文本内容:
The Arrivalof PlantLife inHawaii夏威夷植物的到来When the Hawaiian islandsemerged from the seaas volcanoes,starting aboutfivemillion yearsago,they werefar removedfrom otherlandmasses.Then,as blazingsunshinealternated withdrenching rains,the harsh,barren surfacesof theblack rocksslowly begantosoften.Winds broughta varietyof life-forms.大约500万年以前,当夏威夷群岛作为火山从海洋中出现的时候,它们与其他陆块相距甚远然后,经过了炙热阳光和湿润雨水的交替作用之后,那严酷贫瘠的黑色岩石表面开始渐渐变软最后,大风就携带来了各种各样的生命体Spores lightenough tofloat onthe breezeswere carriedthousands ofmiles frommoreancient landsand depositedat randomacross thebare mountainflanks.A fewof thesesporesfound atoehold onthe dark,forbidding rocksand grewand beganto worktheirtransformation upon the land.Lichens wereprobably thefirst successfulflora.These arenotsingle individualplants;each oneis asymbiotic combinationof analga and a fungus.The algaecapture theSuns energyby photosynthesis and storeit inorganic molecules.Thefungi absorbmoisture andmineral saltsfrom therocks,passing theseon inwaste productsthatnourish algae.It issignificant thatthe earliestliving thingsthat builtcommunities ontheseislands examplesof symbiosis,a phenomenonthat dependsupontheclosecooperation oftwo ormore forms of lifeandaprinciple thatis veryimportant inislandcommunities.抱子很轻,可以被微风携带着从更古老的陆地飘过几千英里并随机地降落在荒芜的山腰上一些抱子在漆黑坚硬的岩石中扎根并生长,开始改造土地地衣可能就是第一批成功安家的植物它们不是单一的一种植物,每一个都是海藻和真菌的共生体海藻通过光合作用获取太阳的能量,并将它储存在有机分子中真菌从岩石中吸收水分和矿物盐,并将这些作为代谢废物为海藻施肥岛屿上最早的生物群落以共生的方式存在是非常重要的,共生是一种依靠两种或两种以上的生物紧密合作而生存的现象,也是岛屿上生物群落非常重要的一项原则Lichens helpedto speedthe decompositionof thehard rocksurfaces,preparing asoftbed ofsoil thatwas abundantlysupplied withminerals that had beencarried in the moltenrockfrom thebowels ofEarth.Now,other formsof lifecould takehold:ferns andmossestwo of the mostancient typesof landplants thatflourish evenin rockcrevices.-Theseplants propagateby producingspores-tiny fertilizedcells thatcontain allthe instructionsformaking anew plant-but thespores areunprotected byany outer coating andcarry nosupplyof nutrient.-Vast numbersof themfall onthe groundbeneath themother plants.■Sometimes theyare carriedfarther afieldby wateror bywind.«But onlythose fewsporesthat settledown invery favorablelocations canstart newlife;the vastmajority fallonbarren ground.By forceof sheernumbers,however,the mossesand fernsreached Hawaii,survived,and multiplied.Some speciesdeveloped greatsize,becoming treeferns thatevennow growinthe Hawaiian forests.地衣有利于加速坚硬岩石表面的分解,并产生了一层柔软的土壤,这些土壤被提供了大量的来自地下深处的熔岩中含有的矿物质现在,其他形式的生命就可以安家了蕨类植物和苔葬两种最古老的陆地植物品种甚至可以在岩石缝隙里繁衍这些植物通过产生施子来繁殖,抱子是一些微小的有营养的细胞,它们携带了所有的可繁衍一株新的植物所需的遗传物质,但是它没有任何外部表皮的保护,也不携带营养物质大量的抱子飘落在母体植物下面的土壤里,有时候它们被流水或风带到了更远的地方但是只有少量的飘落在绝佳位置的瓶子可以开始新的生命,绝大部分的匏子会落在贫瘠的土地上尽管如此,靠着绝对数量上的优势,地衣和蕨类植物到达了夏威夷群岛存活了下来,并繁衍开去其中一些物种体型巨大,成为了即使到现在还生长在夏威夷森林中的杨才罗Many millionsof yearsafter fernsevolved butlong beforetheHawaiianIsland werebornfromthesea,another kindof floraevolved onEarth:the seed-bearing plants.Thiswas awonderful biologicalinvention.The seedhas anoutercoatingthat surroundsthegenetic materialof thenew plant,and insidethis coveringisaconcentrated supply ofnutrients.Thus,the seedschances ofsurvival aregreatly enhancedover thoseofthenakedspore.One typeof seed-bearing plant,the angiosperm,includes allformsofbloomingvegetation.In theangiosperm,the seeds are wrappedin anadditional layerof covering.Some of these coatsare hard-like theshell ofa nut-for extraprotection.Some aresoft andtempting,like apnach ora cherry.In someangiosperm the seedsareequipped withgossamerwings,like thedandelion andmilkweed seeds.These newcharacteristics offeredbetterways forthe seedsto moveto newhabitats.They couldtravel throughthe air,float inwater,and liedormant formany months.在蕨类植物进化了好几百万年之后不过,还是远在夏威夷群岛从海洋中出现之前,另一种植物开始在地球上进化种子植物这是一次惊人的生物进化种子有一层裹在新植物遗传物质外面的表皮,在表皮里面是一种浓缩了的营养物质因此,种子物种的成活率相对于那些裸露的抱子大大地提高了其中一种种子植物——被子植物,包含了所有的开花植物在被子植物中,种子被另外的一层外皮包裹着其中的一些表皮很坚硬——就像坚果的外壳——可以提供额外的保护还有一些被子的表皮则很软、很诱人,比如桃子或樱桃还有一些被子植物的种子携带有薄纱一样的翅膀,比如说蒲公英和马利筋的种子这种特征为种子转移到新的栖息地提供了更好的途径,它们可以通过空气、流水传播并可以保存好几个月Plants withlarge,buoyant seeds-like coconuts-drift onocean currentsand arewashedup onthe shores.Remarkably resistantto thevicissitudes ofocean travel,they cansurviveprolonged immersionin saltwater.When theycome torest onwarm beachesandthe conditionsare favorable,theseedcoats softer.Nourished bytheir importedsupplyofnutrients,the youngplants pushout theirroots andestablish theirplace inthe sun.一些拥有硕大的、可以浮于水面的种子的植物,像椰子,随洋流飘荡,被冲上海岸对洋流变动抵抗的耐久性使得它们可以在海水的长期浸泡中生存下来当它们停歇在温暖的海滩上,一旦条件合适,种子的外皮就开始变得更软由于受到内部携带的营养物质的滋养,幼小的植物开始发芽并在阳光下成长By meansoftheseseeds,plants spreadmore widelyto newlocations,even toisolatedislands liketheHawaiianarchipelago,which liesmore than2,000miles westof Californiaand3,500miles eastof Japan.The seedsof grasses,flowers,and bloomingtrees madethe(long tripsto theseislands.Grasses aresimple formsof angiospermsthat beartheir)encapsulated seedson longstalks.In asurprisingly shorttime,angiosperms filedmany oftheland areason Hawaiithathadbeen bare.借助这些种子,植物传播到更远的新地方,甚至到了像夏威夷群岛(位于加利福利亚以西2,00英里和日本以东3,500英里)这样孤立的岛屿上草、花和开花植物的种子经过长途跋涉到达这些岛屿上(草类是一类将其种子孕育在长长的秸秆中的简单被子植物)在短得惊人的时间内,被子植物覆盖了夏威夷群岛上曾经大面积荒芜的地面。