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英语必修译林牛津教案4Unit15Grammar1Period6Grammar andusage ITeachinggoalsHelp the Ss tolearn how to change direct speech into reported speech.Teaching importantpointsThe changesthe Ssshould payattention towhen theychange direct speech into reported speech.Teaching difficultpointsPay attentionto the changes insentence structures,personal pronouns,tenses,adverbials of time andplaceand soon.Teaching methodsExplainingand practicing.Teaching aidsAprojector andsome slides.课前训练I usually doubt about any research that concludes that people are either happier orunhappier ormoreor less certain of themselves than they were50years ago.While anyof thesestatements mightbe true,they arepractically impossibleto provescientifically.Still,1was struckby areport whichconcluded thattodays children are significantly more anxious than children in the1950s.In fact,the analysisshowed,normal childrenbetween9and17have ahigher levelof anxietytoday thanchildren whowere treatedformental illness50years ago.Why areAmerica/s kidsso stressedThe reportcites twomain causes:increasing physicalisolation(孤独)brought uriby highdivorce ratesand lessinvolvement incommunity,and agrowing perceptionthat the world is amore dangerousplace.Given thatwe cvnt turn the clock back,adults canstill doplenty tohelp the next generationto cope.(培育)At thetop of the listnurturingis abetter appreciationofthelimits ofindividualism.No childisan island.Strengthening socialties helpsbuild communitiesand protectindividuals against stress.To helpkids buildstronger connectionswith others,you canpull theplug onTVs andcomputers.Your familywill thankyou later.They willthen havemore timefor face-to-face relationships,and theywillget moresleep.虚拟的Limit theamount ofvirtual violenceyour childrenare exposedto.Its notjust videogamesand movies;children seea lotof murderand crimeon thelocal news.Keep yourexpectations foryour childrenreasonable.Many highlysuccessful peoplenever attendedHarvardor Yale.Make exercisepart ofyour dailyroutine.It will help youdeal withyour ownanxieties andprovide agoodmodel foryour kids.Sometimes anxietyis unavoidable,but itdoesnt haveto ruinyour life.
31.What doesthe authorthinks ofthe conclusionthat peoplein Americaare unhappierthan50yearsagoA.Surprising B.Confusing C.Illogical D.Questionable【答案】D【解析】细节理解题根据令人吃惊的;令人困惑的;不合唱里的;surprising confusingillogical可疑的questionable Iusuallydoubtaboutanyresearchthatconcludesthatpeopleareeitherhappieror.作者对于调查结果持怀疑unhappier ormore orlesscertainof themselvesthanthey were50years ago的态度,故选D
32.What doesthe authormean bysaying〃we can/tturntheclockbackPara.3A.Its impossibleto slowdown thepace ofthechange.B.The socialreality childrenare facingcannot bechanged.C.Lessons learnedfrom the past shouldnot beforgotten.D.It/s impossibleto forgetthepast.【答案】B【解析】句意理解题根据.孩子们面临adults canstill doplenty tohelp thenext generationto cope的社会不能被改变,故选B
33.According toan analysis,compared withnormal childrentoday,children50years agoA.were lessisolated physicallyB.were probablyless self-centeredC.probably sufferedless fromanxiety D.were consideredless individualistic【答案】c【解析】细节理解题根据今todayschildrenaresignificantlymoreanxiousthanchildrenin the1950s天的孩子比年前的孩子压力大,故选50C
34.What isthe firstand mostimportant thingparents shoulddo tohelp theirchildrenA.To providethem witha saferenvironment.B.To lowertheir expectationsfor them.C.To getthem moreinvolved socially.D.To seta goodmodel forthem tofollow.【答案】C【解析】细节理解题根据Strengthening socialties helpsbuild communitiesand protectindividuals父母应该让孩子多参加社会活动,故选againststress.C
35.What conclusioncan bedrawn fromthe passageA.Anxiety,though alwaysunavoidable,can becoped with.(夸大).B.Childrens anxietyhas beenenormously exaggeratedC.Childrens anxietycan beremoved withmore parentalcare.D.Anxiety,if properlycontrolled,may helpchildren becomemature.【答案】c【解析】推理判断题根据在父母的关怀下孩子们的焦虑是可Sometimes anxietyis unavoidable,以消除的,故选CTeaching proceduresand waysStepI PresentationDemonstratea pairof sentences on the screen andask the Ss tospeak outthe differencesbetweenthem.Sentence I:She said.Xhina hasbeen using PSAs to educate people.Sentence2:She said that China had been usingPSAs toeducate people.T:Please lookatthetwo sentences.And canyou tellthe differencesbetween them51:There isa quotationmark inSentence1,but notany inSentence
2.T:Quite good.Anything elseOther differences52:Sentence1tells uswhat exactlyshe hassaid,so thereare quotationmarks fnthe sentence,butSentence2just repeatswhat she said without using the exact words.T:Exactly.So wecall SentenceI adirect speech,while Sentence2a reported speech.We usedirectspeech toreport whatexactly hasbeen said.If wewrite thespeech down,the wordswill usuallyappearin quotationmarks.However,we oftenprefer touse reported speech orindirect speechtoreportthemeaning ofwhat hasbeen saidwithoutusingtheexactwords.Demonstrate thetwo sentenceson theBb.Direct speech:She said,“China hasbeen usingPSAs toeducate people.Reported speech:She saidChinahadbeenusingPSAstoeducatepeople.Step2ExplanationT:Weve learnedwhat direct speech andreported speechare,but doyou knowhow tochange directspeech into reported speech Nowread the instructions andexamples inPoint2and youwill findhow.After theSs finishreading.T:So thestructure ischanged when we change direct speechinto reportedspeech.Are thereany otherchangeswhenwetry tochangedirect speechinto reportedspeechOK,lets readtheinstructions inPoint
