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非谓语动词
一、非谓语动词种类及句法功能
(一)概述.在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词非谓语动词有动词不定式(the Infinitive);动名词(the Gerund);现在分词(the PresentParticiple);过去分词(the PastParticiple)
1.非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有.
(1)如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用,例如They builta garden.They suggestedbuilding agarden.
(2)都可以被状语修饰The suitfits himvery well.The suitused tofit himvery well.
(3)都有主动与被动,“体”式(一般式;进行式;完成式)的变化例如Hewas punishedby hisparents.(谓语动词被动语态)He avoidedbeing punishedby hisparents.(动名词的被动式)We havewritten the composition.(谓语动词的完成时)Having writtenthecomposition,we handedit in.(现在分词的完成式)
(4)都可以有逻辑主语They startedthe workat once.(谓语动词的逻辑主语)The bossordered themto startthe work.(动词不定式的逻辑主语)We areLeague members.(谓语动词的主语)We beingLeague member,the workwas well done.(现在分词的逻辑主语).
2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有.
(1)非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词),在句中做主语、宾语、表语
(2)非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语
(3)非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中作状语
(二)非谓语动词的句法功能
二、非谓语动词用法
(一)动词不定式(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征
1.不定式的形式(以动词write为例)否定式not+(to)do
(1)一般式不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,例如Im gladto meet you.He seemsto knowa lot.注意
1.Now moreand morepeople arebusy aboutthe Internet.learn
2.-It1s toohot.Would youmind thedoor open.
3.No matterhow hardit is,well keepuntil wemake it.try
4.Wecouldn t helplaugh afterwe heardthe funnystory.laugh
5.He gaveus someadvice onhow English,learn
6.Its apay day,and theyare waiting.pay
7.I dont knowwhether youhappen,but Im goingto studyin theU.S.A thisSeptember.hear
8.I forgotsign myname whenI finishedwrite thecomposition.
9.You werebrave enough to raisedobjections atthe meeting.----Well,now I regret that,do
10..She can thelpthe housebecause shes busymaking acake,clean
11.Martin looksso well.We venever seenhim sowell before,look
12.My fatherhas decidedto stopbecause smokingis badfor hishealth,smoke
三、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词做表语
1.表示一定的概念,具有名词的性质时,不定式和动名词可以互换
2.若表示具体的、个别的动作或有将来含义时,一般用不定式
3.现在分词和过去分词作表语具有形容词特征,也可以作为形容词但要注意二者的区别现在分词表主动意义,即“令人有某种感觉的”,多用来修饰物;过去分词含有被动意义,即“人被引起某种感觉的”,多用来指人、人的声音或表情.
1.Her wishis anengineer,become
2.Some peoples greatestpleasure is.fish
3.The reportwas soinspire that they wereall excite.
4.——“You lookpale.”-----I feela little.tire
四、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词做定语
1.不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后,表示未发生的动作或将要发生的某一动作
2.动名词做定语往往说明所修饰词的某种用途,一般放在被修饰词的前面
3.现在分词作定语表示主动、正在进行的动作过去分词作定语则表示被动、或完成的意义单个分词或形容词性的分词作定语往往放在被修饰词的前面;分词短语作定语多置于被修饰词后面
1.She saidshe hadan importantmeeting.attend
2.He isalways the first questions,answer
3.The BeijingWinter Olympicsin theyear2012will bea greatsuccess,hold
4.The firsttextbooks forteaching Englishas aforeign languagecame outin the16th century,write
5.At present,English isthe mainsubject here,teach
6.Who arethose peoplewith thebanner,r-----A groupitself theLeague forpeace.”call
7.The penon thetable belongsto me.lie
五、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做补足语
1.接不定式作宾语补足语的动词口诀请求命令与禁止想要邀请期待鼓励与建议答应告诫允许提醒和帮助打算教导说服与强迫驱使ask/beg sb.to do sth.请求某人做某事order/command sb.to do sth.命令某人做某事forbid sb.to do sth.禁止某人做某事want sb.to dosth.想要某人做某事.•••invite sb.to dosth.邀请某人做某事expect sb.to dosth.期待某人做某事encourage sb.to dosth.鼓励某人做某事advise sb.to dosth.建议某人做某事.teach/train sb.to sth.教/训练某人做某事persuade sb.to dosth.说服某人去做某事force sb.to dosth.强迫某人做某事drive sb.to dosth.驱使某人做某事■有些感官动词和使役动词,如see,watch,hear,feel,notice,observe,look at,listen to,let,have,make,keep,get等后常跟不带符号to的不定式做宾语补足语,常表动作的整个过程一•省略to的情况使役动词和感官动词后一感二听三让四看feel/hear,listen to/let,make,have,/look at,see,watch,notice❖had betternotdosth..最好不做…❖why not/why dontyoudosth.为什么不做…help sb.to dosth..Would ratherdosth.宁愿做…would youplease dosth.情态动词+do助动词+do
1.My motheroften asksme somecleaning onSundays,do
2.-Do youoften hearJohn inhis room-Listen!Now wecan hearhim inhis room.sing.
