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An Analysisof theImage of Benjy in The Soundand the Furyfrom the Perspective ofPsychoanalysis《喧哗与骚动》中班吉形象的精神分析such alasting andintimateassociation withpsychoanalysis asliterature5The reasonfbr thatmainly dependsonFreuds contribution,and Freuds contribution toour understandingof literatureis notbecause of whathe saysabout literatureitself,but because of whathe saysabout thenatureof the human mind.In this way,Freuds greatcontribution to the culture and literatureofthe20th centuryis furtherconfirmed in the broadsense ofculture.Although Trillingdiedmany yearsago,his assessmentof Freudian psychoanalytic theorystill has a significantimpact.While studyingmodern westernliterature,Alfred Kazin also noticedthe greatrole ofpsychoanalysis as acultural phenomenonin modernliterature.Freud,s greatinfluence Jhenotes,arose from the factthat hereally gaveus a new perspective,and that peoplecould followhim fromidea toidea,from subjectto subject.It isbecauseof this broadvisionthatpeople can trulyunderstand theinner relationshipbetween psychoanalysis andcontemporary literature and culture.In todaysAmerican criticalcircle,many criticstry tointegratethe theory of psychoanalysisinto thepractice ofcultural criticismin abroadsense.
2.2Chinese ResearchStatusThe disseminationof Freudian theory inChina can be tracedback to the early2020s,and itsmain disseminativechannels arethrough WesternEurope andJapan respectively.The fieldsthat Freudiantheory introducesinclude psychology,culture and literature,andthe evaluationand introductionwork in these threefields is almost simultaneous.In1920,psychologist Wang Jingxi published a reviewarticle whosetitle is TheInstinct and the Unconscious in TrendyVol.2,No.4on May.This article,though notdirectlyintroduce Freudpsychoanalysis theory,it indirectlymentions someof Freudstheoriesby commenting on theviews ofWallace,McDougall and others oninstinct andunconsciousness.In the same year,WangJingxipublished RecentTrends inPsychology,which introducedthe establishmentof Freudian psychoanalysis and its popularityinwestern culturalcircles afterthe FirstWorld War.In hisopinion,the significanceandinfluence of psychoanalysis aremainly reflected in twoaspects:one is that instinctandemotion shouldplay animportant rolein peoplespsychology;the otheris thatpsychoanalysisproves theexistence of the unconsciousness and alsofinds effectivewaysto detectthe unconsciousness.These twofindings areactually powerfulshocks to the pastofrational psychology and markthe beginningof anew kind of psychology-unconsciouspsychology.From Wangspoint ofview,he atleast relativelybelieves inpsychoanalysisand alsoexpresses hisdeep admirationto Freudsexploration andbold ideas.He regardsthat as arecent trendin thedevelopment of psychology.After WangJingxi,in1922YangZhensheng publishedan articleentitled NewPsychology,which indirectlyintroducedsome importantpoints of Freud,such as the unconsciousness and libido.Pan Guangdan,Zhang Shizhaoand othersactively studiedFreuds psychoanalytictheoryin thecultural andliterary circles.Generally speaking,their ideologicaltendencywas topraise and admire Freud.During hisstudy in Germany,Zhang Shizhaoeven wrotetoFreud.In theafterword of the Chinesetranslation of Freud andMarx,Dong Qiusi,aleft-wing scholar,tried toevaluate thecontribution andlimitations of Freudianpsychologistic theory from the perspective andstandpoint ofMarxism.From theoutset,heargued that Freuds fundamentalideas like unconsciousness,which on the faceof itseemto beidealist,are in fact wellfounded.It is not fair,therefore,to concludefrom superficialobservationthat Freuds theory isprimarily idealist.In hisopinion,psychoanalysis hasmanyelements ofmaterialism anddialectics,so it has somethingin commonwithMarxism inmany aspects.But sinceit is anew,experimental doctrine,the shortcomingsofFreudiantheoryare obvious.In thefield ofpsychology,psychologist Gao Juefu firstintroduced andstudiedFreudian theorycomprehensively anddeeply.In1928,Gao Juefupublishedareviewarticle titledOn Freud,which startedthe comprehensiveintroduction ofFreud and hisworks.In1930,he publishedhis paper Freud andHis PsychoanalyticCriticism.Thisarticle reachedthe highestlevel ofpsychology aboutcommentingonFreud.Gao Juefiitakesa bipartiteattitude towardsFreudstheoryand highlyappraises hiscontribution tohumancivilization andprogress.According toGao,Freuds contributionmainly lies in thefollowingthree aspects:1Freud dealta fatalblow torationalism i.e.,rationalpsychology;2Freud thoroughlyapplied the principle ofcause andeffect inpsychology;3Freud madepsychologyandhuman have a closerelationship.However,GaoJuefudidnot onlyfocus onFreudscontribution,but alsopointed out the extremepoints of Freudstheory ofunconsciousness,dream,sexual instinctand so on,and warnedthat peopleshouldnever blindlyecho his theory.III.Theories ofFreudian PsychoanalysisAs an Austrianphysician,psychologist,literary criticthe founderof theschool ofpsychoanalysis,Sigmund Freud1856-1939was bornin aJewish merchantfamily,andwas known as the three Jewswho influenced the wholehuman thinkingtogether withMarxand Einstein.Freudian psychoanalysis theory wasformed in his long-term diagnosisandtreatment of mental patients.In Austriain thelate19th century,the freecompetition ofcapitalismdeveloped into the stageof monopolycapitalism,with sharpsocialcontradictions,strong religiousatmosphere inculture,severe