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一、冠词冠词分为不定冠词(),定冠词(),和零冠词a,an the不定冠词的用法I.指一类人或事,相当于1a kindof Aplane is a machinethat canfly.第一次提及某人某物,非特指有个男孩在等你2A boyis waitingfor you.表示〃每一〃相当于3every,one Westudy eighthours aday.表示〃相同〃相当于4the sameWe arenearly of an age.一Hello,could Ispeak toMr.Smith用于人名刖,用示人认识此人或与某名人—________Sorry,wrong number.There isntMr.Smith here.5有类似性质的人或事不填A.B.a C.theD.one(活雷锋)That boyis rathera LeiFeng.a coupleofabit,once upon a timein ahurry,have awalk,m any az z用于固定词组中6time用十quite,rather,many,half,what,7This roomis rathera bigone.之后such用于()形容词之后8so as,too,how+She isas clevera girlas youcan wishto meet.(抽象石词)(具体化)成功的人或事失败的人success—a successa failure用十抽象名词具体化的名词前9或事带来耻辱的人或事可惜或遗憾的事必需必备的事a shamea pitya must精通掌握某一方面的知识a goodknowledge of定冠词的用法II.In manyplaces in China,—bicycle isstill_popular meansof表示某一类人或物1transportation.A.a;theB./;aC.the;aD.the;the用于世上独一无一的事物名词刖2the universe,the moon,the PacificOcean表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人3Would youmind openingthe door用于;献乐器4play theviolin,play theguitar用力形容词和分词刖表类人57JL thereach,the living,the wounded______—Could youtell methe wayto Johnsons,please表不〃一家人〃或〃夫妇〃(对比上文的不一_____6Sorry,we dont haveJohnson herein thevillage.定冠词用法)5A.the;theB.the;aC./;theD.the;/用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前7He isthe tallerof thetwo children.用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的8the UnitedStates,the CommunistParty of China,the French名词前用于表示发明物的单数名词刖9The compasswas inventedinChina.(二十世纪九十年代)10in the1990s在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代用于表示度量单位的名词前11I hiredthe carby thehour.12用于方位名词,身体部位名词He pattedme on the shoulder.不用冠词(又名零冠词)的用法III.专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等1Beijing University,Jack,China,love,air名词前名词前有this,my,whose,some,no each,z2I wantthis booknot thatone./Whose purseis thisz等限制every季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前3March,Sunday,National Day,spring表不职位,身份,头衔的名词刖一4Lincoln wasmade Presidentof America.表示球类,棋类等运动的名词刖5He likesplaying football/chess._________We wentright roundto thewest coastby seainstead o6与by连用表示父通方式的名词刖f drivingacross_______continent.不填;不填不填;不填A.the;theB theC.the;D.以连接的两个相对的名词并用时7and husbandand wife,knife andfork,day andnight8表示泛指的复数名词前Horses areuseful animals.
二、名词和主谓一致名词的种类I.专有名词普通名词国名地名人名,团体机可数名词不可数名词构名称个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词特别注意名词类别的相互转换个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换例句意义名词性质
①She heldsome flowersin herhand.花儿个体名词
②The treesare nowin flower开花抽象名词
①Youth isbeautiful.青春抽象名词
②He isa youthof twenty年轻人个体名词
①They have achieved remarkablesuccess in their work.成功抽象名词
②一How about the Christmasevening party成功的事个体名词—I shouldsay itwas asuccess.物质名词与个体名词的相互转换例句意义名词性质
①Iron isa kindof metal.铁物质名词熨斗个体名词©Please lendme youriron.
①He brokea pieceof glass.玻璃物质名词
②He brokea glass.玻璃杯个体名词
①I boughta chickenthis morning小鸡个体名词
②Please helpyourself tosome chicken鸡肉物质名词抽象名词与个体名词的转换
①一______F dlike informationaboutthemanagement of your hoteLplease.一____Well,you couldhave wordwith themanager.He mightbe helpfulA.some a B.an,someC.some,someD.an,az具有动作意义的抽象名
②消息(抽象名词)They sentus wordof thelatest happenings.A.aB.anC./D.the词加用与某些动词(如
③(话个体名词))Could wehave wordbefore yougo to the meetingA.aB.anC./D.the等连用,表示某have类例have adream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a looktake awalk/a一次短暂的动作(进步)(早点出发)bathmake anadvance/make anearly start(发出痛苦的叫声)/make adecision/make achange/give acry ofpain/give atry
①_________Many peopleagree that_knowledge ofEnglish isa mustin internationaltrade today.A.aJ B.the,anC.the,theD./,the aknowledge oftruth(知道实际情况)(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)give afuller knowledge ofChinahaveaknowledgeof(有速己的知识)shorthand i
②________表示知识和时间的抽象If therewere noexamination,we shouldhave atschool.名词转换为普通名词时A.the happiesttimeB.a morehappier time可以用来表示C.much happiesttimeD.a muchhappier time()其中的一部分3is money.
