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英语教材•单元主题语境专题训练自然环保一高考篇（解析版）【主题词（组）】环境，自然环境，周围情况environment n.环保的；自然环境的，生态环境的environmental adj.环境污染environment pollution外界环境external environment内部环境internal environment空气污染air pollution环保environmental protection噪音污染noise pollution海洋污染marine pollution水污染water pollution土壤污染soil pollution白色污染white pollution垃圾分类，循环回收garbage recycling提高环保意识enhance theawareness ofenvironmental protection保持生态平衡maintain ecological balance生态系统ecosystem生态示范区ecological demonstrationregion生态农业eco-agriculture生态旅游ecotourism自然保护区nature reserve可持续发展战略sustainable developmentstrategy防风防沙林windbreak andsand break宜人的生活环境pleasant environment节能save energy减排reduce greenhousegas emissions一环保产品environment friendlyproduct全球变暖global warming低碳经济low carboneconomy清洁可再生能源clean andrenewable energysources核能nuclear energy太阳能solar energy二氧化碳carbon dioxide气候变化climate change不可再生的non-rcncwablcfossil fuels矿•石燃$4natural gas,coal,petroleum etc.有限的自然资源limited/finite naturalresources替代能源alternative energy非法打猎，盗猎poaching破坏自然栖息地damage naturalhabitatA.They takeplastics as their everydayfood.B.They arenewly evolvedcreatures.C.They canconsume plastics.D.They windup inlandfills.
2.According toJennifer DeBruyn,the next step of the studyis to.A.identify othermeans of the breakdownB.find outthe sourceof the enzymeC.confirm theresearch findingsD.increase thebreakdown speed
3.It can be inferredfrom thelast paragraphthat the chemical might.A.help toraise wormsB.help makeplastic bagsC.be usedto cleanthe oceansD.be producedin factoriesin future
4.What isthe mainpurpose of the passageA.To explaina studymethod onworms.B.To introducethe dietof aspecial worm.C.To presenta wayto break down plastics.D.To proposenew meansto keepeco-balance.【参考答案】l.C
2.B
3.D
4.C【语篇解读】本文为说明文文章介绍了一种吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，这为解决塑料污染提供了新的途径【解析】细节理解题根据文章第三段
1.C Federica Bertocchini,co-author of the study,says thewormsability tobreak down their everydayfood—beeswax—also allows them tobreak downplastic.可知，研究结果发现，蠕虫分解日常食物的能力让它们可以分解塑料，也就是说它们可以消费塑料故选项C【解析】细节理解题根据文章第四段
2.B The nextstep,DeBruyn says,will beto identifythe cause（肠道微生物）of thebreakdown.Is itan enzymeproduced by the wormitself or by itsgut microbes可知，下一步研究是辨清分解的原因，查明这种酶来源于哪里，是虫子自己产生的还是它肠道里的微生物产生的故选项B【解析】推理判断题根据文章最后一段
3.D But she expects using the chemical in some kind of”可以推断出，industrial process——not simply”millions ofworms thrownon topof theplastic.希望这种化学物质将来能在工业生产中使用，而不是仅仅依靠蠕虫来分解塑料故Bertocchini选项D【解析】写作意图题根据文章第一段最后一句
4.C So far there is no effective wayto getrid of it,可矢口，有一种but a new studysuggests ananswer maylie in the stomachsof somehungry worms.新的方法被用于分解塑料再根据最后一段最后一句But sheexpects usingthechemicalin somekindof industrial process—not simply”millions ofworms thrownon topof theplastic.M可知，希望将这种方法推广到工业中由此可以推知写作意图为介绍一种分解塑料的方法Bertocchini故选项C【2018・浙江卷，B]Steven Steinlikes tofollow garbagetrucks.His strangehabit makessense whenyou considerthat hes anenvironmental scientistwho studieshow to reduce litter,including thingsthat fall off garbagetrucksas theydrive downthe road.What iseven moreinteresting isthat oneof Steinfs jobs is defendingan industrybehind theplastic shopping bags.Americans usemore than100billion thinfilm plastic bags every year.So manyend up in tree（收令艮branches oralong highwaysthat agrowing numberof citiesdo notallow themat checkouts台）.The bagsare prohibitedin some90cities inCalifornia,including LosAngeles.Eyeing theseheadwinds,plastic-bag makersare hiringscientists likeStein to make the case that their products are notasbad for the planetas mostpeople assume.Among thebag makers1argument:many citieswith bansstill allowshoppers topurchase paperbags,which areeasily recycledbut require more energy to produceand transport.And whileplastic bagsmay be uglyto lookat,they representa smallpercentage of all garbageon the ground today.The industryhas alsotaken aimat theproduct that has appearedas itsreplacement:reusableshopping bags.The strongera reusablebag is,the longerits lifeand themore plastic-bag useit cancelsout.However,longer-lasting reusablebags oftenrequire moreenergyto make.One studyfound that acotton bagmust beused at least131times to be betterfor the planet than plastic.（质疑）Environmentalists dontdispute thesepoints.They hopepaper bagswill bebanned somedaytooand wantshoppers touse thesame reusablebags foryears.
1.What hasSteven Steinbeen hiredto doA.Help increasegrocery sales.B.Recycle thewaste material.C.Stop thingsfalling offtrucks.D.Argue for the useof plasticbags.
2.What doesthe word“headwinds in paragraph2refer toA.Bans on plasticbags.B.Effects ofcity development.C.Headaches causedby garbage.D.Plastic bagshung intrees.A.They arequite expensive.B.Replacing themcan bedifficult.C.They are less strongthanplasticbags.D.Producing themrequires moreenergy.
