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()阅读理解-科教科普类一一年高考英语真题模拟试题专项汇编42024
一、【年新高考卷,阅读】2024I DInthe raceto documentthe specieson Earthbefore theygo extinct,researchers andcitizen scientistshavecollected billionsof records.Today,most records of biodiversityare oftenin theform ofphotos,videos,and otherdigital records.Though theyare usefulfor detectingshifts in the numberand varietyofspecies inan area,a newStanford study has foundthat thistype ofrecord isnot perfect.With the rise oftechnology itis easyfor peopleto makeobservations ofdifferent specieswith theaidof amobile application/said BarnabasDaru,who islead authorof the study and assistant professorofbiology in the StanfordSchool ofHumanities andSciences.HThese observationsnow outnumberthe(标本),primary datathat comesfrom physicalspecimens andsince weare increasinglyusingobservational datato investigatehow speciesare respondingto globalchange,I wanted to know:Are theyusable”Using aglobal dataset of
1.9billion recordsof plants,insects,birds,and animals,Daru andhis teamtestedhow wellthese datarepresent actualglobal biodiversitypatterns.(使有偏差)We wereparticularly interestedin exploringthe aspectsof samplingthat tendto biasdata,like thegreater likelihoodof acitizen scientistto takea pictureof aflowering plantinstead of thegrass rightnext toit,said Daru.Their study revealed that the largenumber ofobservation-only recordsdid notlead to better globalcoverage.Moreover,these dataare biasedand favorcertain regions,time periods,and species.This makessensebecause thepeople whoget observationalbiodiversity dataon mobiledevices areoften citizenscientistsrecording theirencounters withspecies inareas nearby.These dataare alsobiased towardcertainspecies withattractive oreye-catching features.What canwe dowith theimperfect datasetsof biodiversityQuitea lot,Daru explained.Biodiversity appscan useour studyresults toinform usersofoversampled areas and leadthem toplaces-and evenspecies-that arenot well-sampled.To improvethequality of observational data,biodiversity appscan alsoencourage usersto havean expertconfirm theidentification of their uploaded image.n
1.What dowe knowabout the recordsofspecies collectednowA.They arebecoming outdated.B.They aremostly inelectronic form.C.They arelimited innumber.D.They areused forpublic exhibition.
2.What doesDanis studyfocus onA.Threatened species.B.Physical specimens.C.Observational data.D.Mobile applications.the qualityofobservationaldata,biodiversity appscan alsoencourage usersto havean expertconfirm the(生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样identificationof theiruploadedimage.本过多的地区,并将他们引导到样本不足的地方,甚至是物种为了提高观测数据的质量,生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份)可知,建议生物多样Daru性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导故正确答案为D
二、答案
