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教学设计Unit3Grammar andusageThe grammaritems in this unitdeal withobject complements,either...or...and neither...nor andsubject-verb agreement.We511learn whatan object complement is,the basicpattern inwhich italwaysoccurs andwhat can be usedas an object complement.As for the phraseseither...or...and neither...noryou areexpected touse either...or...as one of the sentence elementsto expressthe ideaof alternatives,and neither...nor...to jointwo negativeideas together.Subject-verb agreementexplains somerules ofusingcorrect singular or plural verbs after the subject.Step1:Object ComplementLefs read Parts1-5on the page
48.Try to understand eachpoint andread theinformation in the topbox.1The object complement givesmore information about the object.The object complement givesmore informationabout the object.They calledthe youngman GreatHero.object object complement2An object complement alwaysoccurs in this pattern:verb+object+object complement.The objectcomplement can oftenbe a noun phraseor an adjective.e.g.They madeWu Tongmonitor of their class.You mustkeep theroom cleanall thetime.3Sometimes ato-infinitive orbare infinitivecan be an objectcomplement,e.g.rd likeall ofyou toworkstill harder.Will youlet usplay ballgames afterwe finishour exercises4An objectcomplement canbea prepositional phrase.e.g.If youkeep thenew dressin hotwater,the colorswill run.5An objectcomplementcanalso bea present participle phraseor apast participlephrase.e.g.The mostexciting thingfor theold manwas to watch thechildren playingin thegarden.They toldme tohave mycar repairedas soonas possible.6An objectcomplement usuallyagrees with the objectin number.)一些由两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语通常用复数形式如8glasses,clothes,等trousers,shoes,compasses,chopsticks,scissors但如果主语用等加名词构成时,谓语动词一般用单数形式a kind of,a pairof,a seriesof Apair ofshoeswas on the desk.)(这种书),其谓语动词;短语9this kind of book=a bookof this kind this kindof men=men ofthiskind=these kindof(口语这一类人),但的谓语用单数,和men Xthis kindof menmen ofthis kindthese kindof men的谓语用复数,后跟复数名词,谓语用复数形式如all kindsofThis kindofmenis dangerous.Men ofthiskind/sort aredangerous.)复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时,按意义一致的原则,用作单数意义时,谓语用单10数,反之,谓语用复数这类名词有(种类),等当它means,works,species Chinese,Japanese们的前面有修饰时,谓语用单数;有、修饰时,谓语用a,such a,this,that allsuch thesethose复数)如果名词词组中心词是等词语,所指是复数意义,谓语动词用复数形式,11all,most,half,rest反之用单数All ofmy studentswork hard.All of the oilis gone.)在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致如12Between thetwo windowshangs anoil painting.由连接词连接的名词作主语
2.)用或连接并列主语,谓语动词通常用复数形式但如果并列主语指的是同一1and both…and个人,同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时后面的名词没有冠词and Truthandhonesty is the bestpolicy.To loveand to be lovedis thegreat happiness.Going to bed earlyand gettingup earlyis agood habit.A knifeand forkis on the table.)当主语后面跟有2as wellas,as muchas,no lessthan,along with,with,like,rather than,together with,等弓[导的词组时采取“就远原则”but,except,besides,including,in additionto以等连接的词作主语时,采取“就近原则3or,either...or,neither...nor,not only...but also.代词作主语3名词型物主代词连接的动词,既可以用单数,也可以用复数,这取决于它所代替的是单数还1是复数Ours OurParty is a greatParty.Your shoes are white,mine=my shoesare black.、起指示代词作用时,应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数2such the sameSuch isour plan.Such arehis lastwords.关系代词、、等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数3who thatwhich一致疑问词作主语时,谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数4who,what,which不定代词、等作主语时,要注意下列情况单独5any eitherneither noneall somemore A作主语时,视其在文中的意义,动词可用单数或复数形式Now allhas beenchanged.All arepresent.其后接时,若的宾语为不可数名词,动词用单数形式;若的宾语为复数名词或代词B of ofof时,动词可以是单数,也可以是复数;在正式文体中,单数形式的动词更常用Do esany ofyouknow about the accidentNone ofus hashave seenthe film.分数、量词作主语