4.What isthe besttitle for the textA.Plastic,Paper orNeither B.Industry,Pollution andEnvironmentC.Recycle orThrow AwayD.Garbage Collection and WasteControl
3.What is a disadvantageof reusablebags according to plastic-bag makers【参考答案】
1.D
2.A
3.D4,A【语篇解读】文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋造成了环境问题，尽管纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子【解析】细节理解题根据第——段
1.D oneof Stein*sjobsisdefendingan industrybehind theplastic.和第二段shoppingbagsplastic-bag makersare hiringscientists likeStein to make thecase that their.可知塑料袋生产商雇用是productsarenot asbad for the planetas mostpeople assumeSteven Stein为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害，是对塑料袋被禁用的解释和争论故选项D【解析】词义猜测题上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋
2.A生产商雇用等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害Steven Stein“逆风”,此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状，即故选项headwinds Bansonplasticbags,A［解析］细节理解题根据第四段
3.D However,longer-lasting reusablebags oftenrequiremoreenergy.可知塑料袋生产商认为生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故选项to makeD【解析】标题归纳题文章讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和
4.A运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子对这三种方式进行了对比,Plastic,既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，最适合作为标题故选项Paper orNeither A【2018・浙江卷，C]As culturalsymbols go,the Americancar isquite young.The ModelT Fordwas built at thePiquette（装酉己线）Plant inMichigan acentury ago,with the first rollingoff theassembly lineon September27,
1908.Only elevencars wereproduced thenext month.But eventuallyHenry Fordwould buildfifteenmillion of them.Modern America was born on the road,behind awheel.The carshaped some of the most lastingaspectsof Americanculture:the roadsidediner,the billboard,the motel,even thehamburger.For most ofthe lastcentury,the carrepresented whatit meantto beAmerican-going forwardat highspeed to findnew worlds.The roadnovel,the roadmovie,these arethe mosttypical Americanideas,bom of abundantpetrol,cheap carsand anever-ending interstatehighway system,the largestpublic worksproject inhistory.In1928Herbert Hooverimagined anAmerica witha chickenin everypot and a carin everygarage.Since then,this societyhas movedonward,never lookingback,as thecar transformedAmericafrom afarm-based societyinto anindustrial power.The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster.InAmerica thedemand foroil hasgrown by22percent since
1990.（过度的）The problemsof excessiveenergy consumption,climate changeand populationgrowthhave beendescribed ina bookbytheAmerican writerThomas L.Friedman.He fears the worst,buthopes forthe best.（经济）Friedman pointsout that the greeneconomy is a chanceto keepAmerican strength.“Theability todesign,build andexport greentechnologies forproducing cleanwater,clean airand healthy andabundant foodis going to bethe cun*ency ofpower in the newcentury.^^
1.Why ishamburger mentionedin paragraph2A.To explain Americans5love fortravelling bycar.B.To showthe influenceof carson Americanculture.C.To stressthe popularityof fastfood withAmericans.D.To praisethe effectivenessof Americasroad system.
2.What hasthe useof carsinAmericaled toA.Decline ofeconomy.B.Environmental problems.C.A shortageof oilsupply.D.A farm-based society.
3.What isFriedmans attitude towards AmericasfutureA.Ambiguous.B.Doubtful.C.Hopeful.D.Tolerant.【参考答案】
1.B
2.B
3.C【语篇解读】文章讲述了汽车在美国经济和文化上的重要作用，也指出了汽车带来的环境问题【解析】推理判断题根据第二段
1.B ModernAmericawasbornon theroad,behind awheel.Thecar shapedsomeof the mostlasting aspectsof Americanculture:the roadsidediner,the billboard,the可知现代美国诞生于公路和汽车，汽车塑造了美国文化最持久的一些motel,even thehamburger.方面就是汽车塑造的美国文化的一个方面用这个例子是在说明汽车对美国文化Hamburger的影响，故选项B【解析】细节理解题根据第四段
2.B ThecarsthatdrovetheAmericanDreamhavehelpedtocreate可知美国汽车的迅速发展，导致生态灾难故选项aglobalecologicaldisaster.B【解析】推理判断题根据倒数第二段中的和最后
3.C Hefearstheworst,but hopesforthe best.——段中的（经济）Friedman pointsout that the greeneconomy isa chanceto keepAmerican strength.可见虽然对未来担心，但抱有最好的希望，他指出了发展绿色积极的想法可见Friedman对未来是充满希望的，故选项Friedman C【.全国卷2017HL C]After yearsof heateddebate,gray wolveswere reintroducedto YellowstoneNational Park.Fourteen wolveswere caughtin Canadaand transportedto thepark.By lastyear,the Yellowstonewolfpopulation hadgrown tomore than170wolves.Gray wolvesonce wereseen hereand therein the Yellowstone areaand muchof thecontinentalUnited States,but they were graduallydisplaced byhuman developmentBy the1920s,wolves hadpracticallydisappeared from the Yellowstone area.They wentfarther northinto the deep forestsofCanada,where therewere fewerhumans around.The disappearanceof thewolves hadmany unexpectedresults.Deer andelk populations—major（来源）food sourcesforthe wolf-grew rapidly.These animalsconsumed largeamounts ofvegetation（植被）,which reducedplant diversityin thepark.In theabsence of wolves,coyote populationsalsogrew quickly.The coyoteskilled alarge percentageof theparks redfbxes,and completelydrove awaytheparks beavers.As earlyas1966,biologists askedthe governmentto considerreintroducing wolvesto YellowstonePark.They hopedthat wolves would be able to control theelk andcoyote problems.Many farmersopposedtheplanbecause theyfeared thatwolveswouldkill theirfarm animalsor pets.The governmentspent nearly30years comingup witha planto reintroducethe wolvers.The U.S.Fish andWildlife Servicecarefully monitorsand managesthewolfpacks inYellowstone.Today,thedebate continuesover howwell thegray wolfis fittingin atYellowstone.Elk,deer,and coyotepopulationsare down,while beaversand redfoxes havemade acomeback.The Yellowstonewolf projecthasbeen avaluable experimentto helpbiologists decidewhether to reintroduce wolvesto otherparts ofthecountry as well.
1.What isthe textmainly aboutA.Wildlife researchin theUnited States.B.Plant diversityin theYellowstonearea.C.The conflictbetween farmers and graywolves.D.The reintroductionofwolvesto YellowstonePark.
2.What doesthe underlinedword”displaced Min paragraph2meanA.Tested.B.Separated.C.Forced out.D.Tracked down.
3.What didthe disappearanceof graywolves bring aboutA.Damage tolocal ecology.B.A declinein theparks income.C.Preservation ofvegetation.D.An increasein thevariety ofanimals.
