还剩11页未读,继续阅读
本资源只提供10页预览,全部文档请下载后查看!喜欢就下载吧,查找使用更方便
文本内容:
教学设计unitl Grammarand usageStepl:Introduction tonoun clausesFor reference:Introduction toNoun ClausesAnoun clause is aclause whichdoes thework of a nounin a sentence.It is a groupof wordscontaininga subjectand a verb ofits own.It can be used as a subject,predicate nominative,direct object,appositive,indirect object,or object of thepreposition.Usually noun clauses beginwith that,what,where,when,who,whom,which,whose,how,why,whether,etc.Examples:He said that hewould notcome.We wereall curiousto knowwhat he had done.Nobody knowswhen theregistration will begin.We allwanted to find outwho thewinner was.Whom theywere incontact withon theday of the robberyis ofgreat interestto thepolice.Jane is not surewhich universityshe shouldapply for.The judgeshad ahard timedeciding whosepainting was the best.How thebaby fellfrom thewindow is a mystery.They askedthe boywhy hehad hithis classmate.Whether you like itor notisnot the issue.Uses ofNoun ClausesNoun Clauses can be used in the following ways:a.As the subject of a verbWhyshe kepton cryingpuzzled everyone.noun clausemain verbb.As the objectNobody knowshow hegot involvedin ganglandactivitiesverb noun clausec.As thecomplement of the verbto benor predicative
2.—I thinkits goingto bea bigproblem.-Yes,it couldbe.(上海春)-I wonderwe doabout it.2002A.if B.how C.what D.that
3.she couldntunderstand wasfewer andfewer studentsshowed interestin her(上海)lessons.2000A.What,why B.That,what C.What,because D.Why,that()
4.A computercan onlydo youhave instructedit to do.200INMETA.how B.after C.what D.when()
5.You aresaying thateveryone shouldbe equal,and thisis Idisagree.2004NMETA.why B.where C.what D.how()
6.1like in the autumnwhen theweather is clear andbright.2004NMETA.this B.that C.it D.one
7.The roadis coveredwith snow.I cantunderstand theyinsist ongoing bymotor-bike.()2004NMETA.Why B.whether C.when D.how(匕
8.We cantfigure outquite anumber ofinsects,birds,and animalsare dyingout.20041京)A.that B.as C.why D.when(上海)
9.After YangLiwei succeededcircling theearth,our astronautstodo is walkin space.2004A.where B.what C.that D.how
10.A storygoes ElizabethI ofEngland likednothing morethan beingsurrounded byclever(上海)and qualifiednoblemen atcourt.2004A.when B.where C.what D.that
11.With hiswork completed,the businessmanstepped backto hisseat,feeling pleasedhe wasa manof(湖南)action.2006A.which B.that C.what D.whether(全国)
12.See theflags ontop ofthe buildingThat waswe didthis morning.2006IA.when B.which C.where D.what(全国
13.Please remindme hesaid hewas going.I maybe in time tosee himoff.2006)IA.where B.when C.how D.what一
14.What didyour parentsthink aboutyour decision(全国)—They alwayslet medo Ithink Ishould.2006IIIA.when B.that C.how D.what
15.One advantageof playingthe guitaris it can giveyou a great dealof pleasure.(上海)2006A.how B.why C.that D.when
16.A warmthought suddenlycame tome Imight usethe pocketmoney tobuy someflowers(安徽)fbr mymothers birthday.2006A.if B.when C.that D.which(天津)
17.There ismuch chanceBill willrecover fromhis injuryintimefor therace.2006A.that B.which C.until D.if
18.-Ifs thirtyyears sincewe lastmet.(四川)-But Istill rememberthe story,believe itor not,we gotlost ona rainynight.2006A.which B.that C.what D.when
19.The traditionalview iswe sleepbecause ourbrain is“programmed“to makeus doso.(上海)2007A.when B.why C.whether D.that(上海)
20.he referredto inhis articlewas unknownto thegeneral reader.2007A.That B.What C.Whether D.Where
11.Translation重要的是你做什么,而不是说什么
1..他出生在何时何帔不知道2那个人何口微谋杀,为什么被谋杀尚不知道
3.问题是他对那个小男孩做了些什么
4.我们相信他己经挣了庠够的钱来盖所房子
5.AnswersL1-5CCACB6-10CACBD11—15BDBDADBDCC16--20CABDBIL
1.The importantthing is what youdo,but notwhat yousay.
2.Where andwhen hewas bornhas not been found.
3.When andwhy theperson wasmurdered arestill unknown.
4..The problemiswhathe hasdone to the littleboy.