1.C解析细节理解题根据第一段第二句(斑胸草雀),Australias zebrafinch for example,was sonamed可知,澳大利亚的斑胸草雀因其尾部颜色和because of the zebra-like blackand whitebars onits tail.”图案而得名答案
2.A解析行文逻辑题分析段落结构可知,第三段第
一、二句是本段主旨句,之后展开论述two main一(白化)(白色亚种),论述的方式根据原句可知是以解释概念为terms albinism and leucism主比如Both conditionsare...Leucism,however,causes...以及But albinismcauses..71o答案
3.B解析细节推断题根据第三段中的(黑色素)Melanin is responsible for blacks and browns,and a lackof this pigment can cause a partial or total loss of anindividuafs darkpatterning.The twomain termsthatdescribe these abnormalities are albinismand leucism.Both conditionsare geneticand bothcan leadto a叩可以转换信息得出选项正确very similarphysical pearance.B答案
4.D解析细节推断题根据最后一段第二句Because the lack of melanin reduces the strengthandlastingness of the affected birds1feathers,making themmore easily broken.”可矢口,白化或白色亚种鸟类的羽毛很容易折断
三、答案
1.C解析细节理解题根据文章第一段Whales arecelebrated forbeing thelargest andmost intelligent(捕获)creatures in the ocean.Now,biologists have discovered that they also capture tons of carbon fromthe atmosphere,a servicewith aneconomic value of US$1trillion forall thegreat whales,according to a(鲸鱼被认为是海洋new study published by the InternationalMonetary Fund.from ajet lagwhen thecues animalsare exposedto donot matchthe onesof theirnatural environment.(动物已经形成了生物钟——一种以小时为周期运行的体内生物钟它受环境的影响但当动24物接触到的线索与自然环境不匹配时,它们可能会受到“时差”的影响)”和第二段的句子Kristine Gandia,a PhDstudent atthe University of Stirlingin Scotland,and ateam ofobservers set out to(苏格兰understand how the jet lag of living in latitudes that animals were not used to canaffect them.斯特林大学的博士生克里斯汀甘迪亚和一组观察人员开始了解生活在动物不习惯的纬度上的时・差”是如何影响它们的)可知,甘迪亚和她的团队的研究重点是环境对动物生物钟的影响故选项B答案
2.D解析细节理解题根据第三段Giant pandas are verygood animalsto focuson,Gandia said.Theyare verypopular inzoos and there area lotthat havecameras sowe cansee howtheir behaviorchangesacross differentlatitudes.These camerasenabled usto monitorthe giant pandas behavioracross a24-hour(大熊猫是非常值得关注的动物,”甘迪亚说它们在动物园里很受欢迎,很多动物园period.都有摄像头,所以我们可以看到它们在不同纬度的行为是如何变化的这些摄像机使我们能够在小时内监控大熊猫的行为)可知,选择熊猫作为研究对象是因为方便观察故选项24D答案
3.B解析细节理解题根据第六段Gandia explained,We recordedgiantpandabehavior,trying to accountfor behaviorsthat arepositive,neutral andnegative indicatorsfor welfare.So,this wouldinclude behaviorslikeplay andgrooming aspositive behaviors,drinking anddefecating asneutral maintenancebehaviors,(甘迪亚解and severalabnormal behaviorsas negativebehaviors,with pacingbeing the most common.”释说我们记录了大熊猫的行为,试图解释积极、中性和消极的行为指标因此,这将包括玩耍和梳理等行为作为积极行为,喝水和排便作为中性维持行为,以及一些异常行为作为消极行为,其中踱步是最常见的)可知,研究人员是通过对比大熊猫的录像进行研究的故选项B答案
4.B解析主旨大意题通读全文可知,本文主要介绍如果大熊猫的生物钟与环境不匹配,它们可能会受到“时差反应”的影响所以项(动物会有时差反B CouldAnimals Sufferfrom alet Lag应”吗?)作为本文的题目与文章主题相符合故选项B
七、答案
1.B解析目的意图题根据第一段(犀牛角)New researchshows thatremoving blackrhinos*horns to(领地)make them less attractiveto illegalhunters isreducing theirterritory sizesand making themless(新的研究表明,去除黑犀牛的角色降低它们对非法猎人的吸引力,会缩小sociable witheach other.它们的领地面积,减少它们之间的社交能力)可知,切除黑犀牛的角是为了降低它们对非法猎人的吸引力,保护它们不被非法猎杀故选B答案