4.What isthe authorsattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolf projectA.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Uncaring.【参考答案】LD
2.C
3.A
4.B【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的故事【解析】主旨大意题文章开门见山地提出黄石公园引进灰狼的举措，然后在下文中详细
1.D介绍其原因以及带来的良好的转机，由此判断本文的中心话题是美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼故选项D【解析】词义猜测题根据本段后两句可知，因为人类的发展，侵占了灰狼的领域，灰狼
2.C逐渐向北迁徙，由此推断灰狼被人类排挤走了故选项C【解析】推理判断题根据第三段的内容可知，灰狼的减少造成了鹿群的增多，从而植被
3.A遭到了破坏；土狼的数量快速增加，它们猎杀了大量的赤狐，赶走了海狸，由此可推断出灰狼的消失导致了当地生态平衡被破坏故选项A【解析】推理判断题根据文章末段的最后一句可知，作者认为引进灰狼的项目是很有价
4.B值的实验，因此可推知作者对这一举措持肯定的态度故选项B【2017・江苏卷，D】Old Problem,New ApproachesWhileclean energyis increasinglyused inour dailylife,global warmingwill continuefor some（排放）decades afterCO2emissions peak.So evenif emissionswere to begin todecrease today,wewould stillface thechallenge ofadapting toclimate change.Here Iwill stresssome smarterand morecreativeexamples of climate adaptation.When itcomes to adaptation,it isimportant tounderstand thatclimate changeisaprocess.We arethereforenot talkingabout adaptingto a new standard,but toa constantlyshifting setof conditions.Thisis why,in partat least,the USNational ClimateAssessment saysthat:nThere isno one-size fits alladaptation.Nevertheless,there aresome actionsthat offermuch andcarry littlerisk orcost.Around the world,people areadapting insurprising ways,especially in some poor countries.Floodshave becomemore damagingin Bangladeshin recentdecades.Mohammed Rezwansaw opportunitywhereothers sawonly disaster.His not-for-profit organizationruns100river boatsthat serveas floatinglibraries,schools,and healthclinics,and areequipped withsolar panelsand othercommunicating（连接）facilities.Rezwan iscreating floatingconnectivity to replace floodedroads andhighways.But heisalso workingat afar morefundamental level:his staffshow peoplehow tomake floatinggardens andfishponds toprevent starvationduring thewet season.Elsewhere inAsia evenmore astonishingactions arebeing taken.Chewang Norphellives ina（冰川）mountainous regionin India,where heis knownasthe Ice Man.The lossof glaciersthere duetoglobal warmingrepresents anenormous threatto agriculture.Without the glaciers,water willarrive intherivers attimes when it candamage crops.Norphefs inspirationcame fromseeing thewaste of waterover winter,when itwas notneeded.He directedthe wastedwater intoshallow basinswhere it froze,and（灌溉）was stored until the spring.His fieldsof icesupply perfectlytimed irrigationwater.Havingcreated ninesuch icereserves,Noiphel calculatesthathehas storedabout200,000m30fwater.Climatechange isa continuingprocess,so Norphclsicc reserveswill notlast forever.Warming willovertakethem.But heis providinga fewyears duringwhich thefarmers will,perhaps,be ableto findother meansofadapting.Increasing Earthsreflectiveness cancool theplanet.In southernSpain thesudden increaseof（）greenhouses whichreflect lightback tospace haschanged thewarming trendlocally,and actuallycooledthe region.While Spainas awhole is heating upquickly,temperatures nearthe greenhouseshavedecreased.This exampleshould actas aninspiration forall cities.By paintingbuildings white,cities mayslowdownthewarming process.In Peru,local farmersaround amountain witha glacierthathas already fallenvictim toclimatechange havebegun paintingthe entiremountain peakwhite in the hopethat theadded reflectivenesswillrestore thelife-giving ice.The outcomeis stillfar fromclear.But theWorld Bankhas includedtheproject onits listof100ideas tosave theplanet.More ordinaryforms of adaptation arehappening everywhere.A friend of mineowns anarea oflandin westernVictoria.Over fivegenerations theland hasbeen toowet forcropping.But duringthepast decadedeclining rainfallhas allowedhim toplant highlyprofitable crops.Farmers in manycountries arealso adaptinglike this-either bygrowing newproduce,orbygrowing thesame thingsdifferently.This iscommon sense.But somesuggestions foradapting arenot.When the pollutingindustries arguethat wevelost thebattle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt,itsa nonsense designed tomake thecase forbusiness asusual.Human beingswill continueto adapt to thechanging climatein bothordinary and astonishing ways.But themost sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbonpollution.After all,if weadapt inthat way,we mayavoid theneed tochange inso manyothers.
1.The underlinedpart in Paragraph2implies.A.adaptation isan ever-changing processB.the costofadaptationvaries withtimeC.global warmingaffects adaptationformsD.adaptation toclimate changeis challenging
2.What isspecial withregard toRezwans projectA.The projectreceives governmentsupport.B.Different organizationswork witheach other.C.His organizationmakes thebest ofa badsituation.D.The projectconnects floodedroads andhighways.
3.What didtheIceMan doto reduce the effectof global warmingA.Storing icefor futureuse.B.Protecting theglaciers frommelting.C.Changing theirrigation time.D.Postponing themelting of theglaciers.
4.What dowe learnfrom thePeru exampleA.White paintis usuallysafe forbuildings.B.The globalwarming trendcannot bestopped.C.This countryisheatingup tooquickly.D.Sunlight reflectionmay relieveglobalwarming.
5.According to the author,polluting industriesshould.A.adapttocarbon pollutionB.plant highlyprofitable cropsC.leave carbonemission aloneD.fight againstcarbon pollution
6.Whafs the authors preferredsolution toglobal warmingA.Setting upa newstandard.B.Reducing carbonemission.C.Adapting toclimate change.D.Monitoring pollutingindustries.【参考答案】LA
2.C
3.A
4.D
5.D
6.B【语篇解读】文章关注的是我们熟悉的话题——气候变暖，不同的是，文章给出了一些应对气候变暖的新途径【解析】考查句意理解根据上文中的
1.A Weare therefore…buttoa constantlyshifting setof可知，对于不断变化的环境，没有一个通用的方法来解决所有这样的问题所以画conditions”线部分暗示的是适应环境也是一个不断变化的过程故选项A【解析】考查细节理解根据第三段首句可知，世界范围内尤其是一些贫穷地区的人们使
2.C用了令人意想不到的方法去适应环境的改变，化劣势为优势，再结合下文的内容可知，Rezwan就是这么做的故选项C【解析】考查细节理解由第四段中的
3.A...He directedthe wastedwater intoshallow basinswhere可知，他把水引入盆地，水在那里结冰并被存储到春天itfroze,and wasstoreduntilthespring…”使用故选项A【解析】考查细节理解根据第六段的内容可知，在秘鲁当地的农民会把整个山峰涂成白
4.D色来增强对阳光的反射，希望借此来保护冰不被融化，再结合第五段的内容可知，反射太阳光可能会减轻全球变暖故选项D【解析】考查推理判断根据第七段中的
5.D Whenthepollutingindustries arguethat wevelost thebattletocontrolcarbon pollution andhavenochoicebut toadapt”可知，污染行业辩称因为人们没有赢得治理碳污染的战役，只能适应，再结合下文的,,itsanonsensedesignedtomakethecasefor可知，作者认为污染行业的这种说法是荒谬的，其目的是给自己的商业行为制business asusual”造借口由此可推知，对于污染行业来说，负责任的做法是同碳污染抗争，以减少碳排放故选项D【解析】考查细节理解根据最后一段第二句
6.B Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationissurely可知，作者认为最明智的应对全球变暖的to adaptourenergysystemstoemit lesscarbonpollution”方法是减少碳排放故选项B【2017・全国卷L B]I workwith Volunteersfor Wildlife,a rescueand educationorganization atBailey ArboretuminLocust Valley.Trying to help injured,displaced orsick creaturescan beheartbreaking;survival isnevercertain.However,when itworks,it issimply beautiful.（猫头鹰）I gota rescuecall from a womanin Muttontown.She had found a young owl on theground.When I arrived,I sawa2-to3-week-old owl.It had already beenplaced ina carrierfor safety.（雏鸟）I examinedthe chickand itseemed fine.If Icould locatethe nest,I mighthave beenableto putit back,but noluck.My nextwork was to constructa nestand anchorit ina tree.The homeownerwas veryhelpful.A wirebasket wasfound.I putsome pinebranches into thebasket tomake thisnest safeand comfortable.I placed the chick in the nest,and itquickly calmeddown.Now allthat wasneeded werethe parents,but theywere absent.I gavethe homeownera recordingof the hungerscreams ofowl chicks.These advertisethe presenceof chicksto adults;they mightalsoencourage ourchick tostart callingas well.I gavethe owneras muchinformation aspossible andheadedhome tosee whatnews thenight mightbring.A nervousnight to be sure,but sometimes the spiritsof naturesmile onus all!The homeownercalled to saythat theparents hadresponded to the recordings.I droveover andsaw the chick in the nestlookinghealthyand active.And itwas accompaniedin thenest bythe greatestsight ofall——LUNCH!The parentshad donetheir dutyand wouldprobably continueto doso.
