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Unit5Section AI.Background KnowledgeHenryDavid ThoreauHenryDavid Thoreau:U.S.thinker,essayist,and naturalist1817—
1862.Born inConcord,Mass.,Thoreau graduatedfrom HarvardUniversity andtaught schoolfor severalyears beforedecidingto becomea poetof nature.Back inConcord,he cameunder theinfluence ofR.W.Emerson andbeganto publishpieces in the Transcendentalistmagazine TheDial.In theyears1845—1847,to demonstratehowsatisfying asimple lifecould be,he livedin ahut besideConcords WaldenPond;essays recordinghisdaily lifewere assembledfor hismasterpiece,Walden
1854.His AWeek on the ConcordandMerrimack Rivers1849was theonly otherbook hepublished in his lifetime.He reflectedon anight hespentin jailprotesting theMexican-American Warin theessay CivilDisobedience1849,which wouldlaterinfluence suchfigures asM.Gandhi andM.L.King.In lateryears his interest inTranscendentalismwaned andhe becamea dedicatedabolitionist.His manynature writingsand recordsof hiswanderingsin Canada,Maine,and CapeCod displaythe mindof akeen naturalist.After hisdeath hiscollectedwritings werepublished in20volumes,and furtherwritings havecontinued to appear inprints.JohnMiltonJohn Milton:English poet1608—
1674.Milton attendedCambridge University1625一1632,where hewrote poemsin Latin,Italian,and English;these includedLfAllegro andII Penseroso,bothpublished laterin Poems
1645.During1632一1638he engagedin privatestudy-writing themasqueComus1637and theextraordinary elegyLycidas1638一and touredItaly.Concerned with the Puritancause inEngland,he spentmuch of1641—1660pamphleteering forciviland religiousliberty andserving inOliver CromwelFsgovernment.His best-known proseisin thepamphlets Areopagitica1644,on freedomof thepress,and OfEducation
1644.He losthis sightinthe yearof1651,and thereafterdictated his works.His disastrousfirst marriageended withhis wifesdeathin1652;two latermarriages weremore successful.After theRestoration hewas arrestedas anoteddefender of the Commonwealth,but wassoon released.In ParadiseLost1667,his epicmasterpieceon theFall ofMan writtenin blankverse,he useshis sublime“grand style“with superbpower;his characterizationof Satanis asupreme achievement.He furtherexpressed hispurified faithinGod and the regenerativestrength of the individualsoul inParadise Regained1671,an epicin whichChristovercomes Satanthe tempter,and SamsonAgonistes1671,a tragedyin whichthe OldTestamentfigure conquersself-pity anddespair to become Godschampion.Considered secondonly toW.Shakespeare in the historyof English-language poetry,Milton hadanimmense influenceon laterliterature;though attackedearly in the20th century,he hadregained hisplaceintheWestern canonby mid-century.William WordsworthWilliamWordsworth:English poet1770—
1850.Orphaned at13,Wordsworth attendedCambridgeUniv.,but remainedrootless andvirtually pennilessuntil1795,when alegacy madeReasonsand badeffects ofroom conflicts.Paras8-9The measurestaken by the schoolin order to solveit.III.Language Points
1.strike out:start beingindependent独立闯新路，独立开创I knewit wastime Istruck outon myown.我知道是自己独立的时候了
2.war over:argue orfight aboutsth.因打仗，因而争吵They oftenwarred overwho shouldfetch thewater.他们经常就谁该去打水而争吵The nativeshave beenwarring overthis smallpiece ofland.当地人一直在为这一小块地争斗
3.range from...to:在从到范围或幅度内变动或变化Dress sizesrange frompetite toextra larg已服装尺码从特小号至!J特大号不等Prices rangefrom afew dollarsto athousand dollars.价格从几美元到1,000美元不等
4.give upon:stop hopingthat sb.will dowhat youwant对表示绝望Pve beenwaiting half-an-hour-Id almostgiven upon you.我已经等了半小时,几乎都耍以为你不来了