socialtaboos,greatsuppression ofsexual instinct,and increasinglyhigh incidenceofmentalillness andneurosis.It isunder thissocial backgroundthat psychoanalytic theory comesinto beinganddevelops.Freudian psychoanalysis is generallydivided intotwo stages:early stageandlate stage.In theearly theories,he drewmuch attentionfor hisdiscovery of theunconscious,and dividedpeoples psychologicalstructure intothree parts:consciousness,pre-consciousness andsubconscious.With thefurther expansionof theresearch scope,hemade arelatively largerevision to the previoustheory,and comprehensivelyextended thistheoryto philosophy,religion,society,cultureandother fields,making his theory risetothe heightof philosophyand anthropology.The personality theory usedto analyze theinner world of characterswas createdin thisstage.He wrotemore than50works inhislifetime,which had a wideimpact onall fields of society,especially thefield ofliterature.Up tonow,Freudian psychoanalytic theory isstill beingstudied andexplored.Applying ittoliterary worksplays animportant rolein exploringthe imageof characters.
3.1Conscious andUnconscious TheoryAccording to thepoint ofview ofmodern psychology,the consciousness is thespecialhigh-level formreflecting theobjective reality and the conscious reflectionwithpurpose.This kind of reflectionis mainlyreflected in the cognitiveactivities,that is,theactivities of“awareness”.The so-called unconscious,generally refersto unconscious,notaware of the psychologicalactivities;It is not relatedto thesecond trustsystem andcannotbe expressedin words.In Freudsearly theory,the human mind hastwo parts,one isconsciousness and theother is unconsciousness.Freud andBreuer foundin treatinghysteria that the suffererwasnot aware of allhis emotionalexperiences.When patientsare underhypnosis,if theycanrecall their own experienceof the disease andtell the whole to the doctor,they willfeelrelieved and thediseasewill becured.Freud believed that it was theemotional experienceof the suffererthat wasrepressed,squeezed out of consciousness,lurking in theunconscious,and thatcaused thedisorder.From this early conceptionFreud developedhisconcepts of consciousness and the unconscious.This leadshim to believe that the humanmindconsists ofconscious andunconscious parts.According toFreud,consciousness is the psychologicalpart relatedto directperception,including what the individualis nowaware of and whatcan berememberedalthough he is notaware ofnow.The unconscious,however,cannot be realized bythe self.It includesthe primalblind impulses,various instincts and the desires relatedto instinctsafterbirth.These impulses,instinctsanddesires,which areincompatible withsocialcustoms,habits,morals andlaws,are suppressedor pushedunder thethreshold ofconsciousnessthreshold ofconsciousness refersto theboundary ofbeing awareof.Theyhave not been eliminated,but arestill activelyactive unconsciouslyin pursuit ofsatisfaction.So the unconscious is a bigrepository ofpeoples pastexperiences.BecauseFreud5sunconscioushas sucha nature,people callhis unconscious“subconsciousness”.Freud also believed thatbetween the conscious and the unconscioussubconscious,there is a“pre-conscious”.The pre-conscious ispart of theconscious,the part of theconsciousmind that is notconscious butcan beremembered.In Freudsview,thepre-conscious liessomewhere between theconsciousand the unconscious,and it is thepartthat can be recalled,the experiencethat can be recalled.The unconscious is notto berecalled.In thisway,infact,Freud dividedthe humanmind intothree partsor threelevels:consciousness,pre-consciousnessandunconsciousness subconscious.The concept of the unconscious,which is at theheart of psychoanalysis,is the basisof Freudstheory.Among allthose who have sincerevised theclassical psychoanalysisFreudian Psychoanalysis waslater calledClassical Psychoanalysisto distinguishit fromthenew psychoanalysis,no matterthe degreeof revision,this basicconcept has not beenabandoned,otherwise,the psychoanalystis not.Freud inhis theory,the unconscioussubconscious to an unprecedentedheight,andconsciousness is only asecondary position.He believedthat mental processes themselvesareunconscious^and wasopposed the theory of mind as“the science of consciouscontent.He not only believedthat consciousmentalprocessesare onlyisolatedprocesses”,but alsothat there is somethinglikeunconsciousthinking andunconsciouswill”,and therecognition ofunconscious processesis adecisive tendencythat affectstheworld andscience.Therefore,Freud arguedthat theresearch objectofpsychology shouldmainly be the variousunconscious mentalprocesses ofhuman beings,that isto say,psychologyshouldbe thescienceofunconscious.In Freudstheory,the relationshipbetween consciousness,pre-consciousnessand theunconscious subconsciouscan beexpressed asfollows:In Freudsview,pre-consciousnessispart ofconsciousness asmentioned above.Pre-consciousness toconsciousness,or fromconsciousness topre-consciousness,is amatterof theblink of an eye.Although there is aboundary betweenthe two,thereisnoinsurmountable gap.We candraw itas adotted line.For Freud,it isvery difficultfor theunconsciousto returnto theconscious,because thereis aclear barrierbetweenthe two.Itseems that thereis a strictdefense at the doorof theconscious,and the instinctive desireof theunconsciousis not allowedto intrudeat will.We canwriteit as a solidline.In Freudsearly theories,this defensewas calledthe inspectioneffect orinspector.