3.I watchedher in the nextroom lastnight.dance4・Let sswimming afterthe exam.go
5.You dbetter abus.catch
2.现在分词做补足语分两种情况形容词性质的现在分词作补足语e.g.I find the bookvery interesting.我发现这本书非常有趣宾语补足语动词性质的现在分词作补足语感官动词和使役动词,如see,watch,hear,feel,notice,observe,look at,listen to,let,have,make,keep,get等后可以跟表示动作性质的现在分词作补足语,表示“正在或持续做某事”e.g.I seehim passingbyabank.我看见他正经过一家银行宾语补足语感官动词see,watch,look at,notice,hear,listen to,feel+do表不动作的完整性…+doing表示动作的进行性
1.He keptme formany hours,wait
2.Mother caughtthe boyin thecorner,smoke
3.过去分词done做宾语补足语,说明宾语的性质或状态,与宾语一起构成复合宾语,其前的宾语是它的逻辑主语若是及物动词的过去分词,既表示被动,也可以表示动作已经完成即先于谓语动词若是不及物动词的过去分词,则只表示完成句子由主动变被动时,宾语补足语相应的变为主语补足语The bossfound hisplan carriedout successfully.Have youheard thissong sungin Japanese宾补This songis oftenheard sungeverywhere inChina.主补
1.I needthis chapterbefore tomorrow,rewrite
2.When shereturned home,she foundthe windowopen andsomething.steal
六、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做状语
1.不定式做状语,主要表示目的、结果、原因以及评论性状语.不定式往往放在系表结构后面,表示产生某种情绪或状态的原因e.g.She wassurprised to see Jimwalk in..看到吉姆进来,她很惊讶不定式可以单独作目的状语,有时为了强调目的性在不定式前可以加上in order,so asof.g.Tosucceed,one mustfirst ofall believein himself..不定式表结果,常用在too…to,enough…to结构中.有时不定式前加上nly,表示出人意料的结果.g.g.The childis oldenoughtodress himself.We hurriedto thestation onlytobetoldthatthe trainhad left.The husbandleft hiswife,never tore turn.有些不定式是用来表示说话者的观点或态度的,放在句子之外,修饰整个句子,我们称之为评论性状语h.g.I havenever seensuch aperson,to tellyou thetruth.长话短说,我们不同意
1.I haveenjoyed myvisit here.Ill bevery sorry.leave
2.I wenttoseehim,only him out.find
3.现在分词做状语可表示时间、原因、结果、伴随、方式、目的以及作评论性状语等现在*词的一般式作时间状语,往往表示动作与谓语动词同时发生或相继发生现在分词的完成式作时间状语,往往表示动作先于谓语动词发生e.g.Hearing the news,they alljumped forjoy.作原因状语Living farfrom theschool,I haveto getup earlyin themorning.作结果状语,常位于句尾,前面的主句表示原因,后面的分词短语表示直接造成的结果f.g.The firelasted awhole night,causing greatdamage.作伴随或方式状语,表示与谓语动词同时发生的另一动作g.g.FollowingTom,we startedto climb.我们跟随汤姆开始爬山现在分词作目的状语往往具有伴随性,多放于句尾,且与主句间用逗号隔开e.g.Jane keptsilent,trying not to showher feelings.作评论性状语,有些惯用的分词短语在句中可以独立存在,它们用来修饰全句,表明说话者的态度、观点等..常见的有generally speaking一般说来..strictly speaking严格说来judging from/by由…判断e.g.Judging fromher accent,she mustcome fromAustralia.