①____Oh,John.you gaveme!A.How apleasant surpriseB.How pleasant surpriseC.What apleasantsurpriseD.What pleasantsurprise
②She lookedup whenI shouted.抽象名词转换为普通名A.in asurpriseB.in thesurpriseC.in surpriseD.in somesurprise词可用来表示一次、一其它例子The giftcame asa completesurprise tome.We havehad someunpleas ant阵、一种〃具体的行为、surprise事件、现象或结果这时()_3It iswork ofart thateveryone wantsto havea lookat it.名词前往往有形容词修A.so unusualB.such unusuaIC.such anunusualD.so anunusual饰名词的数II.规则名词的复数形式名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加或(参看有关语法书)英-s-es语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,请看下表规则例词改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式1man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice单复数相同2sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,speciesashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,content只有复数形式3s一些集体名词总是用作复数4people,police,cattle,staff部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,governme nt,5以作复数(成员)population,crew,team,public,enemy,party(海关),(军队),(时代),(情绪),(饮customs forcestimes spiritsdrinks复数形式表示特别含义6料),san ds(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),(头脑智力),(青菜),(废墟)brains greensruins加・sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans表小“某国单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese7人〃以或结尾的-man-womanEnglishmen,Frenchwomen改为-men,-women将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部合成名词8grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches分变为复数将两部分变为复数women singers,men servants主谓一致III.规则情况举例His fatheris workingon thefarm.To studyEnglish wellis noteasy.Reading in the sunis badfor youreyes.以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语,动名What hesaid is very importantfor usall.、词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用语单由引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语是what数形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词复数或从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用复数what用复数形式形式what Ibought werethree Englishbooks.What Isay anddo isare helpfulfor you.Lucy andLily aretwins由连接词或连接起来的主and both...andThe writerand artisthas come.语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词但若所Every studentand everyteach isin theclassroom.连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面Many aboy andmany agirl likesit.的谓语就用单数形式由连接的并列单andNo boyand nogirl likesit.数主语前如果分别有或no,ea ch,everyEach ofus hasa newbook.Is everyonehere today()()more thana an/one manyaanz若修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式Somebody isspeaking inclass.Everything aroundus ismatter noneeither,后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数若它后面的名词是复或单数名词和由ofneither,each,every no+数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以构成的复合不定代词,some,any noeveryz都作单数看待.None of the sugarwas left.None ofus hashave beento America.在定语从句里,关系代词Those whowant togo pleasewrite theirnames onthe ard.blackbothat,who,whi chHe is one of my friends whoare working hard.等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行Heisthe onlyoneofmyfriendswho isworkinghard.词的数一致It isI whoam goingto thecinema tonight.It iswe whoare goingto thecinema tonight.在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致The policeare lookingfor thelost child.The cattleare eatinggrass in the field.如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动.他的一家His familyhas movedto thesouth词用单数形式;如果它指的集体的成员,其他的家人His familyare watchingTV.谓语动词用复数形式(四班)Class fouris onthe thirdfloor.(四的学生)Class Fourare unableto agreeuponamonitor.Iff Therearea lotof peopleintheclassroom.由a lotof/lots of/plenty of/a heaThree-fourths of the surfaceoftheearth issea.p of/heaps of/the restof/the majo50percent ofthe studentsin ourclass aregirls.名词构成的短语以及由分数或百此外,还有+复数名词有类似的用法(用复数),但分数十名词rity of+a number ofthe构成的短语作主语时,其谓语+复数名词的数就得依而定numberofnumber动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而(用单数)定A numberof studentshave gone tothefarm tohelp thefarmer pickapples.The numberof pagesin thisbook isthree hundred.在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语There comesthe bus.On thewall aremany pictures.一致Such isthe result.Such arethe facts.Between thetwo hillsstands amonument.等代What,who,which,any,more,allWhich isyour bagWhichare yourbags词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要靠意思来Are anyof yougood atEnglishHas anyofyougot apen决定All canbe donehas beendone.AII isgoing well.All havebeen takenout.AII havegonetoBeijing.表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作Thirty minutesis enoughfor thework..主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式,这是由Twenty poundsis toodear.于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体如强调这类词的复数意义,则谓语动词要用复数形式若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复Forty kilosof waterare usedevery day.数形式,其谓语动词通常用单数形式The UnitedStates issmaller thanChina.The ArabianNights“is aninteresting story-book.表数量的短语后面one anda half接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词要用单One anda halfapples isleft onthe table.数形式一些学科名词是以结尾,如-ics mathe以及matics,politics,physics news,w等都属于形式上是复数的名词,实叩.这家造纸厂建于年orks Thep erworks wasbuilt in19901990际意义为单数名词,I dont thinkphysics iseasy tostudy.它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,sciss(剪刀)等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但ors Myglasses arebroken.如果这些名词前有()等量词a thepair ofThe pairof shoesunder thebed ishis.修饰时(被修饰)谓clothes asuit of语动词用单数“定冠词形容词或分词〃,表示某一the+The oldare takengood careof there.类人动词用复数;若表示某一类东西时,The beautifulgives pleasureto all.动词用单数就当两个主语由either or,neither norn Eitherthe teacheror thestudents areour friends.z近连接ot onlybut also,whether orNeither he nor theyare whollyright./远时,谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就Neither theynor heis whollyright.—近一致Is neitherhenorthey whollyright致句型中动词的单复数取决there bebe Thereare two chairs anda deskintheroom.原于其后的主语如果其后是由连接的and Thereisadesk andtwochairsintheroom.则两个主语,则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致,即就近一致主语后Mr.Green,together withhis wifeand children,has cometo Chi面跟有with,together with,exc na.ept but,like,as wellas,no lesstha Awoman witha babywas onthe bus.zn,rather than,more than,besides,Nobody butJim andMike wasontheplayground.along with,including,in additionto Shelike youand Tom,isverytall.z等引起的短语,谓语动词要跟主语一致,即就远一致The girlsas wellas theboy havelearned tospeak Japanese.No oneexcept myteachers knowsanything aboutit.。