4.分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由1““a lotof,lots of,plenty of,a largequantity of,a heapof,名词”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词要与短语中后面的名词的数保持一heaps of,half of+of致,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词,而短语中前面的量词是修饰语如Lots ofdamage wascaused byflood.A numberof studentshave goneto thecountryside.Quantities offood nutswere stillon the table.修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数;2a greatdeal of,a largeamount oflarge修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数amounts of表示数量的后,名词要用复数形式,但是其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数3one anda half形式One anda halfapples isleft on thetable.)()修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数,修饰可数名词复4half of,a partof数时,谓语动词用复数名词化的形容词作主语
5.如果主语由形容词(或分词厂结构担任时,谓语通常用复数这类词有“the+the rich,the poor the、等如表抽象的也可以用单数,如brave theinjured theliving thewounded theunknownthe等beautiful从句作主语
6.)由引导的主语从句,谓语动词通常用单数,但所指的具体内容是复数意义时,谓语动1what词一般用复数形式What weneed ismore money.What weneed aremore people/teachers.)在复数名词引导的从句结构中,关系代词的先行2“one of++who/that/which”who/that/which词是靠近它的复数名词而不是因此从句中的谓语动词也应该是复数形式如前有ne,ne the only则用单数形式This is one of the most interesting storiesthat have been toldby myfather.She wastheonly one of the girlswho waslate forclass today.不定式、名动词(短语)作主语用单数形式;句型中的单复数取决于后的第一
7.There be bebe个词的数There is a book,two pensonthedesk.There aretwo pens,a bookonthedesk.Exercises forconsolidationI.Multiple choice
1.The engineerand managerreferred toto designsomething.A.be goingB.are goingC.be likelyD.is going
2.Apples ofthiskind.A.tastes goodB.tastes wellC.taste goodD.taste wellA.is B.are C.was D.were
3.The manageror hissecretary togive youan interview.A.seem B.were C.is D.are
5.Between thetwo buildingsour library.A.is standingB.standing C.stand D.stands
6.The UnitedNations in
1945.A.was foundB.was foundedC.were foundedD.were found
4.Ten thousanddollars alarge sumof money.
7.A.Smiths B.The SmithsC.The SmithD.Mr.Smithwere alsoinvited to the party.
8.The oldtaken goodcare ofin ourcountry.A.is B.has C.are D.have
9.The numberof teachersin ourschool greatlyincreased thisterm.A numberof teachersin this schoolfrom thecountryside.A.is,is B.is,are C.are,are D.are,is
10.The studentsin ourclass eachan Englishdictionary.A.are havingB.had C.has D.have
11.The audienceso largethat noseat wasleft unoccupiedin thegreat hall.A.is B.are C.was D.has(年上
12.Either youor theheadmaster theprizes to these giftedstudents at the meeting.94海卷)A.is handingout B.are tohand outC.are handingout D.is tohand out
13.A cookwill beimmediately firedif heis foundin thekitchen.A.smoke B.smoking C.to smokeD.smoked
14.Before hecame toLondon,he hadnever hearda singleEnglish word.A.speaking B.spoken C.speak D.being spoken
15.Why doyou havethe waterall thetimeA.ran B.toberunning C.running D.being running
16.Til goto Beijingnext week.Do you have anythingto yourfatherA.to takeB.taken C.being takenD.tobetaken(上海)
17.Each of the students,working hardat hisor herlessons,to goto university.98A.hope B.hopes C.hoping D.hoped(上海)
18.of theland inthat districtcovered withtrees andgrass.2000A.Two fifth;is B.Two fifth;are C.Two fifths;is D.Two fifths;are(
19.Every possiblemeans toprevent theair pollution,but thesky isstill notclear.2000上海春)A.is usedB.are usedC.has beenused D.havebeenused(高考山
20.With moreforests beingdestroyed,huge quantitiesof goodearth eachyear.05东卷)25A.is washingaway B.is beingwashed awayC.are washingaway D.are beingwashed away二,翻译句子老师让学生们查了所有他们不认识的单词
1.我不能让你整天跑来跑去
2.读完“皇帝的新装“后,我们都发现它很有趣
3.当他回到家时,他发现窗户开着,有东西被偷了
4.噪音太大,听不到发言人说话
5.墙上挂着两幅巨幅画像
6.坐在河边的那个男孩是学生中唯一受到老师表扬的人
7.全班都在认真地听老师讲
8.我,你们的老师,将尽最大努力帮助你们学习
9.奥运会每四年召开一次
10.Keys:I.1—5DCACD6—10BBCBD11—15CDBBC16—20DBCCDII.
