howtheyare perceived,and theirphysical语言语音的研究，它们是如何产生的，它们是如properties.何被感知的，以及它们的物理性质音位学8phonology thestudyoftheabstractsystems语言声音背后的抽象系underlying thesounds oflanguage.统研究9stress:the prominencegiven tocertain soundsin speech.音调10voicing thevibration inthe larynxcaused byair fromthelungs passingthrough the vocal cordswhen theyare partlyclosed;speech soundsare saidto beeither voicedor voiceless.在通过声带时，部分封闭的肺部的空气引起的喉振动；语音说成是浊音或清音清音:11voiceless Whenthevocalcords arespread apart,theairstream fromthe lungsis notobstructed atthe spacebetweenvocal cordsand passesfreely.The soundsproduced inthis way当声带分开，来自肺部的aredescribedas voicelesssounds.气流不受阻碍的空间，通过自由的声带以这种方式产生的声音被形容为清音元音12vowelaspeechsoundproduced withoutsignificant无意义的constriction ofthe airflowing throughthe oralcavity.环能收缩由于在口腔的空气胪生的语音

2.Minimal pairtest orsubstitution test.Minimal pairtest orsubstitution testistosee whethersubstitutingone soundfor4another resultsinadifferentword.If itdoes,the twosoundsrepresent differentphonemes.For example,as tothe Englishwordbear,if wesubstitute pfor b,we getthewordpear,the twoaredifferent words.Then/b/and/p/represent differentphonemes.Other力examples arechunk unk,ban/bin,bet/beat,fine/vine,side/site,etc.

3.Take theword bigfor example,intheword big/big/,/b/is theonset,/i/isthenucleus and/g/isthecoda.The differencebetween opensyllablesand closed syllables iswhether thewords havecodas.If therearecodas,theyareclosedsyllables,such aspig,hat andat;if not,theyare opensyllables,suchasdo,L teaand key.

4.1stop,consonant2back,rounded,vowel

5.1voiceless/voiced2bilabial/labiodental3close/semi-open4stop/nasal5alveolar/palatal6alveolar/dental1kit/git,bucker/bugger,bag/back2mark/nark,smack/snack,sum/sun3best/vest,ober/over,lib/live4bore/more,abate/amate,mob/mom5pat/fat,apt/aft AmE,harp BrE/half

7.1The stressesare placedonthe secondsyllableexcept for“promise”.We mayeasily concludethattheverbs usuallyare stressedonthesecondsyllable.2Syllable representationsofthewords:collide[k2#laid]elect[i#lekt]consider[k2n#sid2]Chapter3Morphology

1.Define thefollowing termsbriefly.形态学.词汇1morphology thestudyofthestructureofwords结构的研究音位2morpheme the smallest unitoflanguagethat carries.具有意义或提供语meaning orserves agrammatical function法功能的最小的语言单位自由词素3free morphemea morphemethat canstand alone一个可以独立作为一个词的语素asaword.粘着语素4bound morphemea morphemethat cannot standaloneasaword,e.g.ment asin establishment,and-er asinpainter.5morph:thesmallestmeaningful phoneticsegments ofanutterance onthe levelof parole.同词素的异形词:6allomorph aphonetic forminwhichamorpheme isrealized,e.g.-s,-es,and enare allallomorphs in在其中一个语素的语音形式writing ofthe pluralmorpheme.实现，如和都是语素写作的复数语素EN派生词7derivation theformation ofnew wordsby addingaffixesto otherwords ormorphemes inmorphologyand。