27037-本科自考英语语言学概论精心-Chapter-Three--Phonetics-语音学word文档良心出品

叩语音学（发音学）Ch terThree PhoneticsThedescription andclassiHcation of speech sounds语音的描述和分类

3.1Phonetics andits sub-branches语音学和它的分支定义Phonetics isthe branchof linguisticswhich studiesspeech sounds.语音学是语言学的分支，主要研究语音The taskof phoneticsis toidentify whatare speech sounds ina1g and then studytheir physicalcharacteristics.语音学的任务是定义什么是语音，然后研究他们的物理特性Not all the soundsmade byhuman beingsare speech sounds.并不是所有人类发出的声音都叫语音分类Phonetics hasthree sub-branches:acoustic phonetics,auditory phoneticsand articulatoryphonetics.语音学有三种分支:声学语音学，听觉语音学和发音语音学

①the studyof thephysical propertiesand of the transmissionof speech sounds iscalledacoustic phonetics.研究语音的物理性质和传播的被称为声学语音学

②the studyof theway hearersperceive thesesounds iscalled auditoryphonetics.研究听者理解这些声音的方式的叫做听觉语音学

③the studyof howspeech organsproduce thesounds iscalled articulatoryphonetics*研究发音器官如何发声的学科被称为发音语音学（发音器官）

3.2speech organs（生物）Other functionsofspeechorgans likebreathing andeating arebiologically primary.（声门）｛（声带）｝Speech organs:through theglottis thespace between the vocal cordsf alongthe vocaltracts（声道）:｛made upof2partsoral cavity（口腔）、nasal cavity（鼻腔）｝Oral cavity（口腔解剖）

1.lips（嘴唇）,

2.teeth（牙齿）3teeth ridge（alveolar ridge）（齿龈）,

4.hardpalate（硬

5.soft palate（velum）（软腭），

6.uvula（小舌），

7.tip oftongue（舌尖）,

8.blade oftongue（舌面）,

9.back oftongue（舌背）,

10.pharynx（咽），

11.epiglottis（喉头盖）

12.food passage（食道）

13.vocal cords（声带）语音的分类

3.3classification ofspeech soundsSpeechsounds are produced byhuman speechorgans.But notallthesounds produced byhumanspeech organsare linguisticsymbols.语音是人类语言产生的但并不是所有由人类语言产生的声音都是语言符号eg.sneezes（打喷嚏）An initialclassification willdivide the speechsoundsinto twobroad categories.语音初分为两大类.consonants andvowels（辅音和元音）.The basicdifference betweena voweland a consonant isthat in the pronunciationof theformerthe airthat comesfrom the lungs meetswith no obstruction of any kindin the throat,the noseorthe mouth,while inthat of the latterit is obstructed inone wayor another.元音和辅音的基本差别是，前者发音时从肺部发出气流无阻碍地进到喉咙，鼻子或嘴,而后者是以这样或那样的方式造成阻塞总结distinguished bywhether thereis anyobstruction（阻碍）in the airstream whena speechsound isproduced.定义

①a vowelis definedas aspeechsoundin which the air from thelungs isnot blockedin anywayand ispronounced withvocal-cord vibration.一个元音被定义为从肺呼出的气流而不以任何形式发生阻塞并且以声带振动发音的一个语音重点noobstruction,but withvocalcord vibration.

②aconsonantis aspeechsoundwhere theairfrom thelungsis eithercompletely blocked,or partiallyblocked orwhere theopening betweenthespeechorgans is so narrowthat theair9escapes withaudible friction.一个辅音是从肺部呼出的气流要么完全阻塞，要么部分阻塞,或者发音器官的出发地方太窄了，听得到气流露出的摩擦音重点air streamis completelyblocked,or partiallyblocked,or escapeswith friction.辅音分类

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3.1classification ofEnglish consonantsThe consonants inEnglish can be describedin termsof fourdimensions.英语的辅音可从四个方面进行分类

（1）the positionof the soft palate:软腭位置

（2）the presenceor theabsence ofvocal-cord vibration声带的振动与否

（3）the placeof articulation发音部位

（4）the mannerof articulation发音方式详细介绍1）the positionof thesoft palate软腭位置

①鼻腔辅音和

②口腔辅音

①When thesoft palate（velum）is lowered,the airstreamfrom thelungs willhave accessto thenasalcavity as well asto the oral cavity.Theconsonants produced inthis wayare callednasalconsonants.当软腭（软腭）降低，来自肺部的气流接近鼻腔以及口腔以这种方式产生的辅音叫做鼻腔辅音