5.We believedthat hehad earnedenough moneyto builda houseAnswerspage11A lif2that3that4that5that6whether7that8WhetherB1that2that3whether4that5that6if/What weare worriedabout is that hemay have another heartattack.The questionis whythey couldescape throughthe frontdoor when there wereso manyguards there.A Noteto Students:There aresome commonerrors amongmany studentswhen theyuse noun clauses insentences.Here aresomeoftheerrors:
1.Inversion structurewithin the noun clause:Where is the place is stillnot clear.In theabove example,the inversionstructure is usedin which thesubject the placeispreceded byaverb is.Mistakes likethis reflectthe tendencyof studentsto mistakeinterrogative wordslike where,when,why,how,etc.when usedin noun clauses forthose usedin questions,as inWhere is the wallet”It shouldtherefore be noted that the structural components of a noun clause are the orderofa statementor Subject+Verb as in:What youdoisterrible.Whatever yousay willinterest usall.However,there is an exceptionto the rule.One shouldnote that a noun clause thatbegins withwhat canalsobe immediatelyfollowed bya finite verb,without havingasubject,as in the following::What hasbeen discussedin themeeting willremain asecret.:He askedme what the matterwith mewas.
2.No main verb in the sentenceSincenoun clausesvery oftenserve to emphasize aparticular ideain a sentence,many studentstend tothink that theirfunction istoemphasizeonly and that there are nostrict rulesto followwhen usingthem.This is a misconception.Look atthe followingsentence::What theylike luxury goods.In theabove sentence,the student may havethought thatlike mayfunction as the main verb of thesentence.Since Theylike luxurygoods1are acomplete sentence,and that what isonly anemphasizer,so the studentmaythinkthat the sentenceis correct.In thiscase,thestudenthas forgottenthat thestructuralcomponents ofa noun clause areSubject+Verb”asinWhat theysay,and mistakentheverb likewithin the noun clauseas the main verb ofthewhole sentence,thereby producinga sentencethatdoes nothaveamainverb.Tt shouldbenotedthat all these interrogativeslike why,who,when,how,whether...etc.,although theyserveas emphasizers,begin aclause whosestructuralcomponentsare subjectand verb.This meansthatthe verbinside the clause,in thiscase theverb like,cannot functionas themainverbofasentence.Inthe followingsentence,nisH isthemainverbofthe sentence and like isthefiniteverbwithin thenounclause.:What theylikeisluxurygoods.
3.Mistaking where,when,why,how,etc.for therelative pronounwhich.:I livein abuilding whichhas40storeys.:I livein abuilding wherehas40storeys.If youreally wantto usewhere1instead of“which”in theabove sentence,follow thestructural ruleofnoun clause:nSubject+verb1::I livein abuilding where thereare40storeys.Some studentssee“which and where asequivalent whenthey areused as relative pronouns.Yet,“which andwhere bearsimilar meaningand requiredifferent structuralcomponents whenthey areused asrelativepronouns.
1.Look atsome examples:1At lunchtime,the radioweatherman reportedthat themist wouldbecome athick fogintheafternoon.2She wondered if the buses wouldstill be running.3The truthis thatthe fogis toothick for thebusto runthat far.4What surprisedme mostwas thatthe oldman couldntsee anything.As youcan see,the functionoftheseunderlined sentences arethe same asnouns ornoun phrasesso theyarecalled noun clauses.Read1-5on page8to learnmore aboutnounclauses.
2.From Part1on page8,you mayfind that a nounclause canbe used as thesubject ofasentence.Andwe call it thesubject clause.The wordsused to introduce nounclauses arecalled conjunctions.Theconjunctions are that,whether andwhy,etc.Pay attentionto the sentence inwhich it is used as an empty subject.Sometimes it is put atthebeginningof asentenceandused as the formalsubject whilethenounclauseisputatthe end,because inEnglishpeople usuallyput longor complicateditems towardsthe endofasentence.Therefore,itcanalso becalleda preparatorysubject.A It isclear/certain/likely/true/surprising that...B It isapity/shame/good idea/no wonderthat...C Itis said/reported/believed/known/thought/suggested that...D Itseems/happens that...e.g.:It happenedthat Iwent outlast night.Itissaidthat China willwin inthe WorldCup.
3.In Part2,we cansee thata nounclause canbe used as the objectofaverbor a preposition in asentence.And wecallit the object clause.The conjunctionsused to introduce theobject clausesin theexamplesentences arethat,if/whether,which,who,etc.Read thetwo sentencesinwhichit isused as anempty object.When an object clausetogether with anadjective as an objectcomplement isused after the predicateverb,we canuse itasanemptyobjectafterthe verband puttheobjectclause aftertheobjectcomplement to avoid havinga longerand heavierhead.Also,the clausecoming lastin asentence usuallyhas thehighest informativevalue in any case.