1.What isunavoidable in the authorsrescue workaccording toparagraph1A.Efforts madein vain.B.Getting injuredin his work.C.Feeling uncertainabout hisfuture.D.Creatures forcedout of their homes.
2.Why was the authorcalledtoMuttontownA.To rescuea woman.B.To takecare ofa woman.C.To lookatababy owl.D.To curea youngowl.
3.What madethechickcalm downA.A newnest.B.Some food.C.A recording.D.Its parents.
4.How wouldthe authorfeel about the outcomeof theeventA・Its unexpected.B・Its beautiful.C.Ifs humorous.D.Its discouraging.【参考答案】
1.A
2.C
3.A
4.B【语篇解读】文章是一篇记叙文救助小动物并没有那么简单，因为你所做的救助行为到最后可能都成了无用功但无论结果怎样，救助小动物的这种行为是美好的本文主要介绍了作者救助一只小猫头鹰，给它做新的窝，帮助它回到父母身边的故事［解析］推理判断题根据第一段中的
1.A Tryingtohelpinjured,displaced orsick creaturescan be可知救助受伤的、流离失所的、生病的动物是令人心碎的，heartbreaking;survival isnever certain.因为我们不知道救助的动物是否能活下去，也就是说我们为救助动物而花费的努力可能会白费，这是不可避免的故选项A【解析】推理判断题根据第二段中的（猫头鹰）
2.C Shehadfoundayoungowlon theground.When可知有人给作者打电话是因为有只小猫头鹰掉在地上了，作Iarrived,I sawa2-to3-week-old owl者赶过去看看情况文中并没有说小猫头鹰受伤了，作者只是过去看情况，所以选项错误D故选项C【解析】细节理解题根据第四段中的
3.A Iplacedthechickin thenest,and itquickly calmeddown可知在作者把小猫头鹰放在窝里之后，它很快就安静下来，所以是窝让小猫头鹰安静下来的故选项A【解析】观点态度题根据前文描述可知作者为小猫头鹰做了窝，并且帮助它找回了它的
4.B父母，小猫头鹰的父母还为它带回了午餐，作者的救助成功了，说明结局是美好的再结合第一段的可推测，作者感觉很美好故选项However,whenitworks,it issimply beautiful.B【2016・江苏C】El Nifio,a Spanishterm for“the Christchild”,was namedby SouthAmerican fishermanwhonoticed that the globalweather pattern,which happensevery twoto sevenyears,reduced theamount offishescaught aroundChristmas.El Nifiosees warm water,collected overseveral yearsin the westernPacific,flow backeastwards whenwinds thatnormally blowwestwards weaken,or sometimesthe otherwayround.The weathereffects bothgood andbad,are feltinmanyplaces.Rich countries gain more frompowerful Nifio,on balance,than theylose.A studyfound that a strongNifio in1997helped Americanseconomygrow by15billion,partly because of betteragricultural harvest,farmers in the Midwestgainedfrom extrarain.The totalrise inagricultural in rich countriesin growththan thefall inpoor ones.（干旱）But inIndonesia extremelydry forestsare inflames.A multi-year droughtin southeastBrazilis becomingworse.Though heavy rains broughtabout byEl Ninomay relievethe droughtinCalifornia,they arelikely tocause surfaceflooding andother disasters.The mostrecent powerful Nino,in1997-98,killed around21,000people andcaused damageworth$36billion aroundthe globe.But suchNinos comewith monthsof warning,and somuch isknown abouthowthey happenthat governmentscan prepare.According to the Overseas Development Institute（）ODI,however,just12%of disaster-relief fundinginthepast twodecades hasgone onreducing risksinadvance,rather thanrecovery andrebuilding afterwards.This isdespite evidencethatadollar spentonrisk-reduction savesat leasttwo onreconstruction.（基石出设施）Simple improvementsto infrastructurecan reducethe spreadof disease.Better（下水道）sewers makeitlesslikely thatheavyrainis followedby anoutbreak of the diseaseof badstomach.Stronger bridgesmean villagesarelesslikely tobe leftwithout foodand medicineafter floods.According toa paperin2011by MrHsiang andco-authors,civil conflictis relatedto El Ninos harmfuleffects-and thepoorer thecountry,the strongerthe link.Though therelationship maynot becausal,helping dividedcommunities toprepare fordisasters wouldatleastreducetherisk thatthose disastersarefollowed bykilling andwounding people.Since the poorest are least likely tomake up for their lossesfrom disasters linked to El Nino,reducing their losses needstobethe priority.
1.What canwe learnabout El Nino in Paragraph1A.It isnamed aftera SouthAmerican fisherman.B.It takesplace almostevery yearall over the world.C.It forcesfishermen tostop catchingfish aroundChristmas.D.It seesthe changesof waterflow directioninthe ocean.
2.What mayEl Ninosbringaboutto thecountries affectedA.Agricultural harvestsinrichcountries fall.B.Droughts becomemore harmfulthan floods.C.Rich countries,gains aregreater thantheirlosses.D.Poor countriessuffer lessfrom droughtseconomically.
3.The dataprovided byODI inParagraph4suggest that.A.more investmentshould goto riskreductionB.governments ofpoorcountriesneed moreaidC.victims of El Ninodeserve morecompensationD.recovery andreconstruction shouldcome first
4.What isthe authorspurpose inwriting the passageA.To introduceEl Ninoand itsorigin.B.To explainthe consequencesofElNino.C.To showways offighting againstElNino.D.To urgepeople toprepare forElNino.【参考答案】l.D
2.C
3.A
4.D【语篇解读】本文介绍了厄尔尼诺现象对地球的影响，并告诉我们政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺的危害而不是在出现问题以后进行重新补救和恢复【解析】细节理解题根据第一段最后一句
1.D ElNino seeswarmwater,collected overseveral yearsinthewesternPacific,flow backeastwards whenwinds thatnormally blowwestwards weaken,or,可知厄尔尼诺现象见证了海洋中水流方向的变化故选项sometimestheother wayround D［解析］细节理解题根据第二段第二句
2.C Richcountriesgain morefrompowerfulNino,on.可知富有国家从厄尔尼诺现象中得到的好处多于它带来的损失故选项balance,than theylose C【解析】推理判断题根据第四段第三句（）
3.A According to theOverseasDevelopmentInstitute ODI,however,just12%of disaster-relief fundinginthepast twodecades hasgone onreducing risksin故选项advance,rather thanrecovery andrebuilding afterwards.A【解析】目的意图题根据最后一句
4.8and
12.7million tonnesenter oceanecosystemsevery year.But doesone plasticstraw orcup reallymake adifference Artist Benjamin VonWongwants youto knowthat itdoes.He buildsmassive sculpturesout of plastic garbage,forcingviewers tore-examine theirrelationship tosingle-use plasticproducts.At thebeginning ofthe year,the artistbuilt apiece called“StrawpocalypseJ apair of1O-foot-tallplastic waves,frozen mid-crash.Made of168,000plastic strawscollected fromseveral volunteerbeachcleanups,the sculpturemade itsfirst appearanceattheEstella Placeshopping centerin HoChi MinhCity,Vietnam.（来Just9%of globalplastic wasteis recycled.Plastic strawsare byno meansthe biggestsource源）of plasticpollution,but theyverecently comeunder firebecause mostpeople dontneed them todrink withand,because of their smallsize andweight,they cannotbe recycled.Every strawthats partofVbn Wongs artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes.Once thedrink is gone,the strawwill takecenturies todisappear.（说明）In apiece from2018,Von Wongwanted toillustrate a specific statistic:Every60seconds,a truckloadsworth of plastic entersthe ocean.For thiswork,titled Truckload of Plastic/9Von Wonganda group of volunteers collected more than10,000pieces ofplastic,which werethen tiedtogether tolook（彳顷彳到）like theyd been dumped froma truck all at once.Von Wonghopes thathisworkwill alsohelp pressurebig companiestoreducetheir plasticfootprint.