2.A解析:猜测词义题根据划线短语前的可知,这里提到的(侵invasive procedurethis invasive procedure入性手术)指代作者上文中刚提到的事物,结合上一段中的Indeed,a Universityof Bristolstudy(去角)(事实published lastyear showedthat dehorningdoes notnegatively affectpopulations overall.上,布里斯托大学去年发表的一项研究表明,去角不会对黑犀牛总体数量产生负面影响)可知,这里指的是去掉黑犀牛的角黑犀牛角的摘除;invasiveprocedureA.The removalof rhinohorns B.黑犀牛领地的丧失;对黑犀牛数量的影响;The loss of rhinoterritories C.The impacton rhinopopulation黑犀牛行为的变化故选D.The changeof rhinobehavior A答案
3.D解析观点态度题根据最后一段中的Its incrediblycomplicated,H saysLucy Chimes,a memberof theBristolteam.nThere areso manyother factorsinvolved.You haveto considerwhat othersecurity measuresare being carried out-fencing,patrols,staff numbers-and povertylevels surrounding parks,their nearnesstonational borders and whether there is community engagement.n(“这非常复杂,”布里斯托团队的成员说”还包括很多其他因素你必须考虑正在采取的其他安全措施一围栏、巡Lucy Chimes逻、工作人员数量一以及公园周围的贫困程度、公园与国家边界的接近度以及是否有社区参与”)可知,没有正面回应切除黑犀牛的角这个问题,而是说偷猎减少这个现象很复杂,除Lucy Chimes了切除黑犀牛角这个因素外,需要考虑到许多因素,由此可推测,她对切除黑犀牛角的态度不确定故选D答案
4.B解析推理判断题根据最后一段中的There areso manyother factorsinvolved.You haveto consider一what othersecurity measuresarebeingcarriedout-fencing,patrols,staff numbersand povertylevels(还包surroundingparks,their nearnessto nationalbordersandwhetherthereiscommunityengagement.括很多其他因素你必须考虑正在采取的其他安全措施一围栏、巡逻、工作人员数量一以及公园周围的贫困程度、公园与国家边界的接近度以及是否有社区参与)可知多种不同的因素导致非法偷猎减少故选B
八、答案
1.B解析推理判断题根据第二段的“One surveyconducted bythe psychologistKrystine IreneBatchofound thatyounger peoplefelt morenostalgia forpets,toys,and holidaysthan didolder people,who feltit(心理学家进行的一项调查发现,年轻人对宠物、玩more stronglyfor music.Krystine IreneBatcho具和节日的怀旧感比老年人更强烈,而老年人对音乐的怀旧感则更强烈)”可知,一首老歌最有可能使老年人怀旧故选项B答案
2.A解析词句猜测题根据该词所在句的语境However,despite itsassociation withnegative emotions,nostalgia doesnot causeor increaseunhappiness.Rather,nostalgia is a defenseresponse tounhappiness,one thatbrings relieffrom anegative(尽管怀旧与负面情绪有关,但它并不会引起或加剧不快乐相反,怀旧具有独特的保护力mood.量,能够抵御不快乐,并从消极情绪中带来缓解)”可知,然而,尽管怀旧与负面情绪有关,但它并不会导致或加剧不快乐相反,怀旧对不快乐有独一无二的防御作用故选项A答案
3.C解析推理判断题根据倒数第二段的Besides nostalgiasEither way,its emotionalintensity allowsthejoy of the pastto overpowerthe unpleasantnessof thepresent,a littleescapism thathelps getus through the(此外怀旧的情感强度允许过去的喜悦压倒现在的不愉快,这有助于我们暂时忘记糟糕bad times.的时光)可知,怀旧情绪的强度使过去的快乐压倒现在的不愉快,这帮助我们暂时忘掉艰难时刻故选项C答案
4.D解析主旨大意题根据第一段(怀旧)Psychologists havedefined nostalgiaas aself-conscious andsocialemotion,bittersweet butmainly positive.It developsout ofhappy memoriesmixed witha desirefor(心理学家将怀旧定义为一种自我意识和社会情the pastandtheclose relationshipswe hadback then.感它既苦又甜,但主要是积极的它源于快乐的记忆,混合着对过去和我们当时亲密关系的渴望以及全文可知,文章首先提出怀旧的概念引发怀旧的条件,以及早期人们对怀旧的错误认识,接下来讲怀旧的积极影响项怀旧防御不快乐的力量”最能体现文章的核心思想故选项A D
3.What hasled to the biasesaccording to the studyA.Mistakes indata analysis.B.Poor qualityof uploadedpictures.C.Improper wayof sampling.D.Unreliable datacollection devices.