1.The teachergot the students lookup allthe wordsthey didntknow.
2.1cant haveyou runningup anddown allday long.
3.Having read the EmperorsNew Clothes,we allfound itinteresting.
4.When hereturned home,he foundthe windowopen andsomething stolen.
5.There wasso muchnoise thatthe speakercould notmake himselfheard.
6.On thewall hangtwo largeportraits.
7.The boysitting bythe riveris theonlyoneof thestudents whohas beenpraised bythe teacher.
8.The wholeclass arelistening to the teacherattentively.
9.L whoam yourteacher,will trymy best to helpyou with your study.
10.The OlympicGames areheld everyfour years.After thatpeople calledthe boya littlehero.
2.Please gothrough Lostcivilizations again and findas manysentences withan objectcomplement asyou can.For example,Sven foundthe remains of buildingsburied under the sand,together witha lotof treasures,such ascoins,painted pots,silk materials,documents andwall paintings.remainsofbuildings is the object,and buriedunderthesand is theobjectcomplement,which givesinformationaboutthesituation of theobject.We foundthe ruinsmostinteresting.the ruinsistheobject,and interestingistheobjectcomplement,which givesinformationabouttheobject.
3.Now letsreadthenext exceiptfrom Anns diary entryon page48and useproper objectcomplementsto completeit.Try tounderstand whatthese phrasesin thebox mean.
49.First readthe sentencescarefully andpay attentionto thefunction ofeither...or...Youve got tounderstand the instructionsand sentencesinthispart andpay attentionthateither...or...can connectthe coordinatesubject,verb,object andadverbial insentences.3Lefsreadthe sentencesin Part2on page49carefully andpoint outthe sentenceelement ofneither...nor...in each sentence.4Read theexample andthe exerciseon page49carefully.If youcan findout how to rewritethehighlighted sentences,youcanwork inpairs todo therest ofthe exercise.I wouldlike to see whetheryoufully understandPoints1and
2.Step2:Subject-verb agreement1Subject-verb agreementmeans choosingthe correctsingular or plural verbafterthe subject inasentence.Here aresome pointsto helpus decideif the verb is singularorplural.I willshow yousomesentences asfollows.Please decidewhich verb form canbeusedto fillin theblanks in eachsentence.1have yourclassmates finishedtheir homeworkHave2My friendand Iwantto playoutside afterwatching TV.Want3Most ofthestudentsprefer Englishto mathematics.Prefer4have allofthecake beeneaten upHas5Collecting stampsbe oneof hisfavorite pastimes.Is6be yourfamily abig oneIs7All myfamily getup earlyin themorning.get8Neither hisfather nor his motherplaythe piano,plays9The remainsoftheold castlebedestroyed inWorld WarIL were10Not onlyJim but also hisparentsbe going to seeyou nextSunday.are11Not onlyJims parentsbutalsoJimbe goingtoseeyou nextSunday,is
2.Read PartA onpage
51.It is another ofAnnsdiaryentries.Read thearticle andchoose thecorrectverb forms.Then gothrough PartB onpage
51.It isa letterinalocal newspaper.Read theletter andfinishthe exerciseindividually,using thecorrect formsofthegiven verbs.ResourcesObject Complement
1.The followingverbs areoften followedby anobject andanounor anoun phraseas anobjectcomplement:name,call,choose,elect,make...e.g.We electedJohn chairmanof ourclub afterthe formerone retired.When wewere workingonthefarm,we allcall IronOx.
2.The followingverbs areoften followedby anobject andanadjectiveas anobjectcomplement:make,get,keep,find,consider,e.g.Though hedid notmean tohurt her,yet hisjoke didmake herangry.After manyyears ofhard work,he foundit impossibleto carryon withhis experiments.
3.The followingverbs areoften followedby ato-infinitive as anobjectcomplement:ask,tell,beg,invite,order,advise,warn,want,get,wish,expect,persuade,allow,permit,forbid,help,...e.g.She askedme toanswer thequestion atonce.The teacherdid notallow usto talkto eachother inclass.