1.What areVbn Wongsartworks intendedforA.Beautifying thecity helives in.B.Introducing eco-friendly products.C.Drawing publicattention to plastic waste.D.Reducing garbageonthebeach.
2.Why doestheauthordiscuss plasticstraws inparagraph3A.To showthe difficultyoftheirrecycling.B.To explainwhy they are useful.Rockaway,“Natalie declares.My neighborhoodwill beback,even strongerthan before.
1.When Nataliereturned toRockaway afterthe hurricane,she found.A.some friends had lost their livesB.her neighborhoodwas destroyedC.her schoolhad movedto BrooklynD.theelderlywere freefrom suffering
2.Accordingtoparagraph4,who inspiredNatalie mostA.The peoplehelping RockawayrebuildB.The peopletrapped inhigh risebuildingC.The volunteersdonating moneyto survivorsD.Local teenagersbringing clothingto elderlypeople
3.How didNatalie helpthe survivorsA.She gaveher toysto thekidsB.She tookcare ofyounger childrenC.She calledontheWhite Houseto helpD.She built an informationsharing platform
4.What doesthe storyintend totell usA.Little peoplecan make a bigdifferenceB.A friendinneedisafriend indeedC.East orWest,home isbestD.Technology ispower【参考答案】l.B
2.A
3.D
4.A【语篇解读】这是一篇记叙文是一个岁的孩子，她生活的地方遭到了飓风桑迪的Natalie14袭击，受灾严重看到人们在帮助家乡重建，也加入了进去，创建网站来分享求Natalie Natalie助信息，帮助捐赠者找到需要帮助的人的行为得到了社会的认可，她受到了表扬Natalie【解析】细节理解题根据第三段
1.B Many of Nataliesfriendshadlosttheirhomes andwere livingfaraway.“排除A；根据第三段“Natalies schoolwas sodamaged thatshe hadto temporarilyattend aschoolinBrooklyn”可知，学校没有搬走，而是Natalie暂时去Brooklyn上学，排除C；根据“peoplewere suffering,especially theelderly”排除D；根据When theyreturned toRockaway thenext day,they可知,他们的街区被飓风毁了，故选项foundtheirneighborhoodinruins.“B【解析】推理判断题根据第四段
2.A“In thefollowing fewdays,the menand womenhelping可知，那些帮助恢复重建的人使最受鼓舞，RockawayrecoverinspiredNatalie.”Rockaway Natalie故选项A【解析】细节理解题根据倒数第三段
3.D“She createda websitepage matchingsurvivors inneed with可知，创建了一个网站来分享和匹配求助信息和捐赠信息，donors whowanted tohelp.”Natalie故选项D【解析】写作意图题根据倒数第二段
4.A“Her effortsmade hera famousperson.Last April,she was可知，的invited to theWhiteHouseandhonoredasaHurricaneSandyChampionofChange.“Natalie助人行为得到了社会的认可，她受到了表扬，这说明小人物也可以有大作为，故选项A【•全国新课标2016n,D]A newcollection ofphotos bringsan unsuccessfulAntarctic voyageback tolife.Frank Hurleyspictures wouldbe outstanding——undoubtedly first-rate photo-journalism---if theyhadbeen made last week.In fact,theywere shot from1914through1916,most of them aftera disastrous（海滩），shipwreck bya cameramanwho hadno reasonableexpectation ofsurvival.Manyofthe imageswerestored inan icechest,under freezingwater,inthedamaged woodenship.The shipwas theEndurance,a small,tight,Norwegian-built three-master thatwas intendedto takeSir ErnestShackletonand asmall crewof seamenand scientists,27men inall,tothesouthernmost shoreof Antarcticas（雪橇）Weddell Sea.From thatpoint Shackletonwanted toforce apassage bydog sledacross thecontinent.The journeywas intendedto achievemore thanwhat CaptainRobert FalconScott haddone.Captain Scotthad reachedthe SouthPole earlyin1912but haddied withhis fourcompanions onthemarch back.As writerCaroline Alexandermakes clearin herforceful andwell-researched storyThe Endurance,adventuring waseven thena thoroughlycommercial effort.Scotfs lastjourney,completed ashe layin atentdying ofcold andhunger,caught the worlds imagination,andafilm madein hishonor drewcrowds.Shackleton,a onetimeBritish merchant-navy officerwho hadgot towithin100miles ofthe SouthPole in1908,started abusiness beforehis1914voyage tomake moneyfrom movie and stillphotography.FrankHurley,a confidentand giftedAustralian photographerwho knewthe Antarctic,was hiredtomaketheimages,most ofwhich havenever beforebeen published.
1.What dowe knowabout thephotos takenby HurleyA.They weremadelastweekB.They showedundersea sceneriesC.They werefound bya cameramanD.They recordeda disastrousadventure
2.Who reachedthe SouthPole firstaccording tothe textA.Frank HurleyB.Ernest ShackletonC.Robert FalconScott D.Caroline Alexander
3.What doesAlexander thinkwasthe purpose ofthe1914voyageA.Artistic creationB.Scientific researchC.Money makingD.Treasure hunting【参考答案】l.D
2.C
3.C【语篇解读】本文属于记叙文讲述了的图片记录了一次海难，文章介绍了与这次航海Frank活动相关的具体内容【解析】细节理解题根据文章第二段第二句
1.D theywereshotfrom1914through1916,mostof可知这些照片记录的是年左右发生的一次海难事故故them aftera disastrousship wreck...1914选项D【解析】细节理解题根据第三段最后一句可知
2.C^Captain Scotthad reachedthe SouthPole....第一个到达南极的是故选项Captain ScottC【解析】细节理解题根据文章倒数第二句
3.C“…started abusiness beforehis1914voyage tomakemoney frommovieandstillphotography可知Alexander认为他的这次航行就是为了挣钱故选项CC.To voicehis viewson modernart.D.To finda substitutefor them.