1.the cryfor help,people immediatelyrushed outof therooms,hear
2.Hello,he reachedout hishand,say
3.His parentsdied,him anorphan,leave
3.过去分词在句中可作时间、原因、条件、伴随、方式等状语.过去分词作时间状语可置于句首,也可以置于句尾,有时还可以置于主语和谓语之间Asked abouthis address,the boydidn trespond.Seen from the hill,the citylooks magnificent.作原因状语,常置于句首Infected withthe H1N1,the littleboy wasseparated fromthe otherchildren..作条件状语United,we stand;divided,we fall..合则立,分则败We plan to paya visit.He wantsto be an artist.The patientasked to be operatedon at once.The teacherordered the work to be done.2进行式不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如The boypretended tobe workinghard.He seemstobereading inhis room.3完成式不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如I regrettedto havetold alie.I happenedto haveseen the film.He ispleased to have methis friend.
2.不定式的句法功能.1作主语To finish the workin tenminutes is very hard.To lose your heartmeans failure.动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,例如上面两句可用如下形式It is very hardto finishtheworkin tenminutes.It meansfailure toloseyourheart.2作表语Her jobis toclean thehall.He appearstohavecaught acold.3作宾语常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer,如果不定式宾语后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语不定式后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如.Marx foundit importantto studythe situationin Russia.动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如.I haveno choicebut tostay here.He didnothing lastSunday butrepair hisbike.动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如He gaveus someadvice onhow tolearn English.4作宾语补足语.在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,call on,wait for,invite.此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如With a lot ofwork to do,he didnt go to the cinema..有些动词如make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to,如I sawhim cross the road.He wasseen tocrosstheroad.5作定语动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后与所修饰名词有如下关系
①动宾关系I havea meetingto attend.注意不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如He founda goodhouse to live in.The childhas nothingto worryabout.What didyou openit with.如果不定式修饰time,place,way,可以省略介词He hasno placetolive..This isthe bestway to work outthis problem.如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式Have you got anything to sendHaveyougotanythingtobe sent
②说明所修饰名词的内容We havemade aplanto finishthework.
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语He isthefirstto gethere.6作状语
①表目的He workedday andnight to get themoney.She soldher hairto buythe watchchain.注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致wrongTo savemoney,every meanshas beentried.rightTo savemoney,he hastried everymeans.wrongTo learnEnglish well,a dictionaryis needed.rightTo learnEnglish well,he needsa dictionary.
②表结果He arrivedlate to findthetrain gone..常用only放在不定式前表示强调I visitedhim onlytofindhimout.
③表原因They werevery sadto hearthe news.
④表程度Its toodark forus tosee anything.The questionis simplefor himto answer.7作独立成分:To tellyou thetruth,I dontlike theway hetalked.8不定式的省略保留to省略do动词If youdont wantto do it,you donrtneed to.9不定式的并列第二个不定式可省略toHe wishedto studymedicine andbecome adoctor.二动名词动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能
1.动名词的形式否定式not+动名词1一般式Seeing isbelieving.眼见为实2被动式He cameto theparty withoutbeing invited,他未被邀请就来到了晚会3完成式We rememberedhaving seenthefilm.我们记得看过这部电影4完成被动式He forgothaving beentaken toGuangzhou whenhe wasfive yearsold.他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过5否定式not+动名词Iregretnot followinghis advice.我后悔没听他的劝告6复合结构物主代词或名词所有格+动名词He suggestedour tryingit onceagain.他建议我们再试一次His notknowing Englishtroubled himalot.他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦
2.动名词的句法功能.1作主语Reading aloudisveryhelpful.朗读是很有好处的Collecting stampsis interesting.集邮很有趣当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语Its nouse quarrelling.争吵是没用的.2作表语In theant city,the queenfs jobis layingeggs.在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵3作宾语They haventfinished buildingthe dam.他们还没有建好大坝We haveto preventthe airfrom beingpolluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如We foundit nogood makingfun ofothers,我们发现取笑他人不好要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid避免,excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit承认,deny否认,mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk冒险,appreciate感激,be busy,be worth,feel like,cant stand,canf thelp情不自禁地,think of,dream of,be fondof,prevent•••from,keep•••from,stop…from,protect…from,set about,be engagedin,spend…in,succeed in,be usedto,look forwardto,object to,pay attentionto,insist on,feel like4作定语He cantwalk withouta walking-stick,他没有拐杖不能走路Is therea swimmingpool inyour school你们学校有游泳池吗?