3.2Personality TheoryIn1923,Freud establishedthe moreformal structuralmodel ofpsychoanalysis,which wasdefined bythe threeconcepts of Id,Ego andSuperego,which representeddifferentaspects ofhuman psychologicalfunctions.According toFreud,the Ego is theexistenceand awakeningof onesown consciousness;The Id is the natural expression ofthe originaldesire.The superegois the social normand taboo.
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2.1IdAccording to theory,the Idrepresents the source of all driveenergy.The energyofindividual mentalfunction isrooted in the instinctsof lifeand death,or sexand aggression,which arepart of the Id.In its function,the Idseeks to release excitementand tensionandrelease energy,anditoperates on the pleasureprinciple,which is the pursuitof pleasureand the avoidanceof pain.In thisway,the Idseeks immediateand completerelease,whichhas thequality ofa spoiledchild:when youwant it,you getit.The Idcan*t standanyfrustration and has noscruples,which ismanifested in its disregardfor anyreality and itsability toobtain satisfactionby actingor byimagining thatit hasgot whatit wants-satisfying thefantasy isas goodas theactual satisfaction.The Idhas noreason,logic,values,moral senseand ethicalcreed.In short,the Id is excessive,impulsive,blind,irrational,unsocial,selfish,and indulgent.
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2.2EgoAccording toFreuds statement,the functionof the Egoisto expressand satisfythedesires of the idand thedemands of the superegothrough theargument of reality.The Egooperatesaccording tothe realityprinciple,in whichinstinctive gratification is delayeduntilthe appropriatetime sothat mostpleasures involveminimal pain and negativeconsequences.According totheprincipleof reality,the energyfrom theEgo maybeblocked,transferred,or slowlyreleased,depending on the requirementsof realityandconscience.This wayof workingis notinconsistent with the pleasureprinciple,but merelyrepresentsa temporaryinterruption ofsatisfaction.In thewords ofGeorge BernardShaw,theEgoperforms itsfunction by“being ableto choosethe path of the greatest goodratherthan thepathof the leastresistance^.The egocan separatedesire fromfantasy andcantolerate tensionand compromise.Over time,it can also changeitself anddevelop theskillsof percipienceand cognitionand theability tothink aboutmore complexproblems.Forexample,peoplecanthink about the futureand whatis bestin thelong run.All of thesequalities arediametrically opposedtotheunrealistic,immutable,excessive qualitiesof theId.
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2.3SuperegoThe oppositeof the Idis the Superego,which containsthe ideaswe strive for and thepunishments weexpect whenwe violateour ownmoral code.This partof the personalitystructure controlsbehavior according to socialnorms inorder tofunction,rewarding goodbehaviorand punishingbad behavior.The Superegois ableto performitsfunctionat averyprimitive level,so it cant stand the testofrealityrelatively,that is,it cantchange itsactionsaccording todifferent situations.In thiscase,people areunable todistinguishbetween thoughtsand actions,and mayfeel guiltyfor thethoughts thatdo noteven leadtoaction.The Superegoin thestrict senseis anoveruse ofwords likegood,bad,judgment,and judgment.But theSuperego canalsobereasonable andflexible andresilient.Forexample,people maybe ableto forget theirownor others9faults ifthey werein anaccidentor undersevere stress.As childrengrow up,they learnthese importantdifferencesand learnto seethings not only inall ornothing,right orwrong,black andwhite.Freudian psychoanalytic theory analyzespeoples psychologicaldimensions andspiritualdimensions under the perspective ofpsychoanalysis.His theoriesofpsychoanalysis havegreat significancein thetreatment ofpsychological andspiritualdisorders inreal life.Therefore,they arestill popularnow andhave gotteninherited anddeveloped.IV.Benjys ImageAnalyzing from the Perspectiveof FreudianPsychoanalysisTheoryAccording toFreud,personality iscomposed ofthree parts:Id,Ego andSuperego.Ifthe threekeep abalance,the normaldevelopment of personality will berealized.Otherwise,some aspectsofcharacterswill miss.When theydepicted thecharacters inTheSound and the Fury,the criticsjust regardedBenjy as an idiot,but rarelyanalyze his innerworld.To interpretthe novelwith Freudian psychoanalysis theory,we can see anewBenjy thatis differentfrom theone before.