4.The followingverbs areoften followedby abare infinitiveas anobjectcomplement:have,make,let,help,see,hear,watch,notice,find,observe,look at,listen toe.g.In thatfactory,the bossalways hashis workerswork morethan fifteenhours aday.I heardhim sayso.
5.The followingverbs areoften followedby apresentparticipleas anobjectcomplement:have,keep,get,feel,see,hear,watch,find,notice,observe,...e.g.I hadthem alllaughing atmy jokes.I canhear someoneknocking.
6.The followingverbs areoften followedby apast participleasanobjectcomplement:have,make,get,see feel,hear,watch,find,e.g.When youspeak Englishyou shouldtry yourbesttomake yourselfunderstood.I wassurprised to find myroom thoroughlycleaned andeverything arrangedin goodorder,either...or...,neither...nor...You mustpay attentionthat either...or...,neither...nor...can connectthe coordinatesubject,verb,object andadverbial insentences.
1.Connecting thecoordinate subjectsEither your motheror yourfather,or bothyour parentscan comewithyou.Either Timorhisbrothers haveto waterthe treesevery other day.Neither youraunt nor I have any otherthought butwhat isthe bestfor youNeither hisdaughter norhis sonwould listento hissuggestions.
2.Connecting thecoordinate objects:At schoolwe mayhave eitherrice ornoodles forsupper everyday.You maychoose eitherphysics orchemistry asyour major.They haveneither steamheat norrunning water.I wonttake a trip fbrI haveneither thetime normoney.
3.Connecting thecoordinate predicatesor predicatives:“Either gototheconcert orstayathome.Dont goanywhere else,“father shouted.The booksthere areeither bookson travelor detectivenovels.That isneither myfault norhis.He wasneither clevernor stupid,but goodenough athis work.One thirdofthemen couldneither readnor write.
4.Connecting thecoordinate adverbialsor attributes:We aregoingtoreturn toour hometowneither todayor tomorrow.You maytake eitherthe blueorthegreen one.The twomen walkedvery fast,looking neithertotheright nortotheleft.Paul cameattheright time,neither tooearly nortoo late.
5.Connecting thecoordinate clauses:Either you must improveyourwork,orIwill dismissyou.Eitheryoucut itout,or weshall haveto washour handsofthewhole business.For referenceAgreementI gota holdof somebad porkchops theotherday,and theydidnt agree with me.Stomach achesaren*t verypleasant.Don*tyouagree Weall knowthese meaningsofnagree,but whenwe talkabout subject-verb agreement,were talkingaboutsomething different:matching subjectsand verbsaccording tonumber.That is,when youhave asingularsubject,youhaveto matchit witha singular verbform:The boyplays.The numberof students,in ourschool is
1700.When youhave a plural subject,youmusthave apluralverbform:The boysplay.Mary andKelly lookalike.In short,with simplesentences,you shouldhave noproblem withagreement.You knowwhere theproblemlies in thesentence:The boysplays.When itswrong,it justsounds funny.However,there arefourpotential problemspots thatyou need towatchcarefully:•stuff inbetween the subject andverb・reversed sentenceorder•-body,-one,”and”-thing words•“who,n Hwhich,”and“that”Stuff inbetween subjectsand verbsThestuff hereis usuallyaprepositionalphrase thatseparates the subject fromthe verb.Remember howwecrossed outprepositional phrasesin ordertofindthe subjectDo thesame thingif yourehavingproblems withagreement.Now,look atthe followingsentence anddecide whafswrong withit:The dishesin thekitchen is dirty.Good guess!The subject andthe verb dontagree.Whats theprobable causefortheproblemKitchen asingularnoun isright infront ofisa singularverb.If kitchenwere thesubject,that wouldbe okay.But,its not.Cross outthe prepositionalphrase andyoure leftwith:The dishesinthekitchen isdirty.The dishes...isdirty”sounds wrong,doesnt itThe subjectis plural,but the verb issingular.Theydont agree.The correctversion is:The dishesinthekitchen aredirty.Once youknow howto lookfor thisproblem,it shouldntbe toohard toget ridof itwhen youproofreadyour paper.Reversed sentenceorderThe normalpattern forEnglish sentencesis subject-verb.However,there area fewsituations wherethisorder isreversed likethis sentence:•There aresnacks onthe laundry-room table.•Where are they•On thetable arethe goodies!See howthesubjectcomes aftertheverbineachof theseIf youcan rememberhowtolocate subjectsandverbs,you shouldntblunder intomistakes whenwriting reversed-order sentences.-body,-one,”and-thing wordsThecorrect termfor thesewords isindefinite pronouns,but if you rememberthem as”-body,””-one,”and”-thing words,youll probablybe ableto spotthem moreeasily.You onlyneedtoknow onething:if aword hasoneofthese endingslike everybody,everyone,anyone,anything,etc.,it isalwayssingular!You canalso includeeach,either,and neitherinthisgroup.Look atthe following:
1.Everyone is going ona picnic.