(5)作同位语The cave,his hiding-place issecret.那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密His habit,listening to thenewson theradio remainsunchanged.他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变.
(三)现在分词现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能
1、现在分词的形式.否定式not+现在分词
(1)现在分词的主动语态现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语例如.They wenttothepark,singing andtalking.他们边唱边说向公园走去Having donehis homework,he playedbasket-ball.做完作业,他开始打篮球
(2)现在分词的被动语态一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动.词之前的被动的动作.The problembeing discussedisveryimportant.正在被讨论的问题很重要Having beentold manytimes,the naughtyboy madethe samemistake.被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误
2.现在分词的句法功能
(1)作定语现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语.放在名词后In thefollowing yearshe workedeven harder.在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了The manspeaking tothe teacheris ourmonitor!s father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲.现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如in thefollowing years也可用in theyears thatfollowed;the manspeaking tothe teacher可改为the manwhois speakingtotheteacher.
(2)现在分词作表语.The filmbeing shownin thecinema isexciting.正在这家上演的电影很棒The presentsituation isinspiring.当前的形势鼓舞人心.be+doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be+doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构
(3)作宾语补足语.如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语.see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,observe,listen to,look at,leave,catch等例如Can youhear hersinging the song inthe nextroom你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?He keptthe carwaiting atthe gate.他让小汽车在门口等着4现在分词作状语.
①作时间状语While Workinginthefactory,he was an advancedworker.在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人
②作原因状语Being aLeague member,he isalways helpingothers.由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人
③作方式状语,表示伴随He stayedat home,cleaning andwashing.他呆在家里,又擦又洗
④作条件状语If Playingall day,you willwaste yourvaluable time.要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间.
⑤作结果状语He droppedthe glass,breaking itinto pieces.他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎
⑥作目的状语He wentswimming theother day.几天前他去游泳了
⑦作让步状语Though rainingheavily,it clearedup verysoon.虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格I waitingfor thebus,a birdfell onmy heard.我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上All thetickets havingbeen soldout,they wentaway disappointedly.所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了Time permitting,welldoanother twoexercises.如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习有时也可用with without+名词代词宾格+分词形式With thelights burning,he fellasleep.他点着灯睡着了
⑨作独立成分udging frombyhis appearance,he mustbeanactor.从外表看,他一定是个演员Generally speaking,girls aremore careful.一般说来,女孩子更细心四过去分词过去分词只有一种形式规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住过去分词的句法功能
1.过去分词作定语.Our classwent onan organizedtrip lastMonday.上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行Those electedas committeemembers willattend themeeting.当选为委员的人将出席这次会.注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句
2.过去分词作表语.The windowis broken.窗户破了They werefrightened atthe sadsight.他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕注意be+过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态区别The windowis broken.(系表)The windowwas brokenby theboy.(被动)有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成如boiled water(开水)fallen leaves(落叶)newly arrivedgoods(新到的货)the risensun(升起的太阳)the changedworld(变了的世界)这类过去分词有gone,come,fallen,risen,changed,arrived,returned,passed等
3.过去分词作宾语补足语I heardthesongsung severaltimes lastweek.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语With thework done,they wentout toplay.工作做完了,他们出去玩去了
4.过去分词作状语.Praised bythe neighbours,he becamethe prideof hisparents.受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲(表示原因)Once seen,it cannever beforgotten.一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了(表示时间)Given moretime,Ill beable to doitbetter.如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好(表示条件)Though toldof thedanger,he stillrisked hislife(
1.todo2,一ing3,done)•谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态它有人称、数、时态和语态的变化e.g.He works,/He takescare ofthe baby.------------------------单谓语或动词短语He willgo to Shanghai./He didntgotoShanghai./He hasgone toShanghai.--------------------------------------情态动词/助动词+v.You arestudents../You looksmart.----------------系动词+表语•非谓语「无人称,数的变化,不单独作谓语,但保留动词特点,可以有宾语或状语.e.g.He wants,toworkhere.He foundthe bookinteresting.She hadwater deliveredto herhouse.We noticedhim enterthe building•非谓语动词的分类1)todo不定式2)v-ing.
