the-internet-of-things

3.the internetof things.物联网3In2005,the conceptof the Internet of Things loTentered thelimelight.The loTshould bedesignedto connectthe worlds objects in asensory manner.The approachis totag thingsthroughradiofrequency identificationRFID,feel thingsthrough sensors and wirelessnetworks,and thinkthingsby buildingembedded systemsthat interactwith humanactivities.在物联网概念进入了聚光灯下物联网应该被设计用来连接世界的物体以感觉的方2005,式该方法是通过射频识别射频识别的东西，感受到的东西，通过传感器和无线网络，并认为事情通过构建嵌入式系统与人类活动的互动I.ubiquitous computing无处不在的计算I.Ubiquitous computingis apost-desktop modelof human-computer interactionin whichinformationprocessing isintegrated intoeveryday objectsand activities.For dailyactivities,people mayengagein usingmany pervasivedevices simultaneously.They maynot evenbe awareof theexistence oftheinteractive devices.Although theidea issimple,its applicationis difficult.If allobjects in the worldwereequipped withminusculeidentifying devices,daily lifeon ourplanet couldundergo amajortransformation.普适计算是一种将信息处理集成到日常的对象和活动中的人机交互的桌面模型对于日常活动，人们可以同时使用许多普适的设备他们甚至可能不知道互动设备的存在虽然想法很简单，但它的应用很难如果世界上所有的物体都配备了设备，日常生活minusculeidentifying在我们的行星可能经历一个重大转变The loTcannot berealized withoutsystems designand engineering,and userinterfaces.Contemporary human-computer interactionmodels,whether command-line,menu-driven,or GUI-based,are inappropriateand inadequateto meetubiquitous computingdemands.The naturalloT paradigmappropriateto aubiquitous computingworld hasyet toemerge.Contemporary devicesthat lendsupportto ubiquitouscomputing includesmartphones,tablet computers,sensor networks,RFID tags,smart cards,GPS devices,and others.没有系统的设计和工程，以及用户界面，物联网是无法实现的现代人机交互模型，无论是命令行、菜单驱动还是基于图形界面的，都是不恰当的，不足以满足普适计算的需求一个无处不在的计算世界的自然物联网模式尚未出现现代的设备，支持无处不在的计算，包括智能手机，平板电脑，传感器网络，无线射频识别标签，智能卡，全球定位系统设备，和其他In ubiquitouscomputing,the loTprovidesa network of sensor-or radio-connected devicesthat canbe uniquely identifiedand locatedin thecyber-physical space.This loTismostly wirelesslyconnected asaself-configuring networkof radio-frequency tags,low-cost sensors,or e-labels.The term“loT”combines RFIDtechnology withtoday sIPv6-based Internettechnology.All thingsobjects have IPaddresses,which can beuniquelyidentified.The IP-identifiable objectsare readable,recognizable,locatable,addressable,and/or controllablevia the Internet,aided byRFID,Wi-Fi,ZigBee,mobilenetworks,and GPS.无线传感器网络连通或in theiotprovides ubiquitousComputing,of uniquelyDevices andthat can网络物理空间这是你连通网络自配置无线电频率标签，be locatedin theidentified iotiswirelessly低成本的传感器，或电子标签术语“动”的方式与今天的技术的基于的网络技术RFID IPv6对象的地址，转换为寻All ThingshaveIPwhich canbe identifieduniquely othe objectsare IP址和/或通过辅助locatable recognizable,,,,controllable by the Internet,、和移动网络RFID,ZigBee Wi-Fi GPSII.Enabling andSynergistic Technologies启用和协同技术HoMany technologiescanbe applied tobuild the loT infrastructureand specificloT systemsforspecial applicationdomains.Supportive technologiesare dividedinto twocategories.Enablingtechnologies buildup thefoundations of the loT.Among theenabling technologies,tracking RFID,sensor networks,and GPSare critical.