当代国外翻译理论

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1.罗曼•雅科布逊论翻译的语言学问题primarily atother experts,notthe generalculture of which thesescholars werea partLefevere1990:

22.Romanticism exaltedthe translator〃as acreativegenius in his ownright,in touchwith thegenius ofhis originalandenriching theliterature andlanguage into which he istranslating”Bassnett-McGuire1980:

65.The stresson boththeoriginal author and the translator asbeing artistswas notpartof traditional discourse formations.

3.The Earlyand MiddleTwentiethCenturyDiscussion inEnglish of translation theoryduring the first halfof the twentiethcentury continuedto bedominated bythe themesofVictorian discourse on translation,“literalness,archaizing,pedantry and the productionof atext ofsecond-rate literarymeritfor anelite minority”Bassnett-McGuire1980:

73.In hislistof majorcontributors to the areaof translation theory,Steinerrecognises onlythe namesof Dryden,Quine andPound amongEnglish-speakers.Quine andPound bothbelong to the twentiethcenturyand challengedthe dominantdiscourse.Willard V.Quineb.1908,a majorAmerican philosopher,wrote on theindeterminacy of translation77within thefield of linguisticphilosophy QuineI

960.Ezra Pound1885-1972was apoet andcritic.Ronnie Apterhasargued thatPound madethree majorinnovations tothinking aboutthenature and intent ofliterary translation…he discardedtheVictorian pseudo-archaic translationdiction;he regardedeachtranslation asa necessarilylimited criticismof the originalpoem;and heregarded goodtranslations asnew poemsin theirownright”Apter1987:

3.More radical,and moredecisive,developments in translationtheory tookplace inEurope.These beginwith theRussian Formalistmovement,which focusedon the〃what makesliterary textsdifferentfrom othertexts,what makesthem new,creative,innovative”Gentzler1993:

79.One of their answerswas thatliterarytexts relyon aprocess of/zdefamiliarisationzz,usinglanguage innew andstrikingly differentways fromordinary speech.This ledthe Formalistto focus on surfacestructural features〃and〃to analysethem tolearn whatdetermines literarystatus”Gentzler1993:

79.In sodoing,they beganthe searchfordescriptive rules,which wouldhelp scholarsunderstand theprocess of translation,and notnormative rules,in order to studyand assess thework ofother translatorsBell1991:

12.Theirwork wasextended andrefined bythe Pragueschool oflinguistics,founded byRoman Jakobson,who hadearlier workedin Moscow.Inhis essay〃0ntheLinguistic Aspectsof Translation”1959,Jakobson expandedtraditionaldiscourseof equivalence〃into thethemeof^equivalence indifference^.In sodoing,he arguedthatwords should be seenwithin theirarbitrary semioticcontext,and that〃the grammaticalpattern of a language as opposedtoits lexicalstock determinesthose aspectsof eachexperiencethat mustbe expressedin thegiven language”Venuti2000:

114.

4.Translation StudiesThreefactors workedto limitthis sharpfocusondescriptivelinguistics asthe majorform ofdiscourseontranslation.Thefirst was the questioningof Chomskyslinguistic theoriesbylinguists themselves.The secondwasthedevelopment ofa numberof new anddynamic fieldswithin linguistics,such as〃discourseanalysis,text linguistics,sociolinguistics,computationallinguistics,prototype semantics,and otherassorted wonders”Pym1992:

184.These〃wonders〃took inprior fieldssuch asBritishsocial anthropologyand Americancultural anthropology,as wellas contemporaryand paralleldevelopments inphilosophy,information and communication theories,computationallinguistics,machine translation,artificial intelligence,andthe ideas of socio-semiotics asdeveloped withinFrenchstructuralist andpost-structuralist thoughtNida2019:

110.The senseincreased that:Language is not theproblem.Ideologyand politicsare…〃Lefevere1990:

26.This hasled to aseparation betweenlinguistic andcultural approachestotranslation in the lastquarter of the twentiethcentury.For sometranslationscholars,indeed,it hasseemed that“strictlylinguistic theorieshave beensuperseded,[as_translation hascometo beconsidered inits cultural,historical andsociologicalcontext”Woodsworth2019:

100.Basic Knowledgeof Translation Theory

1.Translation

1.Definition1The definitionin theold days1译即易，谓换易言语使相解也”一一贾公彦618-907唐朝1“夫翻译者，谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言音虽似别,义则大同”——法云960-1279宋代It meansthat translation is a rendering fromnbone languageSourceLanguage into another TargetLanguage,remaining themeaning.1The Britishscholar Dr.Samuel Johnsononce said:“To translateis tochange into another language,remainingthe sense.”2The currentdefinition1The Americantranslation theoristEugene A.Nidawrote in1964:Translation consistsin reproducingin thereceptorlanguage theclosest naturalequivalence of the sourcelanguage,first interms ofmeaning andsecondly interms ofstyle.所谓翻译，是在译语中用切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体1再现原文的信息message而不是保留原文的形式结构formal structure2对等equivalence不是同一identity3对等是最贴近、自然的对等4意义是优先考虑的因素5文体很重要1The Britishtranslation theoristTytler sdefinitionin1970about translation:A goodtranslation isonewhich themerit of the original work isso completelytransfusedinto another language asto beas distinctlyapprehended and asstrongly feltby anative of the countrytowhichthat languagebelongsas it is bythose whospeak thelanguage of the originalwork.”1Prof.Huang LongTranslatologyTranslation maybe definedas follows:The replacementof textual material in one languageSL byequivalenttextual material in anotherlanguage TL翻译可以作以下界定用一种语言目的语的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言源出语的文本材料1部分地替代2对等概念In summary1Translation is the informationtransferringbetween two languages and the culturalcommunicationbetween twolanguage families.2Translation is a rendering from one languageinto another.Translation isa science,an art,a bilingualart,a craft,a skill,an operationand communication.3Translation isa representationor recreationin one languageof what is writtenor saidin anotherlanguage.

4....Translation isa kindof sciencebecause itwasa wholeset ofrules governingit andcertain objectivelawsto goby in the process of translating.

2.Varieties of translation1Interpretation andwritten translation2In terms of SLand TL,Interlingual translation语际不同语言之间，Intralingual translation语内同一语言rewording,Intersemiotic translation符际eg.把语言符号用图画、手势、数字或音乐来表达3In termsof style,political essay政论，practical writing应用文，science andtechnology科技，literary translationILTranslation Criteriaor Principle1Tytler,s:Essay on the PrinciplesofTransla tion,17911A translationshould givea completetranscriptof the ideas of the originalwork.译文应完全复写出原作的思想2The styleand mannerof writingshould beof the samecharacter asthat of the original.译文的风格和笔调应及原文的性质相同3A translationshould haveall theeaseof the original composition.译文应和原作同样流畅1Yanfu s:Faithfulness,Expressivenessand Elegance信、达、雅

1.“Faithfulness“means thefull andcompleteconveying of the originalcontent ofthought.

2.“Expressiveness“demands that theversion shouldbe clearand flowingwithout anygrammaticalmistakes orconfused logicand sense.

3.“Elegance“refers to the useofclassical Chinesebefore theHan Dynasty.In summary,the first two wordsas translation criteriaare acceptable.The original meaning of“Elegance“isunacceptable fortoday,but wecan giveit newsense-----------------------------------elegant stylein translation.Others:Lu Xuns ifi）translation principle:Rather befaithful（in thought）than smooth（inlanguage）in oppositionto LiangShi-qiu s translationprinciple in1930s.（宁信不网页）Fu Leis付雷translation criteria:TL shouldbesimilar toSL bothin Formand inSpirit.（形似、神似）Liu Chongdes文！）重德translation criteria:faithfulness,expressiveness andcloseness.（信、达、切）faithfulness:to befaithful to the contentof the original;expressiveness:to beas expressive andsmooth asthe original;closeness:to beas closeto theoriginalstyle as possible.Liang Shiqiu s andZhao Jingshen,s（梁实秋，赵景深）translation principlein1930s:It sbetter tohave asmoothversion thana faithfulone.”宁错务顺Eugene A.Nida s translation principle:Dynamicequivalence orFunctional equivalenceorEquivalent-effect theory.The mainidea isthat thetranslatoris to produce asnearly possiblethe sameeffecton hisreaders aswas producedon thereaders of theoriginal.Peter Newmarks translation principle:From theangle ofcontextualanalysis,he putsforward twotranslationapproaches:Semantic translationand Communicativetranslation.Semantic translation:The translator attempts,within thebaresyntactic andsemantic constraintsof the TL,toproduce theprecise contextualmeaning of the author.Semantic translationfocuses primarilyupon the semanticcontent of the sourcetext.Communicative translation:The translator attempts toproduce the sameeffect on the TLreaders aswas producedbythe originalontheSL readers.Communicative translationfocusesessentially uponthe comprehensionand responseofreceptors.1In summary,translation criteria:faithfulness and smoothness忠实及通顺.Faithfulnessrefers tothat content and styleof TL shouldbe faithful to theSL.Smoothnessrequires thatversion shouldbe clearanddistinct,flowing andeasy toread withoutsigns of