4.1Benjys PersonalityWorld ExploringFreud believedthatpersonality iscomposed ofthree parts:Id,Ego andSuperego.The personalitywill getthe normaldevelopment onlyunder thebalance of thethree.Otherwise,neurosis willbe caused.In The Sound and the Fury,the siblingspersonalitydevelopment isnot soundbecause theylive ina specialworld.Some criticssuggested thatBenjy was aman whoselife waschaotic andwho spokefor the Id.In fact,Benjy interpretsthe world around him ina simplestform.The criticCleanth Brooksagreed that the banglechapterisafugue ofseeing,smelling,smelling,and acting.Many of them havenomeaning in themselves,but togetherthey forman embroideredfigure ofa cross.It istheembroidered figureofacross”that trulyshows theinner worldof Benjy.What heseesand hearshighlights an individual wanderinginhisworld anda sentimentalhuman who ispowerless towail inreality.In the following article,we willexplore Benjyspersonalityworld onthe basisofFreudspersonalitytheoryand theinterpretation of the text.、
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1.2Benjy EgoSomedomestic scholarsbelieve thatFaulkner consciouslyconstructed Benjy inaccordance with the imageoftheself whenwriting andbelieve that Benjywas selfish,jealous,impulsive,aggressive,dirty,disrespectful,cruel,self-centered and威廉•福克纳是美国当代著名作家、诺贝尔文学奖获得者其长篇小说《喧哗与骚动》描述了一个美国旧南方贵族没落的故事,刻画了康普生家族成员的生活、精神状态本论文主要用心理学家弗洛伊德的精神分析理论分析《喧哗与骚动》中有着自己独特而鲜明的特色的班吉这一人物形象依据弗洛伊德精神分析理论,在解读文本的基础上,分析班吉的人格世界以及他在安全感、秩序以及爱三个方面的缺失,进而分析班吉这一悲剧形象产生的原因通过这些分析研究,可以发现班吉的精神生态畸形象征着一个有着旧南方传统价值观群体的精神生态畸形,是十九世纪转型时期的社会条件下美国南方人悲惨生活的体现关键词精神分析人格世界缺失arrogant.Such aview onlyput Benjyfixed in the categoryofId.It isa certaintruth,butalso ignoresBenjys egoatthe same time.Freudbelievedthat theIdisthe mediatorandexecutor with the external world,and the external worldistheplace andrestrainer ofself-development.The Idcan consciouslycontrol thebody activities,adapt tothe externalconditionsor maketheexternalworld producebeneficial changes.The Egoand theId arecloselylinked.The Egooriginates fromtheId,reflects thepainandpleasure oftheIdonthe intuitiveconsciousness,and strivesto satisfythe Idsdesiretoenjoy andavoidsuffering.Benjy has a closeconnection withthe outside world,which runsthrough someeventsand appearsand disappearsin Benjysthinking.But theconnection hasa beginningandan end.Benjys memoryfor drinkingis fragmentary,but ifyou connectthe pieces,you willfindout thereason whyBenjy drinks,the processand theresult of his drinking.BenjyrecalledthatitwasT.P.who hadtaken himdown tothe cellarthat day,carried awoodenbox tothe wine,drank and got drunk,and thenattracted Quentinand Caddy.Behind thismemoryis Benjysinfinite attachment to Caddywho tookcare ofhim likea mother,andalso includeshis gut-wrenching yellafter drunken.He“used hisgut-wrenching yelltomaintain Caddysmaternal love fbr him.He was afraid oflosing thematernal lovehe had!All ofthe aboveis thatBenjys egoconsciously satisfiesids desirefor pleasure.Moreover,it is also worthexploring howBenjy recallshis indecentbehavior towardfemale students.After Caddyleft,Benjy fellinto lonelinessand despair.He hoveredover thefence,lookedat agirl passingby andjust wantedtotalkto her.But hewas beatenwith astick andcastratedeventually.During Benjyscastration,he recalled:“I wantedto foiloff themountain,but Ifell offinto thebright,swirling shadows.After thecastration,Benjyrecalled again:I tookoff myclothes,and lookedat myselfand startedto cry.Benjy isrecountinghis unfairtreatment in the wayof reminiscences,which