3.What effectwould Truckloadof Plastic^have onviewersA.Calming.B.Disturbing.C.Refreshing.D.Challenging.
4.Which ofthefollowingcan bethebesttitle forthe textA.Artists,Opinions onPlastic SafetyB.Media Interestin ContemporaryArtC.Responsibility Demandedof BigCompaniesD.Ocean PlasticsTransformed intoSculptures【参考答案】l.C
2.A
3.C
4.D【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文文章介绍了艺术家用塑料垃圾制作了一Benjamin Von Wong个巨大的雕塑作品，让人们通过这个雕塑重新审视自己与一次性塑料制品的关系此外他在2018的一件作品叮说明了每秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋通过用ruckloadof Plastic”60Von Wong塑料垃圾制造巨型雕塑来唤醒和提高人们的环保意识【解析】推理判断题根据第一段
1.C“But doesone plasticstraw orcup reallymakeadifference ArtistBenjamin Von Wongwants youto knowthat itdoes.He buildsmassive sculpturesout ofplastic garbage,一根塑料吸管或一个forcing viewerstore-examine theirrelationship tosingle-use plasticproducts.0塑料杯真的有什么区别吗？艺术家本杰明・冯・王Benjamin Von Wong想让你知道，它确实如此他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系户可知，Von用塑料垃圾制作的雕塑想让人们重新审视与一次性塑料制品的关系，由此可知他做这个雕Wong塑的目的是为了引起公众对塑料垃圾的关注故选项【解析】推理判断题根据第三C
2.A段来源“Just9%of globalplastic wasteis recycled.Plastic strawsare byno meansthe biggestsource ofplasticpollution,but theyverecently comeunder firebecause mostpeople dontneed themto drinkwithand,becauseoftheir smallsize andweight,they cannotbe recycled.Every strawthafs partof VbnWongsartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.Once thedrinkis.全球只有的塑料垃圾被回收塑料吸管绝不是gone,the strawwill takecenturies todisappear9%最大的塑料污染源，但它们最近却受到了抨击，因为大多数人不需要吸管喝饮料，而且由于它们体积小、重量轻，无法回收利用冯・王作品中的每一根吸管都很可能来自只喝了几分钟的饮料一旦饮料消失了，吸管也要几个世纪才能消失广可知，吸管由于体积小，重量轻，无法回收利用，由此可推知，作者在第三段讨论吸管是为了展示它们回收的困难故选项A［解析］推理判断题根据倒数第二段说
3.C“In apiece form2018,Von Wongwanted toillustrate月1aspecificstatistic:Every60seconds,a truckloadsworth ofplastic entersthe ocean.For thiswork,titled TruckloadofPlastic/7Vbn Wongandagroup ofvolunteers collectedmore than10,000pieces ofplastic,which werethen tiedtogether tolook liketheyd beendumpedf®WJ froma truckall atonce.在2018年的一个作品中，冯・王VonWong想要说明一个具体的统计数字每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯・王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的广可知，这个作品以创新的方式让人们了解到塑料垃圾以很快的速度和很大的量倾入海洋，刷新了观众对海洋塑料污染的认知，由此可推断，这个作品会让观众对塑料垃圾进入海洋这件事“耳目一新九故选项C【解析】标题判断题通读全文，结合第一段
4.D“But doesone plasticstraw orcup reallymake adifferenceArtistBenjaminVbn Wongwants youto knowthat itdoes.He buildsmassive sculpturesout.（但一ofplasticgarbage,forcing viewerstore-examine theirrelationship tosingle-use plasticproducts根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么区别吗？艺术家本杰明・冯・王（Benjamin VonWong）想让你知道，它确实如此他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系）”和倒数第二段（说明）In apiece form2018,VonWongwanted toillustrate aspecificstatistic:Every60seconds,a truckloadsworth ofplastic enterstheocean.For thiswork,titledTruckload ofPlastic JVbnWongandagroupofvolunteerscollectedmorethan10,000pieces ofplastic,（倾倒）.（在which werethen tiedtogether tolook liketheydbeendumpedfromatruckallatonce2018年的一个作品中，冯,王（）想要说明一个具体的统计数字每秒，就有一卡车塑VonWong60料进入海洋这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯・王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的户可知艺术家本杰明・冯・王（）通过利用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑的方法来提示人们重新思考与一次性塑BenjaminVonWong料的关系，唤醒和提高人们循环利用的意识，促进环保的发展由此可知，项“海洋塑料变D成雕塑”符合文章主旨，适合作为标题故选项D【•新课标2020H,C]When youwere trying to figureout whatto buyfortheenvironmentalist onyour holidaylist,fur（时装）probably didntcross yourmind.But someecologists andfashion enthusiastsare tryingto bring（海狸鼠）.back the market forfur madefrom nutria（）Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklynhave showcasednutria furmade intoclothesin different styles.It soundscrazy totalk aboutguilt-free fur-unless youunderstand thatthe nutriaaredestroying vast wetlands every year”,says CreeMcCree,project directorof Righteous Fur.Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided topay hunters$5a tail.Some ofthe furendsupinthe fashion shows likethe onein Brooklynlast month.Nutria werebrought therefrom Argentinaby furfarmersandlet gointo thewild.The ecosystem（物种）down therecan thandle thisnon-native species.It sdestroying theenvironment.Its themor us.says MichaelMassimi,an expertin thisfield.The fur trade kept nutria checkfor decades,but whenthemarket for nutria collapsed inthe late1980s,the cat-sized animalsmultiplied likecrazy.Biologist EdmondMouton runsthe nutriacontrol programfor Louisiana.He says its noteasy toconvincepeople thatnutria furis green,but hehas nodoubt aboutit.Hunters bringinmorethan300,000nutria tailsa year,so partof Moutonsjob thesedays istryingtopromote fur.Then theresRighteousFurand itsunusual fashion.Morgan says,“To givepeople aguilt-free optionthatthey canwear withoutsomeone throwingpaint onthem-I thinkthats goingtobea massive thing,atleast herein New York.v DesignerJennifer Andersonadmits ittook hera whileto comearound totheopinion thatusing nutria fur forher creationsis morallyacceptable.She tryingto comeup witha labeltoattach tonutria fashionsto showit iseco-friendly.
1.What isthepurpose ofthe fashionshowsin NewOrleans andBrooklynA.To promoteguilt-free fur.B.To expand thefashionmarket.C.To introducea newbrand.D.To celebratea winterholiday.
2.Why arescientists concernedabout nutriaA.Nutria damagethe ecosystemseriously.B.Nutria arean endangeredspecies.C.Nutria hurtlocal cat-sized animals.D.Nutria areillegally hunted.
3.What doesthe underlinedword“collapsed”inparagraph5probably meanA.Boomed.B.Became mature.C.Remained stable.D.Crashed.