4.We knowfrom Part3thata nounclause canbe usedasthe predicativeafterthelink verbbe.And wecallitthepredicative clause.The conjunctionsused tointroduce thepredicative clausesarethat,whetherand how.
5.Look atthefollowingexamples on the blackboard.Pay attentiontothered partin eachsentence.Polly,a twenty-year-old younglady,was ledhome byan oldblind man in aheavy offog.The bookA briefHistory ofTime waswritten byStephen Hawking,agreatscientist.The factthat Pollyhasnt askedforthemans nameis pity.The redparts inthe threesentencesarein apposition.That isto say,a noun,a nounphrase ora nounclauseis placedequivalently withanother nounasanexplanatory part,both havingthe samesyntacticrelation tothe otherelements inthesentence.When a nounclauseisusedin oppositiontoa noun,it iscalledthe appositive clause.The conjunctionused tointroduce theappositive clauseinthelast sentenceis that.From theexamples inPart4,we cansee thatthenounwithanappositive clauseis usuallyan abstractnoun,such asnews,fact,idea,truth ortheory.An appositiveclausecanstrengthen theabstract nounwithsome definiteinformation.
6.From theexamples ofthe fiveparts,we knowwhat wordscanbeusedasconjunctions tointroducenoun clauses.Put downthe wordson yournotes bookfor laterretrieval.conjunctions tointroduce nounclausesconjunctions:that/whether/ifconjunctive pronouns:what/who/which/whose/whatever/whoever/whomever/whicheverconjunctive adverbs:where/when/why/how/wherever/whenever
7.Read thearticle onpage9to identifyallthenounclauses,which arethesubject,object,predicative,orappositive clausesand pointout the conjunction ineach clause.And thendescribe themain ideain yourownwords.Answers Page9Paragraph1The possibilitythat pleasant smells mightreduce painhas recentlybeen suggestedby newresearch,anappositive clause with that usedasthe conjunction.Paragraph2As peoplebelieve thatstrong smellscan affectthe senses,an objectclause withthat usedas theconjunction.Paragraph3Scientists areinterested inwhether thesense of smell isrelated topain andwhether menand womenhavethesamesenses,object clauseswith whetherusedasthe conjunction.Now,the studyhas provedthat forwomen,pleasant smellsreduce pain,an objectclause withthat usedasthe conjunction.Paragraph4He saysthat scientistsalready havedata from40volunteers,an objectclause withthat usedas theconjunction.He addsthat thisyear,scientists willtest another60volunteers andwillbeinabetter positionto explaintheresults,an objectclause withthat usedastheconjunction.Paragraph5One explanationis thatwomens sense ofsmelldeveloped longago,and islinked torecognizing thesmellof babies,a predicativeclause withthatusedastheconjunction.Scientists used to believe that mothersrecognized theirchildren bysight only.anobjectclausewiththatused astheconjunction.Now they have startedto believethatthesenseofsmell alsohelps,but whypleasantsmellsdo notreducepain inmen isa questionstill tobe answeredby scientists.The firstnounclauseisanobjectclausewiththat usedastheconjunction.The secondnounclauseisasubject clausewith whyusedastheconjunctionStep2:Noun clausebeginning withthat orif/whether
1.that canbeusedtointroducea nounclause ofa statement.e.g.:She sensedsomething.A tallman ina darkcoat wasstaring ather.She sensedthat shewas beingwatched bya tallmanina darkcoat.In mostcases,we cannotuse thatto beginanounclause after apreposition.However,we canuse thattobegin anounclause after inor except.e.g.:The problemlies inthatthemist maybecome athick fog.I didnttell himanything exceptthat Iwasnt abletofindmy wayback.We cannotleave outthat whenitisusedtointroduce thesubject orappositiveclause.e.g.:That wecouldnt findour wayout wasreally badnews.That they are goodat Englishis knownto usall.She expressedthe hopethat theywould cometo Chinaone day.We canleave outthat ininformal Englishwhenthenounclauseistheobject orpredicative ofasentence.e.g.:She wishedthat someonewould comealong tohelp her.The truthisthatthe buseswill notberunning.