②When thesoft palate（velum）is raisedagainst the back ofthroat,the airstream can haveaccessonly to theoralcavity.The sounds produced inthis wayare calledoral consonants.当软腭提高到喉咙后面，气流可以只能接近口腔以这种方式产生的声音被称为口腔辅音英语中，there arethree distinctive（独特）nasal consonants;[m],[n],[q].2）the presenceor theabsence ofvocal-cord vibration声带的振动与否

①浊辅音和

②清辅音

①Voiced consonantsare producedbecause the airstream passingthrough theglottis bringsaboutvocal-cord vibration.产生池逋竟是因为气流通过声门时带来了声带振动

②Voiceless consonantsare pronouncedbecause the airstream canpass freelythrough theglottisinto thevocal cavitywithout vocal-cordvibration.清辅音发音是由于气流可以自由穿透声门到声腔却没有引起声带振动）（发音部位）3the placeof articulation定义the placein themouth wherethe obstructionoccurs气流阻塞在嘴中发生的部位按发音部分可分为以下几类

①双唇音、

②唇齿音、

③舌齿音、

④齿龈音、

⑤后齿龈音、

⑥齿龈硬腭音、

⑦硬腭音、

⑧软腭音、

⑨声门音

①Bilabial（双唇音）consonants forwhich theflow ofair isstoppedorestricted（限制）by」」the twolips,bilabial maybe voicedor voiceless.[p]b]Jm]w]

②Labiodentals（唇齿音）consonants broughtabout by bringing thebottom liptothe upper teeth,Labiodentals maybe voicedor voiceless,[f],[v]（）（音）:（限制）3Dentals/interdentals iSconsonants forwhich theflow ofair isrestricted bycatchingthe tonguebetweentheteeth.Dentals maybe voicedor voiceless.

[9][d]

④Alveolar（齿龈音）consonantsproducedby brinxingthe tipof thetongue（舌尖）into contactwith（接触）theupperteeth-ridge（上齿脊）to create theobstructi（m.「t][d][s][z][n]

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⑤Post-alveolars（后齿龈音）:consonants pronouncedby bringing the tipof thetongue tothe rear（牙槽崎后面部分）part of the alveolar ridge[rl[tr][dr]（）（齿龈硬腭音）6Alveo-palatals consonants formed byputting thetongue atthe veryfront partof the hardpalate（硬腭）,near thealveolarridge（牙槽喳）.[J]⑸[tj][d3]

⑦palatals（上颗音）:consonantsformedby bringingthe back of thetongue tothe hardpalate,[c][J][j]

⑧velars（软腭音）:consonants madebybringingthebackof thetongue tothesoft palate（软腭）.[k][g][IJ]©Glottals（^nW）soundsproduced bybringingthevocal cords（声带）momentarily（随时地）together tocreatetheobstruction.Include aglottalstop（喉塞音）[]and aglottalfricative（喉擦音）・[h]）（发音方法）4The mannerof articulation定义refers tothe mannerin whichobstruction iscreated.根据发音方法，英语的辅音可分为:

①Stops破音:soundsproducedby stoppingthe airstreamfromthelungs andthen suddenly（释放）releasing it.[p][b][t][d][k][g]分为plosives爆破音（oral stops）and nasals鼻腔音（nasal stops）.nasal stops[m][n][ij]oral stops[p][b][t][d][c][J][k][g].etc置:Fricatives theairstream isnot completelystopped butisobstructedfrom flowingfreely.The passageissonarow that theaircauses friction（摩擦）・

[6][d][s][z][J]破擦音:Affricates firststop theairstream andthen immediatelyrelease itslowly.3[tj][d3][tr][dr].流音:Liquids thereis someobstruction of theairstreamin themouth,but notenough tocause4（摩擦）friction.[l][r]Note[r]which is alsO calledretroflex（卷舌音）or centralliquid（中流音）（旁流音）

[1]which isalso calledlateral orlateral liquid滑音:Glides producewith littleor noobstruction of theairstreaminthemouth.5（半元音）[w],[j]which arealso calledsemivowels图表参考P33元音分类