4.What canwe inferabout wearingfur inNew Yorkaccording toMorganA.Ifs formal.B.Its risky.C.Ifs harmful.D.Its traditional.【参考答案】l.A
2.A
3.D
4.B【语篇解读】本文是说明文介绍了美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀展出海狸鼠制成的皮衣海狸鼠们每年都在破坏大片的湿地，因此设计师称这是一种环保的举措，科学家们也对海狸鼠损坏生态平衡表示了担忧【解析】推理判断题根据第二段
1.A UnusualfashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklyn haveshowcasednutriafurmade intoclothes indifferentstyles.It soundscrazy totalk aboutguilt-freefur-unless youunderstand thatthe nutriaare destroyingvastwetlandseveryyear,vsays CreeMcCree,得知，美国新奥尔良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀，时装project directorof RighteousFur.秀上展出海狸鼠皮制成的不同风格的衣服，项目总监说“除非了解海狸鼠正每年CreeMcCree破坏大片湿地，否则谈论无罪感皮衣是很疯狂的事情”，可以判断出由于海狸鼠对生态造成了巨大的破坏，这场海狸鼠皮衣时装秀销售的是无罪恶感皮衣故选项A［解析］推理判断题根据第三段
2.A ScientistsinLouisianaweresoconcernedthattheydecidedto得知，科学家们如此担心以至于他们决定按照一条海狸鼠尾巴付给猎人们pay hunters$5a tail.5美元，可以推断出科学家们担忧海狸鼠们严重破坏生态平衡故选项A【解析】词义猜测题根据第五段
3.D Thefurtradekeptnutriain checkfor decades,but whenthe得矢口,毛皮marketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s,the cat-sized animalsmultiplied likecrazy.贸易使海狸鼠受到了几十年的控制，但是当海狸鼠市场在世纪年代末崩溃时，这种猫大2080小的动物数量疯长，根据判断，这是转折关系，以前由于皮毛交易，海狸鼠处于控制，现but在这种海狸鼠之所以能够数量激增，是由于市场不再销售海狸鼠皮毛导致的，可以推断出划线词是和倒闭的意思最相近故选项collapsed D.crashed D【解析】推理判断题根据第二段
4.B ModelPaige Morgansays,^To givepeople aguilt-free optionthatthey canwear withoutsomeone throwingpaint onthem-I thinkthatsgoingtobeamassivething,at得知，为了给人们一种无罪的选择，人们可以穿皮衣而不被人们泼油漆，我least inNewYork.认为在纽约将是一件巨大的事情，根据模特摩根所说得知，在纽约穿皮质衣服是有风险的故选项B【2019・北京卷，D］By theend ofthe century,if notsooner,the worldsoceans will be bluer and greener thanks toawarming climate,according toa new study.（海洋微生物）At theheart ofthe phenomenonlie tinymarine microorganismscalled phytoplankton.Because ofthe waylight reflects off the organisms,these phytoplanktoncreate colourfulpatterns attheocean surface.Ocean colourvaries fromgreen toblue,depending onthe typeand concentrationofphytoplankton.Climate changewill fuelthe growthof phytoplanktoninsomeareas,while reducingit inotherspots,leading tochanges inthe oceansappearance.（二氧化碳）Phytoplankton liveattheocean surface,where theypull carbondioxide intothe oceanwhilegiving offoxygen.When theseorganisms die,they burycarbon inthedeepocean,an importantprocessthat helpsto regulatethe globalclimate.But phytoplankton are vulnerable totheocean*swarming trend.Warming changeskey characteristicsoftheocean andcan affectphytoplankton growth,since theyneed notonly sunlightand carbondioxide togrow,but alsonutrients.Stephanie Dutkiewicz,a scientistin MITsCenter forGlobal ChangeScience,builtaclimate modelthatprojects changestothe oceans throughoutthe century.In aworld thatwarms upby3℃,it found thatmultiple changestothecolour ofthe oceanswould occur.The modelprojects thatcurrently blueareaswith littlephytoplankton couldbecome evenbluer.But insome waters,such asthose ofthe Arctic,awarming willmake conditionsriper forphytoplankton,and theseareas willturn greener.Not onlyarethe quantitiesof phytoplanktonintheocean changing.9,she said,“but the type of phytoplankton ischanging.
1.What arethefirsttwo paragraphsmainly aboutA.The variouspatterns attheoceansurface.B.The causeofthechanges inocean colour.C.The waylight reflectsoff marineorganisms.D.The effortsto fuelthe growthofphytoplankton.
2.What doesthe underlinedword vulnerableinParagraph3probably meanA.Sensitive.B.Beneficial C.Significant D.Unnoticeable
3.What canwe learnfrom thepassageA.Phytoplankton playa decliningrole inthe marineecosystem.B.Dutkiewiczs modelaims toproject phytoplanktonchangesC.Phytoplankton havebeen usedtocontrolglobal climateD.Oceans withmore phytoplanktonmay appeargreener.
4.What isthe mainpurposeofthepassageA.To assessthe consequencesof oceancolour changesB.To analysethe compositionoftheocean foodchainC.To explainthe effectsofclimatechange onoceansD.To introducea newmethod tostudy phytoplankton【参考答案】l.B
2.D
3.D
4.C【语篇解读】本文为说明文一项最新研究表明，由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿这一现象是因为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因为光线反射的作用，它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并影响浮游植物的生长【解析】段落大意题第一段
1.B“By theend ofthe century.If notsooner,theworldsoceans willbe.”可知，至本世纪末，一项bluerand greenerthanks toa warming climate,according toanewstudy新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿结合第二段“At theheart phenomenonlie tinymarine microorganismscalled phytoplankton.Because ofthe waylightreflectsofftheorganisms,these phytoplanktonscreate colourfulpatterns attheoceansurface.可知，这种现象的核Ocean colourvaries fromgreen toblue,depending onthetypeand concentration”心是一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，在光线的作用下在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案海洋的颜色从绿色到蓝色不等，这取决于海洋的类型和浮游植物浓度由此可推断出这两段主要叙述了海洋生物是海洋颜色变化的原因分析选项可知符合题意，故选项B B【解析】词义猜测题根据划线词后的
2.A“Wanning changeskey characteristicsoftheocean andcanaffect phytoplankton growth,since theyneed notonly sunshineand carbondioxide togrow,but also.”可知，气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并会影响浮游植物的生长由此可判断nutrients“But可知,浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势phytoplanktonare vulnerabletotheoceans warming trend”的影响故选项A【解析】推理判断题根据第四段
3.D“The modelprojects thatcurrently blueareas withlittlephytoplankton couldbecome evenbluer.But insome waters,such asthose ofthe Arctic,a warmingwill可知的模型预make conditionsriper fbrphytoplankton,and theseareas willturn greener”,Dutkiewicz测，目前只有少量浮游植物的蓝色区域可能会变得更蓝但是在一些水域，比如北极，气候变暖会使浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，而这些水域会变得更绿了”由此可推断，浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，浮游动植物就更多了，这些水域会变得更绿了分析选项可知项符合题D意故选项D【解析】目的意图题第一段提出文章的主旨
