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由于；因为重在结果l.since引导的从句一般在主句之前，表示已知的、显然的理由，译为“因为…，既since然…，鉴于，语气比弱becauseSince youspent toomuch,I willlimit yourspending.Since therain hasstopped,lets gofor awalk.Since weare young,we shouldntbe tooafraid ofmaking mistakes.Since Asweve nomoney,we cantbuy it.因为，既然重在结果
3.as引导从句表示附带说明的“双方已知的原因”，语气比弱，位置较为灵活as since多在主句前As it is raining,youd bettertake ataxi.As you are tired,you hadbetter rest.I wentto bedearly,as I was exhausted.As it is toolate,let takethe planeinstead ofthe train.因为表猜测的原因
4.for引导的从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因，只提供一些辅助性的补充说明for或情况加以推断，从句只能在主句后，并用逗号与主句隔开forHe couldnot haveseen me,for Iwas notthere.He mustbe ill,for he is absenttoday.He mustbe athome yesterday,for itrained heavily.I thinkit ismorning now,for thebirds aresinging.＞特殊的连接词鉴于某个事实,既然now that鉴于某个事实，既然in that鉴于某个事实，既然seeing that鉴于某个事实，既然considering that鉴于某个事实,既然given that这几个词汇与意思相近，都表示“鉴于某个事实”“既然”如since,asNow thatyouaregrown up,you shouldnot relyon yourparents.Seeing thatyoure alreadyat thedoor,I supposeI mustinviteHis requestis unreasonablein thathe knowswe cantafford it.you inside.Consideringthat hesonly sixteenyear old,he is not fitfor thejob.Given thatshe isinterested inchildren,am sureteaching isthe right careerfor her.【专项练习】
1.I taughtthem tosing musiccan bringthem joyand peace.A.so B.although C.because D.and
2.He couldntget moneyfrom his parents,he knewthey hadno extramoney.A.when B.so C.if D.because
3.therightside wasweak,the enemydecided toattack it.A.Though B.But C.Since D.WhileA.because B.if C.because ofD.when
4.Jim isfull ofwisdom healways knowsthe answerto eachquestion.
5.The meetingwas putoff theheavy rain.A.as B.since C.because D.because of
6.---Why wereyou latefor school-I gotup late.A.As B.Since C.Because D.Because of
7.I stayedup latelast night,Iwastired thismorning.
8.fresh wateris valuable,it shouldntbe wasted.；A.Because;but B./so C.Because;so D.Because of;so；C.Because;/D.Because of;soA.Because;so B./but■条件状语从句＞条件状语从句的概念在复合句中，从句是表示条件的状语，叫做条件状语从句条件状语从句可以放在句首或句尾＞条件状语从句常见的连接词（如果）Lif可以引导真实条件句和非真实条件句，在引导真实条件句时，其引导的事件是可if能真实发生的If everyoneobeys thetraffic rules,the roadswill bemuch safer.在引导非真实条件句时，其引导的事件是与现实不同的，因此需要使用虚拟语气:IfI wereyou,I wouldstick to it.（除非）
2.unless=if...not...We will be lateunless wehurry.=We will be lateif wedo nothurry.They facecertain deathunless theycan berescued today.（只要）
3.as/so longasYou canstay hereas longas youkeep theroom clean.As longas yourehappy,thats allthat matters.＞特殊的连接词如果，假设如果，假设只要suppose/supposing that:provided/providing that:only if:on conditionthat:若是，以.......为条件Suppose thatyou win the lottery,what wouldyou dowith themoneyYou canborrow mycar,providing thatyou returnit bytomorrow.You cango tothe partyonly if you finish your homework.I will go abroadon conditionthat myhusband goeswith me.＞条件状语从句的时态If itrains tomorrow,I won11climb thehills.（主将从现）（主情从现）We canwinthebasketball gameif hejoins us.（主祈从现）Help yourmom withthe houseworkifyoufinishyourhomework early.＞条件状语从句与其他句式的转换.借助“祈使句一般将来时的句子”这一句型来转换在句意上表1+and/or+and示顺承关系,表示转折关系or如If youget upearly,youll getthere ontime.=Get upearly,and you*ll getthere ontime.=Get upearly,or youwont getthere ontime..借助介词或来转换条件状语从句2without with如If thereisnowater,fish will die.=Fish will die withoutwater.If youhelp me,Ill finishthe worksoon.=With yourhelp,Fil finishthe worksoon.【专项练习】
1.—Will yougo tohave apicnic withus—I ifit fine.A.will go;is B.go;willbeC.will go;willbeD.go;is
2.If youwater,it intosteam.A.will boil;will turn B.boil;will turnC.will boil;turns D.boil;turns
3.In hotweather,food goesbad easilyitiskept inthe fridge.A.unless B.if C.because D.since