许多技术可以应用于构建物联网基础设施和特定的物联网系统的特殊应用领域支持技术分为类有利的技术建立了物联网的基础在有利的技术，跟踪射频识别，传感器网络，2和全球定位系统是至关重要的RFID isapplied withelectronic labelsor RFIDtags onany objectsbeing monitoredor tracked.Thetags maybe appliedto anyobjects,such asmerchandise,tools,smartphones,computers,animals,orpeople.The purposeis toidentify andtrack theobjects usingradio wavesor sensingsignals.Some tagscanbe readfrom tensor hundredsof metersaway viaa wirelessreader.Most RFIDtags containat leasttwomajor parts.Oneis anintegrated circuitfor storingand processinginformation,modulatinganddemodulating aradio-frequency RFsignal,and otherspecial functions.The otherpart isan antennaforreceiving andtransmitting theradio signals.在任何被监视或跟踪的物体上应用电子标签或射频识别标签标签可以应用于任何对象，如商品、工具、智能手机、计算机、动物或人目的是利用无线电波或感应信号来识别和跟踪物体一些标签可以读取从几十或几百米以外通过无线阅读器大多数的射频识别标签包含至少个主要部分一个集成电路用于存储和处理信息，调制方式解调射频信号，和其他特2RF殊功能另一部分是接收和发射无线电信号的天线Today ssensor networksare mostlywireless,and areknown aswireless sensor networks WSNs.A typicalWSN consistsof spatiallydistributedautonomous sensorsto cooperativelymonitorphysical orenvironmentalconditions,such astemperature,sound,vibration,pressure,motion,or pollutants.Thedevelopment ofwireless sensornetworks wasmotivated bymilitary applicationssuch asbattlefieldsurveillance.WSN technologyis nowused inmany industrialand civilian application areas,includingprocess monitoring and control,machine healthmonitoring,environment andhabitat monitoring,healthcare and home automation,and intelligenttraffic control.今天的传感器网络大多是无线的，被称为无线传感器网络无线传感器网络一个典型的无线传感器网络由自治传感器物理或环境条件，如温度、spatiallydistributed cooperativelymonitor声音、振动、压力、运动、或污染物无线传感器网络的发展是出于军事应用，如战场监视无线传感器网络技术已应用于许多工业和民用领域，包括过程监测与控制、机器健康监测、环境与生境监测、卫生保健及家庭自动化、智能交通控制等The GPSwas developedin1973bytheU.S.Air Force.Similar developmentshave alsooccurred intheEuropean Union,Russia,and China.Since1994,a degradedGPS has been madeavailable forcivilianapplications inproviding reliablepositioning,navigation,and timingservices.For anyonewith aGPSreceiver,the systemwill provideaccurate locationand timeinformation for an unlimitednumber ofusersin allweather conditions,day andnight,anywhere in the world.全球定位系统是由美国空军欧洲联盟、俄罗斯和中国也出现了类似的发展情况自1973以来，已经取得了一个退化的全球定位系统提供可靠的定位，导航和定时服务的民用应用1994程序对于任何一个全球定位系统接收器，该系统将提供准确的位置和时间信息，为一个无限数量的用户在所有的天气条件，白天和黑夜，在世界任何地方Synergistic technologiesplay supportingroles.For example,biometrics couldbe widelyapplied topersonalizethe interactionsamong humans,machines,and objects.Artificial intelligence,computervision,robotics,and telepresencecan makeour livesmore automatedinthefuture.协同技术发挥支持作用例如，生物识别技术可以广泛应用于个性化的人类，机器和对象之间的相互作用人工智能、计算机视觉、机器人、和临场感，可以使我们的生活更自动化的未来The IoT development couldbecome moremature andmore sophisticatedinthenext15yeas.Figure9B-1shows the major technologyadvances andkey applicationsthat maybenefit fromthe IoT.Forexample,supply chainsare nowbetter supportedthan before.Vertical marketapplications mayrepresentthe nextwave of advances.Ubiquitous positioningis expectedto becomea realityas wemove toward