4.What isDaru*s suggestionfor biodiversityappsA.Review datafrom certainareas.B.Hire expertsto checktherecords.C.Confirm theidentity of the users.D.Give guidanceto citizenscientists.
二、【年湖南长沙一模,阅读】2024C(斑胸Most birds,in particular,exhibit somedegree of patterns andcolours.Australias zebrafinch草雀),forexample,was sonamed because ofthezebra-like blackand whitebars onits tail.But italso hasmanyother coloursand patterns,from abright orangebill tofine whitespots alongits reddish-brown sides.Its notuncommon tospot thebird in the drierparts ofAustralia.We tendto supposeall individualsof thatspecies havetheir spots and bars inthe same places.Lookcloser yet well seethat thequantity anddesign of these patternsvary betweenindividuals.And somehowabird exhibitsa moreobvious feathervariation.Occasionally,we seeone thathas largerthan usualpaleareas offeathers or,more rarely,has lostits normalpatterning altogether.(色素).(黑Colouration andpatterning inall animalsare causedby arange ofpigments Melanin色素)isresponsibleforblacksandbrowns,and alack of thispigmentcancausea partialortotallossof anindividuafs darkpatterning.The twomain termsthat describe theseabnormalitiesarealbinismandleucism.Both conditionsare geneticand bothcan leadtoavery similarphysical appearance.Leucism,however,causes alack ofthe pigmentcells thatproduce melanin.But albinismcauses theproduction of melanin tobereduced orabsent.Can wedistinguish betweenthe twoconditions withoutthe helpofacellular biologistYes.Albinoanimals havefully unpigmentedred eyes.Leucistic animals,on theother hand,never completelylosepigment from the eye,although they can haveblue eyesdue toapartiallossofpigment.Why don*twesee moreal binoor leucisticbirds Because thelackofmelaninreducesthestrengthand lastingnessoftheaffectedbirds*feathers,making themmore easilybroken.Additionally,the birdsvisionand hearingare negativelyaffected,makingthemless ableto hunt.The brighterfeathers andlack ofpatterningalso makethem easierfor attackersto see.
1.What canwe learnabout Australiaszebra finchA.It isone ofthe rarestbirds inAustralia.B.It ismostly coveredwith brightorange feathers.C.It acquiresits namefrom itstail coloursand patterns.D.It has the samespotsandbarsinthesameplaces.
2.How isthe thirdparagraph developedA.By givingexplanations.B.By presentingopinions.C.By settingassumptions.D.By drawingconclusions.
3.What canalackofmelaninlead toA.Total lossofpatterns.B.Genetically-born abnormalities.C.Darkened feathers.D.Abnormal formationof wings.
4.Which ofthe followingcorrectly describesalbino orleucistic birdsA.They havequite goodhearing.B.They havecompletely redeyes.C.They haveexcellent huntingskills.D.They haveeasilybrokenfeathers.
三、【年浙江绍兴模拟,阅读】2024CWhales arecelebrated forbeing thelargest andmost intelligentcreatures inthe ocean.Now,biologists(捕获)havediscoveredthattheyalsocapturetons ofcarbonfrom the atmosphere,a servicewith aneconomicvalue ofUS$1trillion forall thegreat whales,according toa new studypublishedby theInternationalMonetary Fund.The studypoints outthat protectingwhales,normally viewedasahumangood,also hasa monetarymotivation.The carboncapture potentialof whalesis trulyincredible/said thereport.HOur conservativeestimatesput thevalueofthe averagegreat whaleat more than US$2million,and easilyover US$1trillion for thecurrent stockof greatwhales.n Whalesabsorb carbonin theirbodies duringtheir longlives,some ofwhichstretch to200years.When theydie,they sinktothebottom ofthe ocean,taking the carbon withthem.According tothe study,each greatwhale trapsaround33tonsofcarbon dioxideon average.A treeduringthe sameperiod onlycontributes to3percent ofthecarbonabsorption ofthe whale.Whale populationsare todaya smidgenof what they oncewere.It isestimated thatthere areslightlymore than
1.3million whalesintheocean,a quarterof their pre-whaling number of4to5million.Somespecies inparticular,like theblue whale,are only3percent ofwhattheyused tobe.nWe cancreatefinancial methodsto promotethe restorationoftheworlds whalepopulations/said thereports authors.HRewards couldhelp thosewho paysignificant costsasaresult ofwhale protection/1With theParis Agreementcoming intoforce nextyear andthe effectsof climatechange evermorewidespread,we mustprevent theharm towhales.Researchers analyzedthat unlessnew methodsare putforward,it wouldtake over30years to double thenumber ofcurrent whales,and severalgenerations toreturnthem totheirpre-whaling numbers.nSociety andour ownsurvival cantafford towait thislong/*they said.
