TPO-7 Reading 2 阅读译文

Ancient Romeand Greece古代罗马和希腊There isa qualityof cohesivenessabout the Roman worldthat appliedneither toGreecenor perhapsto anyother civilization,ancient ormodern.Like thestone of Romanwall,which wereheld togetherboth bythe regularityof thedesign andby thatpeculiarlypowerful Romancement,so thevarious partsof the Roman realmwere bondedinto amassive,monolithic entityby physical,organizational,and psychologicalcontrols.Thephysical bondsincluded thenetwork ofmilitary garrisons,which werestationed ineveryprovince,and thenetwork ofstone-built roadsthat linkedthe provinceswith Rome.Theorganizational bondswere basedon thecommon principlesof lawand administration andon theuniversal armyof officialswho enforcedcommon standardsof conduct.Thepsychological controlswere builton fearand punishment一on theabsolute certaintythatanyone oranything thatthreatened theauthority of Rome would be utterlydestroyed.罗马具有一种希腊和其他任何不论是古代的还是现在的文明都不具备的凝聚力罗马墙上的石块是靠设计的规整和特别有力的水泥而被固定在一起，类似地，罗马帝国的各个部分也因物理的、组织的和精神的束缚而组成了一个坚若磐石的整体物理的束缚包括驻扎在每个省的戍卫军组成的网络和连通每个省与罗马的用石头铺成的道路网络组织上的束缚则基于法律和行政的一般原则，以及遍布各地、统一行动的军政府精神上的控制则建立在恐惧和惩罚上——毫无疑问，任何人或任何事，只要威胁到罗马的权威，都终将被摧毁The sourceofRomanobsession withunity andcohesion maywell havelain inthepattern ofRomes earlydevelopment.Whereas Greecehad grownfrom scoresof scatteredcities,Rome grewfrom onesingle organism.While the Greek worldhad expandedalongthe Mediterraneanseas lanes,the Romanworld wasassembled byterritorial conquest.Ofcourse,the contrastis notquite sostark:in Alexanderthe Greatthe Greekshad foundthegreatest territorialconqueror ofall time;and the Romans,once theymoved outsideItaly,did notfail tolearn thelessons ofsea power.Yet theessential differenceis undeniable.TheKey to theGreekworld lay in itshigh-powered ships;the keyto Romanpower layin itsmarchinglegions.The Greekswere weddedto thesea;the Romans,tothe land.The Greekwasa sailorat heart;the Roman,a landsman.罗马人对统一和团结的执著可能源自于罗马早期的发展模式希腊是从二十几个分散的城邦发展而来的，然而罗马则是从单个组织发展而来希腊沿着地中海航线扩张，然而罗马帝国则通过领土的占领而壮大当然，它们的对比也不是那么绝对在亚历山大大帝时期，希腊找到了他们整个历史中最大的领地征服者；罗马人虽曾一度迁移到意大利之外，但他们却没有忘记海洋的力量然而，他们之间本质的区别是不容否认的希腊世界的关键是强大的船队，而罗马帝国的关键则是他们行进的部队希腊人死守着海洋，罗马人则死守着土地希腊人是天生的水手，罗马人则是陆上强兵Certainly,in tryingto explaintheRomanphenomenon,one wouldhave toplace greatemphasison thisalmost instinctfor theterritorial imperative.Roman prioritieslayintheorganization,exploitation,and defenseof theirterritory.In allprobability itwas thefertileplain ofLatium,where theLatins whofounded Romeoriginated,that createdthe habitsandskills oflanded settlement,landed property,landed economy,landed administration,and aland-based society.From thisarose theRoman geniusfor military organization andorderlygovernment.In turn,a deepattachment totheland,and tothe stabilitywhich rurallifeengenders,fostered theRoman virtues:gravitas,a senseof responsibility,peitas,asense ofdevotion tofamily andcountry,and iustitia,a senseof thenatural order.毫无疑问的是，为了解释罗马现象，人们应该极大地强调他们几乎是本能的领土观念罗马人的天性就在于对领土的组织、扩张和防御很可能是Latium平原拉丁人最初建立罗马的地方，造就了罗马人在陆地定居、陆地财产、陆地经济、陆地行政以及以陆地基础的社会习惯和技巧在此基础上也产生了罗马人的军事组织和政府管理的才能反过来，对土地以及稳定乡村生活的深深的依恋孕育了罗马人的品格gravitas,一种责任感；peitas,对家庭和国家的牺牲精神；以及iustitia,一种对自然秩序的使命Modern attitudesto Roman civilization rangefrom theinfinitely impressedto thethoroughdisgusted.«As always,there arethe powerworshippers,especially amonghistorians,who arepredisposed toadmire whateveris strong,who feelmore attractedto themightofRomethan tothe subtletyof Greece.・At thesame time,there isa solidbody ofopinionthat dislikesRome.・For many,Rome isat bestthe imitatorand thecontinuator ofGreeceonalarger scale.■Greek civilizationhad quality;Rome,mere quantity.Greecewas theinventor;Rome,the researchand developmentdivision.Such indeedwas theopinionof someof themore intellectualRomans.Had theGreeks heldnovelty insuchdisdain aswe Jasked Horacein hisEpistle,what workof ancientdate wouldnow exist”现在人们对罗马的态度各异，从无限的崇尚到彻底的反感经常有权威的崇拜者，尤其是在历史学家中，不由自主地推崇强大，他们对罗马权力的欣赏远胜于对希腊狡黠的欣赏与此同时，有一种固化的观念厌恶罗马对于很多人而言，罗马至多不过是对希腊更大规模的模仿和延续，希腊文明拥有质量，罗马则仅仅拥有数量希腊是发明者，而罗马则是研究和发展的分支这些实际上是一些高智商罗马人的观点“如果希腊人像我们一样轻视创新，Horace在他的信件中问道“那么有什么古时候的作品能现存于世呢？”Romes debtto Greecewas enormous.The Romansadopted Greekreligion andmoralphilosophy.In literature,Greek writerswere consciouslyused asmodels bytheir Latinsuccessors.It wasabsolutely acceptedthat aneducated Romanshould befluent inGreek.In speculativephilosophy andthe sciences,theRomansmade virtuallyno advanceon earlyachievements.罗马的确欠着希腊无数的债务罗马人吸收了希腊人的宗教和伦理哲学在文学上，希腊作家被下意识地当作他们拉丁后裔的模范毋庸置疑的是，一个受过教育的罗马人一定会讲流利的希腊语在推理哲学和科学上，罗马人实际上没有超过前期希腊的成就Yet itwouldbewrong tosuggest thatRome wassomehow ajunior partnerinGreco-Romancivilization.The Romangenius wasprojected intonew spheres—especiallyinto thoseof law,militaryorganization,administration,and engineering.Moreover,thetensions thatarose withintheRomanstate producedliterary andartistic sensibilitiesof thehighestorder.It wasno accidentthat manyleading Romansoldiers andstatesmen werewritersof highcaliber.然而如果认为罗马是希腊-罗马文化的晚辈那就错了罗马的天才们突破了新的领域——尤其是在法律、军队的组织、管理和工程上而且，由罗马国家内部产生的压力促使文学和艺术的造诣达到最高水平所以很多罗马的高级军官和政治家们都是高素质的作家。