isakindof justice,anexplanation andakindof whippingtothe Compson family.But Benjyssell-expression isweakand powerless,and hisflaws dontallow him to fighttheworld.Benjy isconsciousinrealityandembodies himselfall the time.Benjy isnot obsessedwithmoney,but hesees theworldofprofit asa near-observer.In1928,when theAmericaneconomy wasonthebrink ofcollapse,the strugglefor moneywas boundtostrike adeep chord.On April7,1928,Benjy spentthe dayon searchingthe coinswith theblack slave Lester.Lester ledBenjy tolook for the coinshe hadlost anddreamed ofpickingupagolf ballfor nothing.If theincident isa coincidencein Benjysmind,itfollows more than adozen times.Benjy knewthat menwere lookingfor somethingin theirowninterest.Lester madeup forit byfinding adropped golfball in the water.But Lesterssearchgradually changed.Benjy sawhim sentaway theseeker and then triedto changethegolf ballfor adime,but failed.Then heturned tosomeone else.He saidto Jason,“Give metwenty-five cents,please.Jason said,“I workfor mymoney.In theend Caddygave himadime.Benjy watchedthat howLester huntedforthecoins,exchanged thecoins,andcollected thecoins.Benjy presentsus withnotonlya simpletransaction aftertheemergence ofcurrency,but alsoa fraudand untoldhardships.Economic activityisaformof theexternalworld and isclosely relatedto everyone.Peoples crazyabout moneyafter itisappeared hasalready enteredpeoples consciousness,and thepursuitofithasbecome anindispensablepartoftheId.Benjy tellsus fromhis experiencethat moneymatters,nomatter howsmall,canalsoreflect theessence ofa person,such asLesters greed,Jasonsselfishness and Caddys kindness.Another way to connectBenjys idwiththeoutsideworldisthroughthe smell.Smellis arepresentative of his self-awareness,akindof self-expressionofhis id.He wasable toseparategood frombad,danger fromsafety.According tothe“smell”,Benjy cansmell thenaturalcoldness andrain,smell the death andexperience thewarmth andcoldness ofhuman beings.At theend of Benjys chapter,Benjy recalls:“Caddy puther armaround me,and Icould hearthe othersblowing,the sound of night,and thesoundofsomething Icouldsmell.Benjy smelledthedeathof Dammudy,Quentin,Roskus,and Mr.Compson beforetheydied.He couldtell youthe timewhen heandotherswould dieasahound couldtellits prey.Benjy is also reluctantto smellCaddys perfume,but notout ofpure selfishnessandjealousy,but out ofhisconcernfor Caddy.When Caddyshows herkindness,Benjysmelled herasatree.When Caddymisbehaves,Benjy cantsmell.Benjys andCaddysheart isthesame.Whenever Benjyfelt hisbeloved sisterchanged,he wouldpush hertothe bathroom,and washedoff herinfidelity likewashing offthe smellof perfume.WhatBenjy didntlike isthe thingCaddy didntlike.Benjy isprotecting Caddywith akind ofself-restraint,andCaddyisalsoprotecting Benjy likea mother.It wasenough towashaway Benjy,s jealousyand selfishness.
4.2Benjys DeficiencyAnalyzingIn1943,American psychologistMaslows hierarchyof needstheory putforward inhumanexcitation theory,and hesaw peopleaccordingtothe physiologicaldemand fromjuniorto senior,in turn,canbedivided into:physiological needs,safety needs,love andbelonging,esteem andself-actualization fiveclasses.According toMaslows theory,onlywhen thelow-level needsare satisfiedwill human beings bemotivated tostriveforhigherneeds.If thelow-level needsare notsatisfied,people willstop pursuingthe high-levelneeds andstop movingforward.Therefore,we canalso discussthe particularityof thecharacterof Benjybased onthis theoryand Freuds psychoanalysis theory.