4.C“By theendofthe century.If notsooner,theworld,s可知到本世oceans willbe bluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.“纪末一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿再结合第三段“But phytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheoceanswarmingtrend Warmingchanges...口」矢口,“浮游植物很key characteristicsoftheocean andcan affectphytoplanktongrowth,容易受到海洋警告趋势的影响，变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，并能影响浮游植物的生长”可知本文主要解释气候变化对海洋的影响故选项C【2019・天津卷，C]（生态系统）How doesan ecosystemwork Whatmakes the populations ofdifferent speciesthe waytheyare Whyare thereso manyflies andso fewwolves Tofind ananswer,scientists have builtmathematical modelsof food webs,noting whoeats whomand howmuch eachone eats.With suchmodels,scientists havefound outsome keyprinciples operatingin food webs.Most food（掠食动webs,for instance,consist ofmany weaklinks ratherthan afew strongones.When a predator物）always eatshuge numbers ofa single prey（猎物），the two species are strongly linked；when apredatorlives onvarious species,theyareweakly linked.Food websmay bedominated bymany weaklinksbecause thatarrangement ismore stableover thelong term.If a predator caneat severalspecies,it（灭绝）can survivethe extinctionof oneofthem.And ifapredatorcan moveon toanother speciesthatis easiertofindwhen aprey speciesbecomes rare,the switchallowstheoriginal preyto recover.Theweak linksmay thuskeep speciesfrom drivingone anotherto extinction.Mathematical modelshave alsorevealed thatfood websmaybeunstable,where smallchanges oftop predators canlead tobig effectsthroughout entireecosystems.In the1960s,scientists proposedthatpredators atthe topofa food webhada surprising amount of control overthe size of populations of otherspecies-including species they did not directly attack.And unplannedhuman activitieshave provedthe ideaof top-down controlby toppredators tobe，true.In theocean,we fishedfor toppredators suchas codonanindustrial scale,while onland wekilledoff largepredators suchas wolves.These actionshave greatlyaffected theecologicalbalance.Scientists havebuiltan early-warning systembased onmathematical models.Ideally,the systemwould tell us when toadapt humanactivities thatare pushingan ecosystem toward a breakdown or would，even allow us to pull an ecosystem backfrom theborderline.Prevention iskey scientistssays because（临界点），once ecosystemspass theirtipping pointit isremarkably difficultfor themto return.
1.What havescientists discoveredwith thehelp ofmathematical modelsof food websA.The livinghabits ofspecies in food webs.B.The rulesgoverning foodwebs ofthe ecosystems.C.The approachesto studyingthe speciesintheecosystems.D.The differencesbetween weakand stronglinks infoodwebs.
2.A stronglink isfound betweentwo specieswhen apredatorA.has awide foodchoiceB.can easilyfind newpreyC.sticks toone preyspeciesD.can quicklymove toanother place
3.What willhappen ifthepopulationsof toppredators inafoodweb greatlydeclineA.The preyspecies theydirectly attack will dieout.B.The speciesthey indirectlyattackwillturn intotoppredators.C.The livingenvironment of other species will remainunchanged.D.The populationsofotherspecieswillexperience unexpectedchanges.
4.What conclusioncanbedrawn from the examplesinParagraph4A.Uncontrolled humanactivities greatlyupset ecosystems.B.Rapid economicdevelopment threatensanimal habitats.C.Species ofcommercial valuedominate otherspecies.D.Industrial activitieshelp keepfoodwebsstable.
5.How doesan early-warning systemhelp usmaintain theecological balanceA.By gettingillegal practicesunder control.B.By stoppingus fromkilling largepredators.C.By bringingthe broken-down ecosystemsback tonormal.D.By signalingthe urgentneed fortaking preventiveaction.【参考答案】
1.B
2.C
3.D
4.A
5.D【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文本文介绍了借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了一些在食物网运营的关键原则科学家们说;因为一个生态系统越过了它的临界点，它们很难再回来该系统将告诉我们何时适应人类活动，这些活动正将生态系统推向崩溃，或者甚至允许我们将生态系统从边缘拉回来，预防是关键【解析】细节理解题根据第一
1.B SWWith suchmodels,scientists havefound outsome key可知，借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了食物网中的一些principles operatinginfoodwebs.关键原则故选项B【解析】细节理解题根据第一段的（掠食动物）
2.C Whenapredatoral wayseats hugenumbersof（猎物），可知，当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物，asingleprey thetwospeciesarestronglylinked这两个物种是紧密相连的故选项C【解析】推理判断题根据第二段的
3.D Inthe1960s,scientists proposedthat predatorsatthetop ofafoodwebhad,asurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspeciestheydidnot可知，处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群数量有directlyattack着惊人的控制，由此可推断出，如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降，其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化故选项D【解析】推理判断题根据第四段的
4.A Ideally the system wouldtell uswhen toadapt human activitiesthatare pushingan ecosystem toward abreakdown orwould even allowus topull anecosystem back可知，人类过度的活动会将生态系统推向崩溃，由此可推断出，不受控制的fromtheborderline人类活动极大地破坏了生态系统故选项A【解析】细节理解题根据最后一段的
5.D Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warning systembased onmathematicalmodels.Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivities thatare pushingan.ecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline可知，早期变暖系统发出紧急需要采取预防行动的信号帮助我们维持生态平衡故选项D【2018・北京卷，C]Plastic-Eating Wormsgreaterwar mothHumansproduce morethan300million tonsofplasticeveryyear.Almost halfof thatwinds upin（土立圾填埋场），landfills andup to12million tonspollute theoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewayto getrid ofit,but anewstudysuggests ananswer maylie inthe stomachsof somehungry worms.Researchers inSpain andEngland recentlyfoundthatthe wormsofthegreater waxmoth can breakdown polyethylene,which accountsfor40%of plastics.The teamleft100wax wormsonacommercialpolyethylene shoppingbag for12hours,andthe worms consumedand brokedown about92milligrams,or almost3%ofit.To confirmthattheworms chewingalone wasnot responsibleforthepolyethylene（糊状物）breakdown,the researchersmade someworms intopaste andapplied ittoplasticfilms.14（酶）hours laterthe filmshadlost13%oftheirmass——apparently brokendown byenzymes fromtheworms stomachs.Their findingswere publishedin CurrentBiology in
2017.FedericaBertocchini,co-author ofthe study,says theworms,ability tobreak downtheir everydayfood-beeswax-also allowsthemtobreakdownplastic.Wax isa complexmixture,but thebasic bondinpolyethylene,the carbon-carbon bond,is thereaswell,she explains,The waxworm evolvedamethod orsystemtobreak thisbond.”Jennifer DeBruyn,a microbiologistattheUniversity ofTennessee,who wasnot involvedin thestudy,saysitis notsurprising thatsuch wormscanbreakdown polyethylene.But comparedwithprevious studies,she findsthe speedof breakingdown inthis oneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruyn says,willbeto identifythe causeofthebreakdown.Is itan enzymeproduced bythewormitself orby itsgut（肠道微生物）？microbesBertocchini agreesand hopesher teamsfindings mightone dayhelp employtheenzymeto breakdownplastics inlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimplymillions ofworms thrownon topoftheplastic.
1.What canwe learnabouttheworms inthe study。
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