2.彼得纽马克交际翻译及语义翻译（II）・

3.约翰-卡特福德论翻译转换

4.尤金奈达论对等原则・

5.巴兹尔•哈蒂姆互文介入利用翻译中缺省语篇的理论体系

6.玛丽斯奈尔一霍恩比翻译一种跨文化活动・其次章阐释学派翻译理论

7.乔治斯坦纳阐释的步骤・

8.安托瓦纳-贝尔曼翻译及对异的考验第三章功能学派翻译理论

9.凯瑟琳娜莱斯翻译的选择类型、体裁及文本的特性・

10.汉斯•弗米尔翻译行为中的目的及委任

11.克里斯汀娜•诺德目的、忠诚及翻译中的惯例第四章文化学派翻译理论

12.詹姆斯霍尔姆斯翻译学的名及实・

13.伊塔玛埃文一佐哈翻译文学在文学多元系统中的地位・

14.吉迪恩图里描述性翻译探讨的理论基础・

15.安德烈•勒菲弗尔大胆妈妈的黄瓜文学理论中的文本、系统和折射

16.苏珊巴斯奈特文化探讨的翻译转向・

17.西奥-赫曼斯翻译探讨及其新范式第五章解构学派翻译理论

19.雅克德里达巴别塔之旅・

20.保罗德曼评本雅明的《译者的任务》・

21.劳伦斯-韦努蒂文化身份的塑造第六章女性主义翻译理论

22.雪莉西蒙翻译理论中的性别化立场・

23.劳丽钱伯伦性别及翻译的隐喻・

24.巴巴拉格达德女性主义话语/翻译的理论化・

25.冯弗罗托女性主义翻译理论指责・第七章后殖民翻译理论

26.道格拉斯-罗宾逊后殖民探讨及翻译探讨

27.特佳斯维妮尼南贾纳翻译的定位・

28.盖亚特里斯皮瓦克翻译的政治・

29.埃尔斯•维埃拉解放卡利班们一一论食人说及哈罗德•德•坎波斯的超越/越界性创建诗学第八章苏东学派翻译理论

30.安德烈•费奥多罗夫翻译理论的任务

31.吉维加切奇拉泽文学翻译中的创建性原则・

32.吉里列维翻译是一个作选择的过程・

33.安娜丽洛娃翻译探讨的范畴・TranslationTheory2019-09-2914:13:41The machineis farfrombeing complicated.这部机器一点也不困难Don tlose time in cleaningthis machine.赶快把这部机器擦好1Division:It means the necessarysplittingof along sentenceinto shorterones.Eg.There aremany wonderfulstories totell aboutthe placesI visitedand the peopleI met.我访问了一些地方，遇到不少人，要谈起来，奇异的事可多着呢Aftersinging aconcert in this city,he saidhe wantedto greethisadmirers backstageas healways does.他在那个城市演唱了一场音乐会音乐会结束以后，他提出要向平常那样到后台去见见他的崇拜者Change ofthe voice:There are two kindsof voices:the activeandthe passive.The passivevoice ismuch lessused inChinese thaninEnglish.In E-C translationwe mayusually changethe passivevoiceinto activevoice,but inC-E translationwe mayusuallychange the active intothe passive,especially inEST EnglishforScience andTechnology科技英语.Eg.The happyman cannotbe harried.吉人自有天相He issaid to be the most respectedteacher in our department.据说他是我们系上最受敬重的老师Basic Knowledgeof TranslationTheory