2.We canuse if or whether tointroduceanounclause whentheclauseisayes/no question.We changetheword orderinaclauseafterif or whether intothat ofastatement.e.g.:She wondered.Would thebuses still be runningShewonderedif/whether thebuses wouldstillberunning.We canonly usewhether,but notif,afterapreposition.e.g.:She isnot certainabout whethershe hasdone anythingwrong.It alldepends onwhether theywill comeback.We canonly usewhether,but notif tointroduce subject,appositive andpredicative clauses.e.g.:Whether itis goingto clearup keepsme wondering.Whether themeeting willbe putoff hasnot been decided yet.The questionis whethertheyhaveso muchmoney.We oughtto discusscarefully thequestion whetherwe cando itor not.We usewhether or not,but notifornot.e.g.:I wantto know whether ornotthetrain goesto KingStreet.I didntknowwhetherornothehadarrived inWuhan.The question of whethertheyaremale orfemale isnot important.I have not decidedwhethertogo ornot.If that orwhether/if introducesanounclause thathas twosentences connectedby and or but,we addanotherthatorwhether/if afterandorbut.e.g.:He saidthat heliked rainvery muchandthat he wouldntuse anumbrella whenit wasraining.No oneknows whetherit willbe finetomorrow andwhether hewill cometo work.Forreference:More aboutNounClauses区别L和的区别
1.that what引导名词性从句时,在从句中不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用;而引导名词性从thatwhat句时,在主从句中都要充当一定的句子成分,可以分解成定语从句中的先行词+关系代词what即常说的先行词如+thato Itsa shamethathehas madesuch amistake.Do whatthe thingsthat hesays.同位语从句与定语从句中的区别
2.that同位语从句中的连词只起连接作用,在从句中不担当任何句子成分;而定语从句中的关系that代词在句中做宾语或主语,宾语与先行词有修饰关系如果句子是同位语从句,就应用连that词而不能用同位语从句一般放在表具体含义的名词后解释名词的含义或内容,如以that which.下名词、等,而定语从句只news factsuggestion truthplan beliefdoubt possibilityidea是对先行词的限定和修饰如(同位语从句)They expressedthe hopethat theywould cometo visitChina again.The hopeshe(定语从句)疑问词+和expressed isthat theywould cometo visitChina again.
3.ever no matter+疑问词的区别
①疑问词+可引导名词性从句,在主从句中要充当一定的部分如everWhoever breaksthe rulemust be punished.You canchoose whateveryoulikeintheshop.
②疑问词+还可引导让步状语从句如everWhoever breaksthe rule,he mustbe punished,Whatever youdo,and you must do it well.
③疑问词只能引导让步状语从句如nomatter+No matterwhat youdo,youmustdoitwell.No matterwho breakstherule,he mustbepunished.和引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别
4.when where和前面的名词若是表示时间、地点的名词,则和引导的是定语从句,when wherewhen where否则为同位语从句如They putforward thequestion where they couldget themoney.This istheplacewheretheaccident happened.时态IL宾语从句中主句和从句的时态保持一致,但如果从句中表示提示的是客观现象,虽然主句是
1.过去时态,从句仍用一般现在时如Hello,I didntknow youwere inLondon.How longhave youbeen hereTheteacher toldus thatlight travelsatavery highspeed.主语从句作主语相当于单数第三人称作主语,谓语动词用单数,如果由连接两个或两个
2.and以上的主语从句作主语时,谓语动词用复数;由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句,谓语动词用单数如When themeeting willbegin hasnot beendecided yet.When theywill startandwherethey gohavenotbeendecidedyet.When andwherethemeeting willbegin hasnotbeendecided.精典名题导解(全国.豫、晋、黑等,)
1.05I23Mary wrotean articleontheteam hadfailed towin thegame.A.why B.what C.who D.that解析选句意玛丽就那支队未能赢得比赛的原因写了一篇文章本题考查介词后面引Ao on导宾语从句的连接词根据句意可判断出项为正确答案这里,相当于A whythe reasonwhy...(广东,)
2.0534Some researchersbelievethatthere isno doubta curefor AIDSwillbe found.A.which B.thatC.what D.whether解析选句意“一些研究者认为,毫无疑问将会找到治疗的方法”在某些词如Bo AIDSidea,等后可用或连接代/副词因起的从句作同位语,fact,rumor,news,hope,belief,thought,doubt that称同位语从句根据的惯用法肯定句中后面的从句常用引导;doubt doubtwhether/if no/not后面的从句常用引导doubt that(辽宁)
4.We haventsettled thequestionofitisnecessary forhim tostudy abroad.2006苏)A.if B.where C.whether D.that解析选句意他是否需要出去学习,这个问题还未得到解决由于后有介词A questionof所以表是否时要用来引导宾语从句whetherExercise forconsolidationI.Multiple choice
1.Itispretty wellunderstood controlsthe flowof carbondioxide inand outthe atmosphere(上海)today.2003A.that B.when C.what D.how。