TPO-10 Reading 3 阅读译文

Seventeenth-Century EuropeanEconomic Growth世纪的欧洲经济增长17In the late sixteenth century andinto theseventeenth,Europe continuedthe growththat hadliftedit outof therelatively lessprosperous medievalperiod from the mid400s to thelate1400s.Among thekey〔factors behindthis growthwere increasedagriculturalproductivity andan expansion of trade.在十六和十七世纪之交，欧洲经济保持着脱离中世纪公元5世纪中至公元15世纪末衰微的势头继续增长拉动经济增长最关键的因素是农业生产力的提高和贸易规模的扩大Populations cannotgrow unlessthe ruraleconomy canproduce enoughadditional foodtofeed morepeople.During the sixteenthcentury,farmers broughtmore landinto cultivationatthe expenseof forestsand fenslow-lying wetlands.Dutch landreclamation in theNetherlands inthe sixteenthand seventeenthcenturies providesthe mostspectacularexample of the expansionof farmland:the Dutchreclaimed morethan36,000acres from1590to1615alon已如果乡村经济不能生产足够的食物的话，人口增长就不可能在十六世纪的时候,农民们砍伐森林，开发湿地来扩大耕地面积荷兰的土地开发利用无疑是十六到十七世纪中最引人注目的单单是在1590年到1615年间，荷兰就开发利用了36000多英亩的土地Much ofthe potentialfor Europeaneconomic developmentlay inwhat atfirst glancewouldseem tohave beenonly sleepyvillages.Such villages,however,generally layinregions ofrelatively advancedagricultural production,permitting notonly thesurvival ofpeasantsbut alsothe accumulationof anagricultural surplusfor investment.They hadaccessto urbanmerchants,markets,and traderoutes.欧洲经济增长的巨大潜力是在那些第一眼看过去好像沉睡着的乡镇这些乡镇大多地处农业相对发达的地区，在这儿，不仅农民得以生存，可用于投资的富余农产品也得以积累这些乡镇邻近城市的商人，市场以及贸易线路Increased agriculturalproduction inturn facilitatedrural industry,an intrinsicpart oftheexpansion ofindustry.Woolens andtextile manufacturers,in particular,utilized ruralcottagein-home production,which tookadvantage ofcheap andplentiful rurallabor.Inthe Germanstates,the ravagesoftheThirty YearsWar1618-1648further movedtextile production into thecountryside.Members ofpoorpeasant familiesspun orwove clothand linensat homefor scantremuneration inanattempt tosupplement meagerfamily income.农业的发展反过来促进了工业中的一份子一一农村工业的发展尤其是羊毛和纺织制造商们，他们利用农村大量廉价的劳动力来进行工场制的生产在德国，由“三十年战争”所造成的破坏进一步促使纺织业向乡村迁移为了补贴本已经微薄的家庭收入，贫困潦倒的农民们通过在家纺织衣料或亚麻来换取少量的报酬More extendedtrading networksalso helpeddevelop Europeseconomy inthis period.English andDutch shipscarrying ryefrom theBaltic statesreached Spainand Portugal.Population growthgenerated anexpansionofsmall-scale manufacturing,particularly ofhandicrafts,textiles,and metalproductioninEngland,Flanders,parts ofnorthern Italy,thesouthwestern Germanstates,and partsof Spain.Only ironsmelting andmining requiredmarshalinga significantamount of capital wealthinvested tocreate morewealth.扩大的贸易网络也促进了这段时期欧洲经济的增长英国和荷兰的商船从波罗的海各国带黑麦到西班牙和葡萄牙来卖在英国，佛南德斯，意大利北部，德国西南部和西班牙部分地区，人口的增长促进了小规模手工业的发展，尤其是手工艺品，纺织品和金属制品只有钢铁冶炼和采矿业需要集中大量资金用投入的资金来创造更多的财富The development of bankingand otherfinancial servicescontributed tothe expansionoftrade.By themiddle ofthesixteenthcentury,financiers andtraders commonlyacceptedbills of exchange inplace ofgold orsilver forother goods.Bills ofexchange,which hadtheirorigins inmedieval Italy,were promissorynotes writtenpromises to pay aspecifiedamount ofmoney bya certaindate thatcould besold tothird parties.In thisway,theyprovided credit.At mid-century,an Antwerpfinancier onlyslightly exaggeratedwhen heclaimed,One canno moretrade withoutbills ofexchange thansail withoutwater.Merchants nolonger hadto carrygold and silver overlong,dangerous journeys.AnAmsterdam merchantpurchasing soapfrom amerchant inMarseille couldgo to anexchanger andpay theexchanger theequivalent sumin guilders,the Dutchcurrency.Theexchanger wouldthen senda billofexchangetoacolleague inMarseille,authorizing thecolleaguetopaythe Marseillemerchant inthe merchantsown currencyafter theactualexchange of goods hadtaken place.银行和其他金融服务促进了贸易的发展到十六世纪中叶，从事金融和贸易的人员已经基本接受了使用汇票取代金银进行交易始于中世纪意大利的汇票是一种可以和第三方进行交易的期票（其上注明在规定时间内支付特定数额的钱）就这样，这些汇票具有了信用在这个世纪的中期，一位安特卫普的金融从业人员并没有过分夸张地说“缺少了汇票，贸易根本就不可能进行下去，比没有水的航行还不可能J商人就此再也不用携带金银踏上漫长危险的旅途了一位向马赛商人购买肥皂的阿姆斯特丹商人可以找到一位兑换人，然后付给那位兑换人等值的荷兰货币一一荷兰盾那位兑换方其后将会给他在马赛的同事寄去汇票，凭借此汇票，当货物交易完成后，马赛的兑换人就会以卖家本国的货币支付给卖家相应的钱Bills ofexchange contributedtothedevelopmentofbanks,as exchangersbegan toprovideloans.Not untilthe eighteenthcentury,however,did suchbanks asthe Bankof Amsterdamandthe Bankof Englandbegin toprovide capitalfor businessinvestment.Their principalfunctionwas toprovide fundsfor thestate.随着兑换人开始提供贷款服务，汇票对于银行的发展起到了促进作用然而，直到十八世纪，诸如阿姆斯特丹银行和英格兰银行才开始商业投资贷款业务它们的首要功能是为政府提供资金The rapidexpansion ininternational tradealso benefitedfrom aninfusion ofcapital,stemming largelyfrom goldandsilverbrought bySpanish vesselsfromtheAmericas.Thiscapital financedthe productionofgoods,storage,trade,and evencredit acrossEurope andoverseas.Moreover anincreased creditsupply wasgenerated byinvestments andloans bybankersand wealthymerchants tostates andby joint-stock partnerships-an English（）innovation thefirst majorcompany beganin

1600.Unlike short-term financialcooperationbetween investorsfor asingle commercialundertaking,joint-stock companiesprovidedpermanent fundingofcapitalby drawingon theinvestments ofmerchants andotherinvestors whopurchased sharesinthecompany.由西班牙商船从美国带来的金银成为了促进国际贸易快速发展的资本注入这些资本资助了商品的生产，存储，交易，甚至是全欧洲乃至海外的贷款不仅如此，投资，政府向银行家和商人的借贷以及一项英国的革新——股份制公司（第一家主要的股份制公司始于1600年）都增加了贷款的供应与由投资家组成的以单个商业项目为目的的短期财团不同，股份制公司通过商人和其他投资者购买公司股份所带来的投资提供长期的资金筹集。