1.Translation

1.Definition1The definitionin theold days1译即易，谓换易言语使相解也”一一贾公彦618-907唐朝2“夫翻译者，谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言音虽似别,义则大同”——法云960-1279宋代It meansthat translation isarenderingfrom one languageSourceLanguage intoanother TargetLanguage,remaining the meaning.3The Britishscholar Dr.Samuel Johnsononce said:“To translateis tochange intoanotherlanguage,remainingthe sense.”2The currentdefinition1The Americantranslation theoristEugene A.Nidawrote in1964:Translation consistsin reproducingin thereceptorlanguage theclosest naturalequivalence ofthe sourcelanguage,first intermsofmeaning andsecondly interms ofstyle.所谓翻译，是在译语中用切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体1再现原文的信息message而不是保留原文的形式结构formal structure2对等equivalence不是同一identity3对等是最贴近、自然的对等4意义是优先考虑的因素5文体很重要1The Britishtranslation theoristTytler sdefinitionin1970about translation:A goodtranslation isonewhich themerit ofthe originalwork isso completelytransfusedintoanotherlanguageasto beas distinctlyapprehendedandasstrongly feltby anative ofthe countrytowhich thatlanguage belongsas it is bythose whospeak thelanguageoftheoriginalwork.”1Prof.Huang LongTranslatologyTranslation maybe definedas follows:The replacementof textualmaterialinonelanguageSLby equivalenttextualmaterialin anotherlanguage TL翻译可以作以下界定用一种语言目的语的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言源出语的文本材料1部分地替代2对等概念In summary1Translation isthe informationtransferringbetween twolanguages andthe culturalcommunicationbetween twolanguage families.2Translation isarenderingfromonelanguageinto another.Translation isa science,an art,a bilingualart,a craft,a skill,an operationandcommunication.3Translation isa representationor recreationinonelanguageof whatis writtenor saidin anotherlanguage.

4....Translationisa kindof sciencebecause itwasa wholeset ofrules governingit andcertain objectivelawsto goby in theprocessof translating.

2.Varieties oftranslation1Interpretation andwritten translation2In termsof SLand TL,Interlingual translation语际（不同语言之间），Intr之ingual translation语内（同一语言rewording）,Intersemiotic translation符际（eg.把语言符号用图画、手势、数字或音乐来表达）3In termsof style,political essay政论，practical writing应用文，science andtechnology科技，literary translation

11.Translation Criteriaor Principle1Tytler,s:Essay onthe PrinciplesofTransla tion,17911）A translationshould givea completetranscriptoftheideas oftheoriginalwork.译文应完全复写出原作的思想2）The styleand mannerof writingshouldbeofthe samecharacter asthat oftheoriginal.译文的风格和笔调应及原文的性质相同3）A translationshould haveall theease oftheoriginal composition.译文应和原作同样流畅1Yanfu s:Faithfulness,Expressivenessand Elegance（信、达、雅）

1.“Faithfulness”meansthefull andcompleteconveying oftheoriginalcontent ofthought.

2.“Expressiveness“demands thattheversion shouldbe clearand flowingwithout anygrammaticalmistakes orconfused logicand sense.

1.Traditional TranslationTheoriesThere isa continuityof intellectualexpression fromAncientGreece,Rome,the MiddleAges,through tothe Renaissance,theReformation,andtherise ofthe earlyEuropean nationstates.Thecentral languageof scholarsand otherreaders wasLatin,whilethe coreofthistradition wasclassical literatureandJudeo-Christianity.There wasa profusionof economicandpolitical contactsthroughout EuropeandtheMiddle East,and thismusthave involvedan abundanceoflinguistictransactions.Nevertheless,Lefevere/Zs wordsprovide anaccurate backgroundtounderstanding thesocial positionofthesubjects oftraditionaltranslation theory:〃In sucha culture,translations werenotprimarily readfor informationor themediation ofthe foreigntext.They wereproduced andread as exercises,first pedagogicalexercises,and lateron,asexercisesin culturalappropriation-intheconscious andcontrolled usurpationofauthority.Lefevere1990:

16.

2.German RomanticismAtthe beginningofthenineteenth century,a second,morephilosophical andless empirical,formation beganto openwithindiscourses ontranslationtheoryMunday2019:

27.This formationwasconnected,inonedirection,withtherise ofphilology asauniversity discipline,andinanother withthe literarymovementof Romanticism.Philology provideda rangeofnewand exotictextsand allowedthe expertstoproducetranslations aimed。