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2.1The Absenceof Senseof SecuritySecurityisonlysecond inMaslows hierarchyof needs,but itis absentin Benjy.Herewe analyzeit fromtwo perspectives.According toFreudspsychoanalysis theory,males willdevelop sexualdesire atanearly age,which is reflectedinthe Oedipuscomplex mentionedearlier.The sexualdesirehere referstotheattachmenttothe mother,thedesireto havelibido withthe mother,ratherthan thedesiretohave sexwiththemother.They mayhave anaversion totheir possessivefather,but because they arenot asstrong as their father,they areafraid.At thebegging,they dontknow that the girlsdont havepenis.Later theymake itclear butthink itisbecause thegirls arecastrated.So theyhaveafear that one daytheir peniswillbecut offaswell,becausetheparents oftenthreaten themin thisway whenthey aredisobedient:if youkeepdisobedient,I willcut offyour penis.As Benjymistook femalecollege studentsforCaddy,he pursuedthem againstmorality.His fatherthought hewas actingindiscreetly onpurpose,so draggedhim tothehospital for a castrationoperation.It madehim feelthe powerof intimidation,the threatfromhis father.He has been afraidthatoneday hisgenital wouldbe castrated,but nowthathehaslost it,he feelsa senseof insecurity.The Specialimages such as fire,Caddys slippersand redcushions whicharementioned inthe novelareof great significanceto Benjy.All ofthem are the incarnationofcaddy inBenjys heart.When theyappear infront ofhis eyes,he willfeel atease,andwhen Caddyand theydisappear,his spiritwill collapse.This isbecause,in this family,except Caddyand Dilsey,everyone isselfish andcruel,they longfor Benjy to disappearquicklyeven theblackslave Lester.He takescare ofBenjy justunder thepressure ofelders,but inprivate,he isthinking aboutbullying Benjy,sincerely looksdown ontheidiot.Only Caddywill protecthim regardlessofpersonaldanger,love him.In ordertoprotect Benjy,she wouldrather againstall thepeople inthe family.So whenthose aboveimagesdisappear,he startsto cry;when caddywas forced to leave home,he losthis senseofprotection.In addition,Benjy alsoreceived threatsfrom Jasonevery day.When Caddyleft,Jason hasbeen thinkingabout sendinghimtoa mentalhospital.Therefore,Benjys senseof security ismissing.
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2.2The Absenceof LifeOrderAppeared inthe chapterofBenjy,a totalof15scenes:he lookedfor COINSnear theriverwith Lester,helped uncleMaury sendthe lettersalone beforeChristmas,caught upatthe gateoftheiron femalecollege studentsafter school,played inriver ditchwater withCaddywhen hewasachild,went toCompsons graveinacarriage,stole todrink withT.P.on Caddyswedding night,and sawCaddy intimatewith aman...All ofthese scenesin thenovelseem verychaotic.The storyis oftennarrated onlyhalf oreven narrateda sentence,then skippedto anotherscene.There isno orderat all.These arefragments of Benjysmemory thatthe readermust struggleto piecetogether beforeread the novel completely.Then lefslook atthe openingsection ofthe novel:“Here,Caddie.He hit.They wentaway acrossthe pasture.Benjy heldtothefenceand watchedthem goingaway.“Listen atyou,now.Luster said.On thefield,Benjy gruntedhappily asothers shouted“Caddie”in responseto thenameofhissister Caddyand variousbroken memoriesof her.When hewas33years old,he wouldoften standattheiron gate,thought ofthetimewhen hewaited forCaddy tocomeback from school.He hopedto seeher figureamong thegroup ofchildren comingbackfromschool.All thesewere due to hisendless yearningfor hissister.This isa pooridiot,whose consciousnesslost logos,also lostthe normalconceptoftime andspace.When hewas withCaddy,he couldgetthematernal love and affectionfrom Caddy,and he could livehappily.But whenCaddy wasforcedtoleavehomebecauseofherinfidelity,hecouldonly moveto Dilseyskitchen,which couldstill make him feelwarmand secure,so hislife wasout oforder.