2020.Beyond that,a physicalIoT maybe inplace ina globalscale.These advanceswill significantlyupgradehuman abilities,societal outcomes,national productivity,and qualityof life.物联网的发展将更加成熟，在未来更复杂图显示的主要技术进展和关键的应15yeas9b.i用程序，可以从联网效益例如，供应链现在比以前更好的支持垂直市场的应用可以代表下一波的进步无处不在的定位，预计将成为现实，因为我们走向除了这一，物联网可能2020o在一个全球范围内的地方这些进步将大大提升人类的能力，社会的结果，国家的生产力，和生活质量III.Architecture ofthe Internetof Things物联网的体系结构IILThe IoTsystem islikely tohave anevent-driven architecture.In Figure9B-2,IoTdevelopmentisshown witha three-layer architecture.The toplayer isformed bydriven applications.The applicationspaceoftheIoT ishuge.The bottomlayers representvarious typesof sensingdevices:namely RFIDtags,ZigBee orother typesof sensors,and road-mapping GPSnavigators.The sensingdevices arelocally orwide-area-connected inthe formof RFIDnetworks,sensornetworks,and GPSes.Signals orinformationcollected atthese sensingdevices arelinked to the applicationsthrough thecloud computingplatforms atthe middle layer.物联网系统很可能有一个事件驱动的体系结构图物联网发展有三层结构顶层是由9b-2,驱动应用程序形成的物联网应用空间巨大底层代表不同类型的传感装置即标签，RFID或其它类型的传感器，和道路测绘导航仪传感设备在本地或广域连接在网ZigBee GPSRFID络，形成传感器网络，和这些传感设备收集的信号或信息通过在中间层的云计算平台与gpses应用程序连接起来The signalprocessing cloudsare builtover themobile networks,theInternetbackbone,and variousinformationnetworks atthemiddlelayer.In theToT,the meaningof asensing eventdoes notfollow adeterministicorsyntactic model.In fact,the service-oriented architectureSOA modelis adoptablehere.A largenumber ofsensorsandfilters are used tocollect theraw data.Various computeand storagecloudsand gridsareused to processthe dataand transformit intoinformation andknowledge formats.The sensedinformation isusedtoput togethera decision-making systemfor intelligenceapplications.The middlelayer isalso consideredas aSemantic Webor Grid.Some actorsservices,components,avatars areself-referenced.信号处理云是建立在移动网络，互联网骨干网，以及在中间层的各种信息网络在物联网中，一个敏感事件的意义不遵循句法模型事实上，面向服务的架构这里deterministicor SOA的模型是可行的大量的传感器和过滤器用于收集原始数据各种计算和存储云和网格是用来处理的数据，并把它转化为信息和知识格式所感测的信息是用来把一个决策系统的智能应用中间层也被认为是一个语义网或网格有些演员（服务、组件、化身）是自引用IV・Applications oftheInternetofThings物联网的应用VV oTable9B-2summarizes loT applications inthree majorcivilianapplicationdomains.Obviously,the loThas alot ofmilitaiy applications,which isbeyond thescope of this section.In general,use oftheloT aimsto promoteindustrial productivityand raiseeconomic growth.The loTplays importantroles inenvironmentprotection,including pollutioncontrol,weather forecasting,and disasteravoidanceandrecovery.In termsof societalimpacts,theloTcan makeour livesmore convenientand comfortable.Government services,law enforcement,andhomeand healthimprovements arethemajorbeneficiaries.In theremaining spaceofthissection,we willbriefly discusssome ofthe applicationdomains.表总结了物联网应用的三大民用领域显然，物联网有大量的军事应用，这超出了本9b-2节的范围在一般情况下，使用物联网的目的是促进工业生产和提高经济增长物联网在环境保护中起着重要的作用，包括污染控制、气象预报、灾障和恢复在社会的影响，物联网可以使我们的生活更方便和舒适政府服务，执法，家庭和健康的改善是主要的受益者在本节的其余部分中，我们将简要讨论一些应用领域