①asanoun动名词;
②as adj.or adv.现在分词.•非谓语动词的使用条件一个句子当中,已经存在一个主句(谓语动词),又没有连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现时,这些动词就充当了非谓语动词.找出下列句子中的非谓语动词(含短语)
1.Tom returnedfromthemanagers office,telling methattheboss wantedtosee meatonce.
2.The newsmeeting,tobeheld inthat hall,has alreadybeen crowdedwithreporters.
3.I heardthe girlsinging inthe classroom..
4.The mantalking withmy fatheris Mr.Wang.
5.To liveis tostruggle.(生活就是斗争)辨析几类情况
一、不定式与动名词做主语
1.动名词做主语往往表示泛指的、一般的行为;不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为或将来的动作e.g.Climbing mountainsis greatfun.爬山很有趣To visitChina ismy nextgoal.
2.不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置e.g.It tookme onlyfive minutestofinishthe job.
3.动名词作主语有时用it作形式主语,把动名词置于句尾常见于以下句型中It suse/good/fun doing…It suseful/nice/useless doing…
1.a languagerequires timeand effort.learn
2.It isnot alwayseasy invitations.refuse
3.How theproblem willbe discussedat tomorrowsmeeting.solve
二、不定式与动名词做宾语
1.下列动词后常跟不定式做宾语:want,wish,hope,expect,ask,afford,agree,choose,pretend,decide,happen,learn,offer,refuse,fail,plan,prepare,order,manage,promise,intend等e.g.He agreedtogetsomeone tohelp us.They promisednottobreak theschool rulesagain.有以下口诀和顺口溜供参考使用:决定想做计划需要同意能做被用来做的事迫不及待下决心做过去常常未能做的事想要干want,wish,hope,expect,seek,attempt,aim,desire,swear,claim,wouldlike/love早打算plan,intend,prepare,mean,arrange同意否agree,promise,undertake,offer,choose,refuse,afford问问看ask(ask todo要求做),beg决定了decide,determine,be determined,make upone smind
2.在下列动词或动词短语后常用动名词做宾语admit,advise,allow,avoid,bear,cannot help,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,give up,imagine,include,keep,keep on,mind,miss,put off,permit,practice,resist,risk,suggest,stand,insist on,be busy,be worth,feel like,can t stand,think of,dream of,be fondof,succeed in,admit to,be/get/become usedto,beequal to,devote…to,get downconsider,suggest/advise,look forwardto,delay/putto,look off/postpone,fancy miss,keep/keep on,practice•考虑建议盼望原谅deny,finish,appreciate•否认完成去欣赏excuse/pardon forbid,imagine,risk•禁止想象去冒险•承认推迟去设想admit,canthelp,mind,allow/permit,escape cantstand,•不禁介意准逃亡•避免错过继续练avoid,set about,object to•难以忍受始反对•想要成功坚持忙.feel like,succeed in,stickto/insist on,be busy/occupied(in)…•介词+doing常考介词at,in,on,of,off,for,from,up,about,without,to等等be good/expert atdoing sth擅长做某事be interestedin doing sth.对做某事感兴趣thank sb.for doing sth.谢sth.insist ondoingsth.坚持做某事谢某人做某事be tiredof doing害厌烦做某事be afraidofdoing sth.怕做某事sth.推迟做某put offdoing止事stop sb.from doingsth.阻某人做某事give updoingsth.放弃做某事without doingsth.没有做某think aboutdoingsth.考虑做某事某事事.What/How aboutdoing做怎么样?pay attentionto doingsth.look forwardto doingsth.(盼望)。