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2.3The Existenceand Lossof LoveBenjyisaman whocraves lovebut lacksit.Almost everyoneinthefamily holdanattitude ofindifference anddisgust towardshim,and regardhim as an unnecessary,shameful andunusable burden.Mrs Compsonimposes herselfasanoble lady,complainsall day,and takeseveryone asa troubleexcept Jason.She thinksJason isthe childwhoreally hasher familypedigree.For Benjy,she doesntonly doher responsibilityas amother,instead thinksthatBenjyisatrouble ghostand dragsher down.Like Benjysnumband nihilisticfather,her loveto Benjyis justoutofduty andmoral,but withnosympathy andhumanity;Jason whoalways wantto putBenjytothe mentalhospital,holdsthe attitudeto hisbrother Benjythat leavehim asfar aspossible withthe attitude;We cantfindany traceof QuentinslovefbrBenjyinthe novel.In thereaders impression,Quentinseems tobe aman whoonly cares about his own heartbut nevercaresaboutothers,so hefinallychooses tocommit suicideselfishly.The blackslaveLestercares forhim justundercompulsion notsincerely;Only Caddyand Dilseyreally givehim care.While Dilseyisareligious person,by thereligiousequality ofall livingbeings,she caresBenjy onlyoutof morality andhumanity.Only Caddyistheone whogives himselfless,gentle andreal affection.She lovesherbrother sincerely,which isvery preciousforBenjywhois eager forlove.The natureofthese peopleisreflectedthrough Benjy-the moralmirror”.And Caddysdeath means the loss of love,meanstheloss oforder andsecurity of life.Benjy couldnot understandCaddys departure,and naivelythought thatshe wouldcomeback soonjust likewhat Caddytold him.When he iseagertogetCaddys loveagain,hecan onlyoften waitattheiron gateand hopethatafamiliar figurewho hasgood smellcanappear.V.ConclusionThis paperholds thatThe Sound and the Fury isthe firstmature workamongFaulkners manysuccessful works,whose culturalconnotation andstructural significanceareof greatresearch value.Benjys researchvalue liesin thathe isobviously aspecial andimportantfigure inThe Sound andthe Fury.As aman,he isvery simpleforhisonlythree-year-old intelligence.But asan artisticfigure,heismuch morecomplicated.He isnotan idiot,but ahumanbeing.Because Benjyisnotaffected by any hypocrisy,secularand material,heisthemostbasic humanperformance.Because hecan onlyask andcantgive,love forhim mustbe selflessand sincere.People willnot hidethemselves infront ofhimand showtheir trueselves,which makesBenjylikea mirrorofmorality.Benjysfamily cansee themselvesinthe“mirror,even thoughmost ofthem dontwantto.From the perspective ofFreudianpsychoanalysis,itisofgreatpractical significancetosystematically studyBenjys tragic image andits causes.Because Benjysdeformity ofspiritual ecology symbolizesa groupsdeformity ofspiritualecology,his tragedyisalsoagroups tragedy,istheembodiment ofthe miserablelife ofthe southern Americans.To sumup,the particularityofBenjyscharacter imageliesinhis lowintelligence,thirst forloveandextremely lackof tragedy.Psychoanalysis isa bigsubject,and this paper canonly takea fewperspectives toanalyzethe imageof thisidiot fromthe perspectiveofpsychoanalysis.Through research,wecanfind thatthe authorhas attachedhisownviews toBenjy.Through describingthetragic figureofBenjy,the authorhas revealedhis despairofthe old systeminthe south,deeply criticizedthehumannature,and expressedhis indignationthrough Benjysmurmur.Bibliography
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1.1Introduction tothe AuthorWilliam Faulknerisconsidered bymany tobethegreatest Americanwriter ofproseand fiction.He isalso oneofthemost importantwriters insouthernAmericanliteratureand thewinner oftheNobelPrizeforliterature in
1949.He wrote19novels andnearly100short storiesduring hislifetime.The vastmajority ofthe storiestake placeinthefictionalYoknapatawpha County,knownasthe YoknapatawphaLineage.These worksarerealistic,imaginative,pessimistic and heroic.Faulkners storiesarethestories ofseveralgenerations insome familiesfrom differentsocial classes.His worksprofoundly andcomprehensivelyexplore andanalyzethefundamental causesofthedisintegration oftheold southintheUnited States,and showthe historicalchanges ofthesocialcrisis inthesouth andthe spiritualcrisis inthesouth.Faulkner9s insightintothesouthern United Statesand eventhe wholewestern world,as wellas hisfruitful innovationsin novelforms andcreativemethods,have arousedgreat interestof readersand critics,whohaveexplored hisworksfrom differentperspectives.WilliamFaulknerintegrated modernism,romanticism andrealism.Western criticshavepaid attentionto hisworks formorethan70or80years.During thisperiod,a largenumberof researchpapers andrelated worksabout WilliamFaulkner emergedin Europe,and peopleslove forFaulkner wasfar earlierthan thatintheUnitedStates.As earlyasthe1930s,when Faulknerwas unknownandnoone caredabout theman inAmerica,hisworks hadbeen takenattention andlove byFrench scholars,ideologists andreaders,“Inthe mindsof youngpeople inFrance,with Sartreswords,“hewasGod.In theformerSoviet Union,in Japan,and especiallyin LatinAmerica,WilliamFaulknerhadawidereadership andinfluenced generationsof writers.In China,although theacademicresearches aboutFaulkner startlate andare interruptedforalongtime,thanks totheunremitting effortsof expertsand scholarssuchasLi Wenjunand TaoJie,remarkableaccomplishments have been madesince the1980s.It canbe saidthatthedomesticresearch onFaulkner hasmade greatprogress andentered anew stage.In recentyears,new papershavebeenpublished everyyear.In his19novels,Faulkners favoriteisTheSoundandtheFury.In1998,the modemlibrarylisted FaulknersTheSoundandtheFury asthe sixthof100best Englishnovels inthe20th century.TheSoundandtheFury isalso payedattention bymost critics.