1.What doesthe newstudyrevealabout whalesA.They aremoney-makers forgood.B.Their intelligenceis unquestionable.C.They area naturalclimate solution.D.Their survivalis threatenedby carbon.
2.Why is a whalecompared witha treein paragraph2A.To indicateall matterregarding greenefforts.B.To illustratewhales arefriendly tothe oceans.C.To highlightwhales carboncapture potential.D.To emphasizethe importanceof treeplanting.A.Climate changeintensifies.B.Whale populationsstay low.C.Our survivalis endangered.D.Whale protectionisapriority.
3.What canbe inferredfrom whatresearchers saidin paragraph4A.Protect whalesto protectthe planetB.How torestore whalepopulationsD.Whales canguarantee oursurvival
四、C.Live inharmony withocean giants【年辽宁朝阳二模,阅读】2024D
4.What isthe mostsuitable titleforthearticleParts ofEast Asiacould seen riversinthesky”form dueto climatechange,bringing record-breakinglevels ofrainfall withthem,a newstudyhasrevealed.The team,fromthe UniversityofTsukuba,Japan,have alreadyseen clearsigns of global warminghittingparts ofthe country,so theywantedtosee howbad thingscould get.Its beenbecoming moreandmore clearthat globalwarming meansmorethanjust warmertemperatures,they wrote.One particularly-damaging extremeweather eventis anincrease inrainfall tounexpected and(前所未有的)unprecedented levels,which canresult inflooding.To helppredict rainfallevents,researchers lookedto oneofthecauses——the interactionof atmospheric rivers withmountain ranges.nAs thename suggests,atmosphericriversare long,narrow bandsof concentratedwater vapourflowingthroughthe atmosphere/1the teamexplained.HWhen oneofthesebands meetsa barrier,such asamountain range,it canproduce extremelevels ofrainfall orsnowfall.(遭受)Parts ofEast Asiahave beensubjected toan increasingnumberofdamaging,extreme weathereventsover thepast decade.To understandthe impact,the teamused high-resolution globalatmospheric circulationsmodel(模寸以)simulations thatvirtually re-create theconditions intheatmosphere.They thenlooked atother(气象数据)regional climatemodels,comparing simulationsbased onreal,meteorological datafrom1951to2010to predictionsfor
2090.Authors used the climatescenario thatwould resultin4℃of warming,compared topreindustriallevels-which issignificantly morethan2℃target setas partof ParisClimate Agreement.First author,Professor YoichiKamae,said thattheir simulationspredict strengthenedwater vapourtransport,as wellas increasedrainfall atunprecedented levels.In simulationsthe greatestamounts ofatmosphericriver-related rainfalloccurred onthe southernand westernslopes ofmountains inEast Asia,including inJapan,the KoreanPeninsula,and northeasternChina.They hadto limitthe studyto EastAsiadue tocomputer timeand processinglimitations,but predictit wouldapply toother regionsaround theworld.
1.Whats thepossible consequenceoftheglobal warmingA.It contributesto pollutedair.B.It leadsto hotand rainyclimate.C.It onlyresults intheriseof temperature.D.It causesthe destructionof morespecies.
