TPO-12 Reading 1 阅读译文

Which HandDid TheyUse他们到底用哪只手？We allknow thatmany morepeople todayare right-handed thanleft-handed.Can onetracethis samepattern far back inprehistory-Much of the evidenceabout right-hand versusleft-hand dominancecomes fromstencils andprints foundin rockshelters inAustralia andelsewhere,and inmany Ice Age cavesin France,Spain,and Tasmania.aWhen a left handhas been stenciled,this impliesthat theartist was right-handed,and viceversa.BEventhough thepaint wasoften sprayedon bymouth,one canassume that the dominanthandassisted in the operation.One alsohas tomake theassumption thathands werestenciledpalm downward-alefthand stenciledpalm upwardmight ofcourse lookas ifit werea righthand.nOf158stencils in the Frenchcave ofGargas,136have beenidentified asleft,andonly22asright;right-handedness wastherefore heavilypredominant.我们都知道，活在当下的人们更多是使用右手而非左手能不能在史前查找出这一相似的性状呢？有太多的来自澳大利亚地区的石屋中模板和字迹以及冰河期法国西班牙以及塔斯马尼亚地区的岩洞上搜集到的证据证明右手较之于左手的优势当一个左手被用于塑模时就反向暗示了制作他的工匠惯于使用右手即使是制作一幅画作需要用嘴喷涂，也可以想象惯用手是如何在这一过程中起到协助作用的另一个假设是被用于塑模的手手掌向下，一只左手塑模朝上也许让它看起来像一只右手在法国岩洞中的个模板中，有个鉴定确认为左手，只有Gargas158136个是右手；右手习惯毫无疑问是据绝对主导地位的22Cave artfurnishes othertypes ofevidence ofthis phenomenon.Most engravings,for行example,are bestlit fromthe left,asbets thework ofright-handed artists,whogenerally preferto havethe lightsource onthe left sothat theshadow oftheir handdoes notfallon thetip ofthe engravingtool orbrush.In thefew caseswhere anIce Agefigure isdepictedholding something,it ismostly,though notalways,in the right hand.岩洞艺术的其他形式也为这一现象提供了依据例如大多数的雕版都是左起的光照最好，因为是配合惯用右手的工匠的工作，他们经常喜欢让光线从左边照过来以便他们手的影子不会投射在雕板工具或是刷子的末端很多冰河时期的雕塑都被雕刻为拿着一些物品的摸样，尽管不是绝对的，但是起码大多数都是放在右手上Clues toright-handedness canalso befound byother methods.Right-handers tendto havelonger,stronger,and moremuscular boneson the right side,and Marcellin Boule aslongago as1911noted theLa Chapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthalskeleton had a rightupper armbonethat wasnoticeably strongerthan the left.Similar observationshave beenmade onotherNeanderthal skeletonssuch asLa Ferrassieland Neanderthalitself.其他方法也能理出右手使用习惯的线索右撇子的右侧身体会趋于更长，更壮,更多肌肉的骨骼早在提到的尼安德特人的骨架有一个右侧上Marcellin Boule1911肢骨骼要明显强壮与左侧对其他尼安德特人的骨架也曾做过类似的调查，例如和尼安德特人本族的族人La FerrassieFracturesand othercut marksare anothersource ofevidence.Right-handed soldierstendto bewounded on theleft.The skeletonof a40-or50-year-old Nabateanwarrior,buried2,000years agoin theNegev Desert,Israel,had multiplehealed fracturesto theskull,theleft arm,and theribs.断痕与割痕也是论据的另一来源右撇子勇士一般都是左侧容易受伤在内盖夫的戈壁中被埋了多年的一个岁之间的勇士的骨架，在他的头部，200040-50Nabatean左臂和肋骨上有多处已愈合的伤痕Tools themselvescan berevealing.Long-handed Neolithicspoons ofyew woodpreservedin Alpinevillages datingto3000B.C.have survived;the signsof rubbingon theirleft sideindicatethat theirusers wereright-handed.The lateIceAgerope foundintheFrench caveofLascaux consistsof fibersspiraling totheright,and wastherefore tressedby arighthander.工具的本身也会反映这一现象长条型新石器时代的紫杉木质勺子从史前年3000一直完好的保存到现在在它左侧的磨痕证明了他们的主人惯用右手在法国的拉克斯岩洞艺术找到的晚石器时代的绳子是由向右旋转的纤维捆成的，当然也就证实了出自右撇子之手Occasionally onecan determinewhether stonetools wereused intherighthand ortheleft,and itis evenpossible toassess howfarbackthis featurecan betraced.In stonetoolmaking（experiments,Nick Toth,a right-hander,held the core thestone thatwould becomethe）tool inhis lefthand and the hammerstone inhis right.As thetool wasmade,thecorewas（rotated clockwise,and the flakes,removed insequence,had alittle crescentof cortexthe）cores outersurface onthe side.Toths knappingproduced56percent flakeswith thecortexontheright,and44percent left-oriented flakes.A left-handed toolmakerwouldproduce theopposite patternToth hasapplied thesecriteria tothe similarlymade pebble（）tools froma numberof earlysites before

1.5million yearsat KoobiFor a,Kenya,probably madeby Homohabilis.At sevensites hefound that57percent oftheflakeswereright-oriented,and43percent left,a patternalmost identicalto thatproduced today.偶尔也能确定石器是左手适用还是右手使用，甚至可以查出这些特征是在多远的过去被留下的在石器制造试验中，一个右撇子，用左手拿着一个石胚（就Nick Toth,是一块是要成为工具的石头）同时用右手抡锤由于工具的作用，胚子顺时针的旋转的同时，小碎片一点点的去掉，在一侧留下月牙状的表层（石头胚子的表面）的敲打产生的碎痕留在了右侧的表面，留在了左侧朝向的碎痕一Toth56%44%个左撇子工匠则会生产出相反的花纹，将这种标准对照到数个在Toth KombiFora（距今一百五十万年前）发现的类似卵石工具上，他在七个地点找到的的碎57%痕是右侧朝向，而是左侧朝向，就和今天我们所生产的花纹一样47%About90percent ofmodern humansare right-handed:we arethe onlymammal withapreferential useof onehand.The partofthebrain responsiblefor finecontrol andmovementis locatedintheleft cerebralhemisphere,and thefindings abovesuggest thatthehuman brainwas alreadyasymmetrical inits structureand functionnot longafter2million years ago.Among Neanderthalersof70,000-35,000yearsago,Marcellin BoulenotedthattheLa Chapelle-aux-Saints individualhadaleft hemisphereslightly biggerthanthe right,andthesame wasfound forbrains ofspecimens fromNeanderthal,Gibraltar,andLa Quina.大约百分之九十的现代人是右撇子；我们都是只是优先使用一只手的哺乳动物大脑负责良好的控制行动的区域位于脑部的左半球，这也证明的人类大脑的机构和功能上的不对称性在两百万年前就已经定型了在距今到年的尼安德7000035000特人中，发现（某人种吧）的个体的左脑半MarcellinBouleLa Chapelle-aux-Saints球稍微比右边大一点，与之类似的也被发现在尼安德特人，直布罗陀人和拉昆尼亚人种的脑型中。