4.You willremember thingswell youget enoughsleep everynight.A.if B.unless C.so thatD.where
5.The artclub isfor studentsonly.You cantgo inyou havea studentcard.A.unless B.if C.because D.though■让步状语从句＞让步状语从句的概念在复合句中，从句表示“尽管、即使……”的含义,主句的结果和从句表达的预期相反＞让步状语从句常见的连接词（虽然,尽管）Lthough,although这两个连词意思大致相同，在一般情况下可以互换使用，在口语中比较常though用，比较正式although【注意】都不能和团连用，但可以和或连用,强调对比L yet,still neverthelessAlthough/Though ourteam triedour best,we lostthe game.Although/Though hewas wornout,he kepton working.Although she is old,she isstill healthy（即使，纵使）
2.even if,even though和带有较强的意味，语气比和强even ifeven thoughalthough thoughEvenif hismother agrees,his fatherwon*t lethim go.Even thoughshe wastired,she stayedup lateto finishher homework.（不管是…还是）
3.whether...or...Whether helikes itor not,he hasto attendthe meeting.Whether itrains ornot,we will go onthe picnictomorrow.疑问词，或“疑问词（无论）
4.“no matter++ever”No matterwhere shegoes,she alwaysbrings herfavorite bookwith her.Wherever shegoes,she alwaysbrings herfavorite bookwith her.＞特殊的连接词（构成倒装句）asthough形容词主语+谓语+as/though+副词动词名词12-year-old girlas she is,she hashad agood commandof English.她虽然只是个岁的女孩，但是她已经熟知英语12Much asI havetraveled,I havenever seenanyone whosas capableas John.我虽然去的地方多，但是我从来没见过像约翰这么能干的人Successful thoughheis,heis not proud.他虽然非常成功，但并不骄傲【专项练习】
1.cell phoneshelp usa lotin ourdaily life,they bringus someproblems,too.A.Though B.However C.And D.But
2.I havegrown up,I actlike asmall childsometimes.A.Although B.If C.Whether D.When
3.1dont knowhim wellIve knownhim fbra longtime.A.though B.so C.and D.or
4.difficult thetask maybe,we willtry ourbest tofinish it.A.No matterB.no wonderC.though D.however
5.studying abroadis hard,it canhelp youunderstand theworld.A.If B.Although C.Because D.When【综合练习】
一、单项选择
1.Although heis considereda greatwriter,.A.his worksisnot widely readB.but hisworks arenot widelyreadC.unless hisworks arenot widelyread D.yet hisworks arenotwidelyread
2.she wasvery tired,she keptworking tillmidnight.A.If;/B.However;/C.Although;but D.Though;/
3.you knowhow towrite them,you can*t usethem correctlyand exactly.A.Because B.In orderthat C.If D.Even though
4.I finddifficult totalk toforeigners inEnglish Ithink myEnglishis quitegood.A.that;though B.this;although C.it;though D./;though一
5.Look!Some peopleare runningthe redlights.—We shouldwait othersare breakingthe rule.A.if B.unless C.although D.because
6.sheisyoung,she knowsquite alot.A.When B.However C.Although D.Unless
7.If youa fishout ofwater,it.A.take;willdieB.will;dies C.take;dies D.will take;willdie
8.you tellme thatyoure notcoming,Ill seeyou atthe park.A.Though B.If C.Until D.Unless
9.I wonderif mysister me.If sheme,I outto play.A.visits;will visit;will goB.will visit;visits;will notgoC.will visit;will visit;will notgo D.visits;visits;dont go
10.you feelhappy,I willbe happy.A.So B.So longas C.For D.With
11.If youcool water,it intoice.A.turnB.turns C.is turningD.turned
12.If itrain tomorrow,I tothe cinema.A.wont;willgoB.doesnt;willgoC.doesnt;go D.wont;go
13.Please dontcome intothe officeI callyou.A.unless B.if C.when D.afterA.until;will tellB.unless;tell C.until;told D.unless;wont tell
14.He wontknow thenews,hisparentsit tohim.
15.Lucy isbusy makinga fruitcake itsher mothersbirthday today.A.or B.but C.although D.because
16.weve madethe promise,lefs keeptoitand notgive upeasily.A.Whether B.Since C.Though D.Unless
17.—Shall Igive youa rideitisso late—Thank you.It couldntbe better.A.if B.until C.before D.as
二、翻译句子尽管我不喜欢购物，我还是和妈妈一起去了
1.即使她学习很努力，但几乎没取得什么进步
2..新鲜的空气是没办法进来的，除非你打开窗户
3.你不会通过这场考试的，如果你不努力的话
4.只要老板同意，我们就开启这个项目5。
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