2..The authorwrote Paragraph4to.A.describethenewstudyB.introduce atmosphericriversC.analyze thecauseofrainfall D.warn peopleofglobalwarming
3.How isthe researchcarried toknow theeffectA.By comparison.B.By discussion.C.By examples.D.By explanation
4.Whats theattitude ofProfessor YoichiKamae towardtheir simulationsA.They arerisky.B.They arevalueless.C.They areperfect.D.They areconvincing.
五、【年重庆模拟,阅读】2024DResearchers havediscovered theoldest black hole everobserved,dating fromthe dawnof theuniverse,and foundthat itis Heatingnits host galaxy todeath.The internationalteam,led bythe Universityof Cambridge,usedtheJames WebbSpace TelescopeJWSTto detectthe black hole,which datesfrom400million yearsafter thebig bang.The results,whichlead authorProfessor RobertoMaiolino saysare na giant leap forward,are reportedinthejournal Nature.This surprisinglymassive black hole evenexists soearly inthe universechallenges ourassumptionsabout howblack holes form andgrow.The sizeofthis newly-discovered black hole suggeststhat theymightform inother ways:they mightbe bornbig ortheycaneat matteratarate thatsfive timeshigherthan hadbeen thoughtpossible.Like allblack holes,this youngblackholedevours materialfrom itshostgalaxy tofuel itsgrowth.According tostandard models,supermassive blackholesformfromtheremains ofdead stars,whichcollapse andmay forma blackhole abouta hundred times themass ofthe Sun.If itgrew inan expectedway,thisnewly-detected blackhole wouldtake abouta billion years togrow toits observedsize.However,the universewas notyet a billionyearsold whenthis blackhole wasdetected.The younghost galaxy,called GN-zll,isacompact galaxy,about onehundredtimessmaller thantheMilky Way,but the blackholeis likelyharming itsdevelopment.When blackholes consumetoo muchgas,it pushesthe gasaway likean ultra-fast wind.This wind”could stopthe processof star formation,slowlykilling thegalaxy,but itwill alsokill theblackholeitself,as itwould cutoff theblack holefssource offood.Maiolino saysthatthegigantic leapforward providedby JWSTmakes thisthemostexciting timeinhis career.nIfs anew era:the giantleap islike upgradingfrom Galileo*s telescopetoamodem telescopeovernight/he said.nThe universehas beenquite generousin whatits showingus,and thisis justthebeginning.
1.What doesthe underlinedword devoursmean inParagraph3A.Changes.B.Swallows.C.Observes.D.Forms.
2.According toParagraph5,why isGN-zll likelytobeharmedA.Because the hostgalaxy is toosmall.B.Because theblackholeis killingitself.C.Becausethewind ceasesstarformation.D.Because blackholes producetoo muchgas.
3.What isMaiolino!s attitudetothenew discoveryabout theblack holeA.Favorable.B.Intolerant.C.Doubtful.D.Ambiguous.
4.What canwe learnfrom thispassageA.The blackhole tookabillionyears toachieve itssize.B.Supermassive blackholes areassumed toform overnight.C.The newdiscovery ofthehostgalaxyisagiantleapforward.D.The hostgalaxy andtheblackhole canbe destroyedbythe“wind”.
六、【年山西吕梁模拟,阅读】2024DAnimals havedeveloped acircadian clock-an internalbody clockthat runsin24-hour cycles.It is(提示)(时差反应)regulated bycues fromtheir environment.But theymay sufferfrom ajet lag“when thecues animalsare exposedtodonot matchthe onesoftheirnatural environment.Kristine Gandia,a PhDstudent attheUniversityof Stirlingin Scotland,andateam ofobservers(纬度)setoutto understandhowthejetlagoflivinginlatitudesthat animalswerenotusedtocan affectthem.Giant pandaswere chosenasthefocus forthestudypartly becausethey livehighly seasonallives.”。