2.Each ofthe boysis takinghis ownlunch.
3.If anyonedrops somethingto eat,Ill grabit beforehe canpick itup.You shouldnthave problemswith theseif yousimply memorizethe endingsof wordsthat are alwayssingular.NOTE:We saidthat eitherand neitherarealwayssingular;however,ifyouhave twosubjects inan,either...or orneither...nor constructiongetting theagreement rightmay giveyou fits.To get it right,just locatethesubjectclosest totheverband maketheverb agreewithit:・Either themailman orthe construction workers arecausing Peggyto barklike crazy.・Neither the dogs down the streetnor theone nextdoor paysany attention.Compare thiswiththefollowing:・Either theconstructionworkersorthemailman iscausing Peggyto barklike crazy.・Neither theone nextdoor northedogsdownthestreet payany attention.Agreement,inthiscase,depends onthe placementofthesubject.“Who,nnwhich,n andnthatRemember dependent clauses Theyhaveasubjectanda verb,but theycantstand alone.Thats whatwere dealingwith here,but witha littlesomething extra.Now wevegottoconsider pronouns.A pronounisaword thattakes the place of anoun thatcomes beforeit,usually inthesameclause orone veryclose to it.Peggy isa troublemaker.She bitesmy earsand stealsmy food.“Who,“which,and“that arepronouns.When theytake the place ofasingularnoun,they aresingular;when theytake theplace ofapluralnoun,they areplural.This isimportant toremember whentheyarethesubject ofa clause.Compare thefollowing sentences:
1.Big Dogisoneof thoseanimals whoare veryintelligent.
2.Big Dogisananimal who is veryintelligent.In both,whoisthesubjectofadependent clause.In number1,it takes theplace of animalsa pluralform.Thats whyare*isthecorrect verbchoice.In number2,who takestheplaceof animala singularform,and thatswhy isis correct.This mayseem abit confusingat first,but there*saway togetitright everytime.If youfind“who,“which,or nthatHintroducing adependentclauselike inthe examplesabove:
1.Look atthe wordright infront ofit usuallythafs the word ittakestheplaceof.
2.Decide ifthewordissingularorpluralthat willtell youwhether“who,“which,or thatissingular orplural.
3.Make theverbagree!Thats allthere istoit!Something Moreabout Agreement主谓一致应注意的若干问题名词作主语
1.)某些集体名词如等作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语用单数,反之用复1family,team数The crowdwere runningfor theirlives.My familyisgoingout fbratrip.The wholefamily arewatching TV.这类词常有audience,class,club,committee,company,crew,crowd,enemy,government,group,party,等public,team和()复数名词”也适用于这种情况,强调整体用单数,强调各个部Population“a groupcrowd of+分用复数)某些集体名词如谓语动词用复数2people,police,cattle,oxen)单、复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数3A sheepis overthere.Some sheepare overthere.)名词所有格之后的名词被省略,这种情况一般只指商店、工场、住宅等;作主语时,动词一4般用单数My unclesis notfar fromhere.常见的省略名词有等the bakers,the barbers,the Zhangs表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待,但用作主语时,谓语动词往往用复数如Richardsons havea lotof oldgoods tosell.)当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时,往往可以根据意义5一致的原则,把这些复数名词看作一个整体,谓语用单数Thirty yearshas passed.Five minutesis enoughto finishthe task.)不定代词所修饰的名词即使以或逗号连接成多主语时,谓语动词仍用单6each,every,no and数形式如Each boyand eachgirl inmy classhas adictionary.7)如果主语有more thanone.・.或manya...构成,尽管从意义上看是复数内容,但它的谓语动词用单数形式More than one studenthas seenthe play.Many aboy hasbought thatkindoftoy.但是,复数名词结构之后,谓语用复数“more++thanone”。