3.More explanationsare shownbelow.直接引语和间接引语
一、直接引语和间接引语的区别与联系直接引语就是直接引用别人的原话,并在原话前后加引号;间接引语就是用自己的话转述别人的话,多数以宾语从句的形式构成,不加引号而多用连词引导宾语从句that
二、直接引语变间接引语直接引语变间接引语有人称和物主代词的变化、时态的变化、指示代词的变化以及时间和地点状语的变化人称的变化主语为第一人称时,转变为间接引语之后,人称要作相应的调整
1.如She said/l amtired.f She said that she wastired.The headmastersaid tous:You muststudy hardnow/f Theheadmaster told us thatwe hadto studyhard then..时态的变化直接引语变为间接引语时,间接引语的时态要与主句的时态一致其规律是:2间接引语直接引语一般过去时一般现在时过去完成时一般过去时过去将来时一般将来时过去进行时现在进行时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时将来进行时过去将来进行时将来完成时过去将来完成时She said.n\am yourmothers friend.—She said that she was mymothers friend.The teacher said,“We shallhave finishedthe wholetextbook bythe endof thisterm/一注意The teacher said that they wouldhave finishedthe wholetextbook bythe endof thatterm.直接引语为客观真理时,间接引语时态不变,仍用一般现在时A.如The teachersaid,“All the planets move round the sun.”f The teachersaid that alltheplanetsmoveroundthesun.直接引语为一般过去时并且与具体的过去时间状语连用时,间接引语仍为一般过去时B.如:She said,“1went to England in
1998.〃f She said that she wenttoEnglandin
1998.主句为一般现在时或一般将来时的时候,间接引语的时态不变C.He says.a\bought you something nice yesterday/f Hesays that he boughtme somethingniceyesterday.D.如果在当地转述,come不必改成go,here也不必改成there;如果在当天转述,yesterday,等时间状语也不必改变tomorrow直接引语是感叹句时,间接引语用或引导,也可以用引导E.what howthatShe said,“What alovely dayit is!-She saidwhat alovely dayit was./She said that itwas alovely day.T:Ok.I/ll giveyou moreexamples tohelp youunderstand theinstructions.Give theSs moresentencesShe said,am listening to the weather report.f She saidthat shewaslisteningto theweatherreport.He said.zzl havefinished myhomework//f He saidthathe hadfinished hishomework.He said,ZZ1will dothe experimentat threein theafternoon//—He saidthathe would dothe experimentat threein theafternoon.“Light travelsat greatspeed/7hesaid.f He saidthatlight travelsat greatspeed.The teachersaid,“The worldis made up of matter//f The teachersaidthattheworldismadeupofmatter.指示代词以及时间和地点状语的变化是
3.直接引语间接引语指不代词this thatthesethose时间状语now thentodaythat daytonightthat nightthisweek year,term thatweek year,termyesterday theday beforelastweek year,term theweek year,term beforetwo years agotwoyearsbeforetomorrow thenext followingdaynext week year;term thenextweekyear,term地点状语here there动词come gobringtakee.g.She said.Z/These exercisesare easy•〃-She saidthat thoseexercises wereeasy.The secretary said,/zl haventreceived the letter today/f Thesecretarysaidthatshehadnt receivedtheletterthat day.Hesaid.zzNow itis yourturn/f Hesaidthatthen itwas myturn.Hesaid.Z1shall come back nextweek・〃fHe saidhewouldcomebackthenextweek.She said.1will comehere thisafternoon/^Shesaidthatshewould gothere thatafternoon.Step3PracticeLet theSs completethe memoon Page
9.This exercisewillhelptheSsreview andpractice therules ofchangingdirectspeechintoreportedspeech.T:After somany explanations,lets dosome practice.Complete thememo accordingto theadvertisement.Pay attentionto thetenses,personal pronounsand adverbialoftimeand place.First readtheadvertisement andget familiarwith it.After theSs finish the exercise,check theanswers.Answers onP9:
1.was
2.would be
3.had read
4.that
5.would
6.had bought
7.that
8.would
9.those
10.herStep4ConsolidationGive theSs moreexercises tohelp thempractice usingdirectspeechand indirectspeech.T:Ill giveyousomeexercises tocheck howwell youvelearned theusage ofdirectspeechand reportedspeech.Look atthe screen,please.Some ofthem arereportedspeech,try tochange them into directspeech.Show theSs somesentencesonthescreen.Change thefollowing sentencesinto directspeech orreportedspeech.L〃l willnever forgetthe interestinglesson/said Paul.
2.Steve toldJoe thathe likedsinging.
3.〃lm veryglad tovisit yourfactory/said thevisitor.
4.The womantoldusthatshedid notlike Americanmovies verymuch.
5.Theteachertold thestudents thattheyweregoing tohave ameeting atthree.
6.“Mum hasgone tothe market/the daughtersaid tothe father.
7.Shesaid,ZZ1will tryto finishreading thebook bythe endoftheweek.〃
8.Shesaidto me,“You haveto improveyour spokenEnglish//Give theSs severalminutes tofinishtheexercise.Theteachermove aroundto seehow theyare goingalong.After severalminutes,check theanswers withtheSs.Step5Summary andHomeworkT:In thisperiod wehave learnedhowtochangedirectspeechintoreportedspeech,and wemust payattentiontothemajor changesinthesentence structures,personal pronouns,tenses,adverbials oftimeand placeand othercases.After class,please goover theinstructionsinGrammar andusage andkeeptheminmind.Record afterteaching:。