1.Retailingand LogisticsServices物流服务1o retailingandEmergenceof RFIDapplications dependsstrongly onadoption byretailers,logistics organizations,and package-delivery companies.In particular,retailers maytag individualobjectsinorder tosolve anumber of problemsat once:accurate inventorying,loss control,and abilityto supportunattendedwalk-（through pointof saleterminals whichpromise tospeed checkoutwhilereducing bothshoplifting and）labor costs.Cold-chainauditing andassurancecould requiretagging foodand medicinewithtemperature-sensitive materialsand/or electronics;ensuring ormonitoring whetherperishable materialsareintactand/or needattention mayentail communicationsamong things,refrigeration systems,automated datalogging systems,and humantechnicians.射频识别应用的出现很大程度上依赖于零售商，物流组织和包装交付公司的采用特别是，零售商可以标记个体为了立刻解决很多问题准确的盘点，损失控制，并有能力通过销售点终端支持（保证速度减少盗窃和劳动力成本）冷和unattendedwalk-checkoutwhile chainauditing需要温度敏感材料和/或电子标签的食品和药品；保证或监测是否易腐assurancecould areintact材料和/或需要关注可能带来通信之间的事情，制冷系统，自动数据记录系统，与人类的技术人员

2.Supply ChainManagement供应链管理2oSupply chainmanagement isa processused bycompanies toensure thattheir supplychain isefficientand cost-effective.Supply chainmanagement canbe aidedby anloT system.The ideais tomanagea wholenetworkofrelated businessesor partnersinvolved inproduct manufacturing,delivery,and servicesas requiredby endcustomers.At anygiven time,market forcescould demandchanges fromsuppliers,logistics providers,locations andcustomers,and anynumberofspecialized participantsinasupply chain.This variabilityhas significanteffects onthe supplychain infrastructure,ranging fromthefoundation layersof establishingthe electroniccommunication betweenthe tradingpartners tothe morecomplexconfiguration ofthe processesand thearrangement ofworkflows thatare essentialto afastproduction process.供应链管理是一个由企业使用的过程，以确保他们的供应链是有效的和具有成本效益的供应链管理可以借助物联网系统其理念是管理整个网络的相关业务或合作伙伴参与产品制造，交付和服务所需的终端客户在任何给定的时间内，市场需求变化从供应商、物流商、地点和客户，和任何数量的专门指供应链这种变化对供应链基础设施的重大影响，从建立贸易伙伴之间的电子通信过程的更复杂的配置和工作流程，是一个快速生产过程中必不可少的安排的基础层

3.Smart PowerGrid andSmart Buildings智能电网和智能建筑3oA criticalloTapplicationis promotionofasmart powergrid.Various powercompanies acrosstheUnited Stateshave or are inthe processof upgradingtheir powermanagement anddistribution systems.Various sensorsat individualhomes smartthermostats cancollect informationthat issent viaa networktomain stationsperhaps evenlocal“hubsthat canapply complexpower Managementand sentcontrolsignals backtothegrid tosave energy.The smartgrid ismade possibleby applyingsensing,measurement,and controldevices toelectricity production,transmission,distribution,and consumption.一个关键的物联网应用程序是一个智能电网的推广美国各电力公司已经或正在升级其电源管理和配电系统的过程中在个人家庭中各种传感器智能温控器可以收集，通过网络发送信息的主要站也许甚至是当地的“枢纽”，可以将复杂的电源管理和发送控制信号到网格节省能源智能电网是通过应用传感，测量和控制设备，电力生产，传输，分配和消费成为可能The loThasbeensuggested inconstruction ofsmart buildingsin residential,commercial,industrial,and governmentsettings.A smartbuilding canbeashopping mallorahome,a hospitalorahigh-riseoffice tower.Smart buildingsneed monitoringand regulationof heating,air conditioning,lighting,andenvironmental changes.They canoversee buildingsecurity,fire suppression,and elevatoroperations.Smart buildingtechnologies focuson bringingmore detailedmonitoringandsensing“awareness”tobuildings.在住宅，商业，工业和政府设置的智能建筑，物联网已经提出了建议一个聪明的建筑物可以是一个购物中心或一个家庭，一个医院或一个高层办公大楼智能楼宇需要对供暖、空调、照明和环境变化进行监控和调节他们可以监督建筑安全，防火和电梯运行智能建筑技术的重点是将更详细的监测和传感“意识”到建筑物。