1.2Introduction tothe NovelTheSoundandtheFurywas createdon27April
1928.Faulkner originallycalled itTwilight”.What hewantedtowrite isa novelabout thedecline ofan aristocraticfamilyin thesouth andwiththelossoflove.Although helater changedthe title,the basicpurposeremained thesame.TheSoundandtheFury isFaulkners firstmature workand oneofFaulkners mostdevoted works.The titleofthebook isfrom ShakespearestragedyMacbeth,Life istale told by an idiot,full ofsound and fury,signifying nothing.Fromthe sourceofthenovels name,itcanbeseenthat Faulknerschoice ofthe idiot Benjy asthefirst narratorhasanecessity basedontheconsideration ofthe subject.That lifeis likearidiculous storytoldbyanidiotisthetheme hewants toconvey.Through theidiotBenjy,Faulkner renderedthe atmosphereofthecollapse ofCompsons family.The bookis dividedinto fourparts,each described byacharacter.The firstpart isBenjysection,which describesthattheposition whereBenjyandhisfamilylocated isonthe vergeof decline,and describesit fromtheperspectiveofanidiofs youngson.Thesecond part is Quentinsection,with Benjysbrother asthe relator,describing whatBenjysaw andheard,as wellas hissubconscious andreal life.The thirdpart isJasons section,with Benjyssecond brotherastherelator,which showsBenjys selfishpsychological state.The fourthpartisDilsey section,from Dilseysa blackmaidservant ofthe Compsonfamilyobservation andinner monologueto improvethe plotofthisnovel,isa supplementto thelimited perspectivefirst threeparts andasupplementtothebooks attributes.Inshort,the perfectstructure ofTheSoundandtheFury surprisedcritics andreaders.What thenovel narratesisthesouthern declinelandlord Compson family tragedy.This isa onceillustrious famousfamily whichever hada governorandageneral astheirancestor.There werelots offields andlots ofblack slavesbefore.But asold Compsonwasidler andsotted,while hiswife—once thesouthern greatlady-wasselfishand callousanddid nothave thetender feelingdue asamotherand wifecompletely.Now therewas onlyoneruined houseleft,and blackservant Dilseyandherlittle grandsonLester.The eldestsonQuentin desperatelycling totheso-called oldsouth traditioneventually brownedhimselfbecause hissister Caddysromantic affair.The secondson Jasonis ruthlessandgreedy personman.At thesame time,hatred anddespair sometimesmakehimanirrational andimpractical revengemaniac andsadist.The thirdchild Benjyisacongenitalidiot whohas onlythree yearsold intelligence.Benjy,ontheother hand,hasnodifficultyin revealingthe truthof lifeandtheworld.All membersoftheCompsonfamilycan reflectvariousnoble ormean oruniversal orindifferent humannature throughBenjy.And thespiritualability andvaluable humanbrilliance thatBenjy possessesare admirable.Benjywas thevictim oftheCompsonfamily.He waspunished forthe mistakesof othersandforced totake thescapegoat forthe consequencesof familydecline.Although Benjyexperienceda lotof suffering,but hetold thesuffering ofhumanbeingsthrough hisownexperience tocherish eachother moremutual support.In TheSoundandtheFury,the siblings9personality developmentisnotsound.Theylive inaspecialworld.In theold worlddescribedbyFaulkner,brave Caddylancinates theveilof patriarchalsociety disguisewithhershocking action;Quentin loseshimself inthesearch andgoes tohis death;The self-serving Jasonspends hislift inanxiety;Benjy,as thenovePsopening relator,is oftenregarded bycritics asthe startingpoint forbringing outtheprotagonist inthenovel.In fact,Benjy interpretstheworldaroundhiminitssimplestform.His howlingand moaningand cryingwere fullof hubbubto showthe commotion.His soundandfurynotonlyshowed thedecline oftheCompsonfamily,but alsoreflectedthe spiritualcrisis ofthe wholeAmerican southerngrand plantationfamily whenvariouscultures andcivilizations clashedviolently inthe20th century.Through Benjy,the novelreflectsthe noble,mean,kind orindifferent humannature andhighlights thetheme ofhumansuffering.II.Literature ReviewPsychoanalytictheory belongsto psychodynamictheory,which wasfounded byAustrianpsychiatrist Freudinthelate19th centuryand early20th century.Psychoanalytictheory isthe cornerstoneof modempsychology,anditsinfluence isfar fromlimited tothefield ofclinical psychology.It hasa profoundinfluence onthewholepsychologicalscience andeven allfieldsofwestern humanities.Its influencecanbecompared withDarwinism.Asasocial andcultural trendof thought,Freudian psychoanalytictheory hasemergedinthewest inthe20th centuryandhasa historyof morethan100years.Over thepasthundred years,it alsohasattractedtheattentionof manyscholars athome andabroad.