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3.2Classification of vowelsVowels canbe dividedinto twokindsoral vowels口腔元音and nasal vowels L腔元音.软腭状态:1the stateof thevelumWhen thesoftpalateis raisedagainst thebackofthethroat（喉咙），oralvowels isproduced:pit,pet,cat at.When thevelum islowered sothattheairstreamcanget intothe nasalcavity,nasalvowelsareproduced:pin,pen,can am.（变音符号）Nasal vowelsare markedby adiacritical mark舌位2the positionofthetongue

①the degreeoftheheight towhichthetongue israised whenproducing avowel

②the partofthetongue whichis involvedin（参与）producing avowel.图标参考P34•前元音、央元音、后元音、高元音、中元音、低元音高元音High vowels[i:,i,u:,u]中元音电星雷电易Mid vowels[e,^H]低元音虬笃星]前元音田]Low vowels[G,ae,+,Front vowels[i:,i,e,G,+,央元音田国]Central vowels后元音电且场Back vowels[u:,u,3the opennessofthemouth开口度:分四种闭元音close vowels:[i:],[i],[u:]and fu]半闭元音半开元音[中]⑼国]semi-close vowels:[e]and[^H]semi-open vowel:and open开元音画，,[初[笃且]vowel:

[6]and4the shapeof lips唇形两种rounded vowelsVS unroundedvowels[间是圆唇元音，其余为不圆唇元音[u:],[u],[:]and元音的长短5the lengthofvowels长元音以表示，如long vowels:[a:][u:][i:]Short vowels:[i][u][u:]咽部肌肉紧张状态6the tensionofthemuscles atpharynxH@All thelong vowelsare tense vowels butoftheshort vowels,[e]isatensevowelaswell,andtherestshort vowelsare laxvowels所有长元音以及短元音⑹都是紧元音,其余为松元音Diphthongs andtriphthongd双元音和三合元音

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3.3diphthongs andtriphthongsthe above-discussed vowelsare allmonophthongs purevowels simplevowels•In englishythereare altogethereight diphthongscomplex vowels,which areprouduced by moving from one vowel通过中间位置.positon to another throughintervening positionsThe diphthongscanbefurtherdivided intotwo sub-groups centering diphthongs[i可，Gg，UP]and closingdiphthongs[ei],[寸除了以上为单元音以夕卜，[ai][i],u]and[au]monophthongs purevowels simplevowels9英语中还有个双元音其中个集中双元音8diphthongs,3centeringdiphthongs[E,u^],5个合口双元音closing[甑]，diphthongs[ei],[ai],[ku]and[au]otriphthongs arethose whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowel positionto anotherand thenrapidlyand continuouslytoathird one.They include[ei^],[ai^],and[aup]三合元音是那些是由从一个元音滑到到另一个元音位置，然后迅速而持续地给第三个元音协同发音和国际音标

3.4CoarticulationIPA internationalphonetic alphabet协同发音

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4.1coarticulatioii theprocess ofsimultaneous andoverlapping articulationofspeech sounds,“pen’,协同发音指在实际话语过程中语音持续受邻近音影响，发生同时或重合发音的过程，分逆化协同发音和重复性协同发音

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4.2IPAThe phoneticalphabet isa system of lettersand symbolsthat areused torepresent the individualsoundsofalanguage.音标是用来表示语言中单个声音的字母和符号的系统,The IPAwas originallydeveloped byBritish andFrench phoneticiansunder theauspiced oftheInternational PhoneticAssociation,established inParis inl

886.“国际音标简称IPA是1888年由国际语音协会以当时的偶中音标表编造出来的标音系统Within thesystemofIPA,one symbolstands forone soundand everysymbol hasa consistentphoneticvalue,72symbols for consonants,25for vowels.根据国际音标，一个符号代表一个声音并且每个符号有一个一致的语音价值,72个辅音，25个元音国际语音学协会IPA:International PhoneticAssociation语音特征

3.4Phonetic features除了传统的描述语音的方法之外，我们也通过语音特征来区分和描述辅音或者元音在区分语音时，我们常用+或-值来表示辅音的语音功能详见351Phonetic featuresforconsonantsP361±voiced:[h]is voiceless鼻音的2±nasal辅音的3±consonantal元音的4±vocalic连续音的5±continuant前部音的6±anterior舌面音的7±coronal送气音的8+aspirated元音的语音功能

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5.2Phonetic featuresfor vowels高低前后圆唇紧，详见P37。