5.minus:a.below zero负的，零下的The averagetemperature atnight inthis areain Januaryis aboutminus twodegrees.这个土也区1月份的晚间平均气温大约是零下2度prep,reduced bythe statednumber减What is57minus3957减39是多少Six minustwo isfour.6减2等于
46.cut up:1divide sth.into smallpieces witha knife,etc.切碎，割碎He cutup themeat onhis plate.他把盘子上的肉切成小块They cutdown thetree andcut itup forfirewood.他们把树木砍倒，并把它劈碎作木柴2usu.passive upsetsb.emotionallyShe waspretty cutup about them leaving.他们的离去使她很伤心He wasvery cutup whenhe heardthat hisfriend hadbeen sacked.听说朋友被辞退，他感到很难过
7.stale:a.1no longerinteresting orexciting没有新意的，过时的stale cliches陈词滥调stale news过时的新闻Their marriagehad gonestale.他们的婚姻已没有新鲜感了2of aperson without interest,liveliness,or newideas,esp.as aresult ofdoing thesamething for too longYouneed abreak,a change.Youre gettingstale here.你需要休息，要换换环境留在这里你会觉得越来越乏味If shepractices thepiano formore thantwo hours a day,she willgrow stale.如果她——天练两个小时以上的钢琴，她会觉得没劲的3of foodno longerfresh食品不新鲜的,走味的These oldpeanuts tastestale.这些陈花生变味了stale cigarettesmoke香烟臭味stale sweat汗臭Open thewindows andget rid of thestale air.打开窗户赶走浑浊的空气
8.undergraduate:n.a studentwho isstudying for the firstdegree atcollegeHe isa Cambridgeundergraduate.他是剑桥大学本科生Compare:graduate,usu.BrE postgraduateHe was admittedinto thegraduate schoolof Harvard.他被哈佛研究生院录取了He isa graduate/post graduatestudent inthe philosophydepartment.他是哲学系的研究生
9.end up:find oneselfin aplace that one did not intendto bein结束，告终If hecarries ondriving likethat,hell endup dead.如果他像那样开车的话，最后会送命的If youcontinue tosteal,youll endup inprison•你如果继续偷窃就会进监狱的
10.spring from:written becaused by;start from源于，从产生出来His desire to studyart sprangpurely fromhis loveof art.他想学艺术纯粹出于对艺术的热爱The quarrelsprang froma casualremark.争吵源于一句随口说出的话
11.tearapart:1使分裂Racial strifeis tearingthe countryapart,种族冲突使这个国家纷争不断Different intereststore thecouple apart.不同兴趣爱好导致了夫妻不和2make sb.feel veryunhappy orworriedHis distresstore meapart.他的痛苦使我很担忧The badnews waslike abolt from the bluethat torehim apart.坏消息像晴天霹雳，让他忧心忡忡
12.resort to:make use of sth.as ameans of achieving sth•凭借,求助,诉诸They feltobliged toresort toforce.他们觉得只有诉诸武力了He resortedto stealingwhen inpoverty.他在穷困中靠行窃度日
13.in case:if ithappens that;lest以防万——111take anumbrella in case itrains.我带一把伞，以防下雨
14.head off:take actionin orderto preventsth.from happening阻止,拦住I knewhe wouldtry tohead offawkward questionsabout hispast.我知道他会努力回避关于他过去的尴尬问题She headeda coldoff bytaking tabletsand hotlemon drinks.她通过吃药和喝热柠檬饮料来防止感冒
15.more of:toagreater extentHe is more of apoet thana musician.与其说他是个音乐家还不如说他是个诗人
16.slap around/about:infmL hitsb.regularly oroften;treat rudelyand harshlyHerex-husband usedto slapher around.她前夫过去常打她Critics reallyslapped theplay around.评论家们对那出戏大加挞伐odds:n.pl.usu.the〜the degreeto whichsth.is likelyto happenThe odds arevery muchin ourfavour.我们很可能会成功The oddsare heavilyagainst him.他不太可能成功Theoddsare thatshell win.她可能会赢against allthe odds:in spiteof sth.that makesit seemimpossible todo尽管有极大的困难，出乎意料地They wonagainst allthe odds.他们冲破重重困难获得了胜利Against allthe odds,he finishedhisworkwell beforethe timethat hewanted toleave.尽管非常困难，在他打算要离开之前，他还是早早地完成了工作Passage A有意选择独处事实如此，我们孤独无伴地生活着据最近的统计，共有2,200万人独自生活在自己的屋里其中有些人喜欢这种生活，有些却不是有些离了婚，有些鳏寡无伴，也有些从未结过婚孤独或许是这里的一种民族弊病，它比起其他任何过错更加令人难以启齿而另一方面，故意选择独处，拒绝别人的陪伴而非为同伴所抛弃，这正美国式英雄的一个特点孤独的猎人,孤独的探险者，在鹿群和狼群中间冒险，去征服广袤的荒野，这时他们并不需要有人陪伴梭罗独居在湖畔的小屋，有意抛弃了城市生活现在，这成了你的个性独处的灵感是诗人和哲学家最有用的东西他们都赞成独处，都因能够独处而自视甚高，至少在他们匆匆忙忙赶回家喝茶之前的一两个小时之内是如此就拿多萝西,华兹华斯来说吧，她帮她兄弟威廉穿上外衣，为他找到笔记本和铅笔，向他挥手告别，目送着他走进早春的阳光去独自对花沉思他写道“独处多么优闲，美妙“毫无疑问，如果自愿独处，则感觉要好得多瞧瞧弥尔顿的女儿们她们为他准备好垫子和毯子，然后蹑手蹑脚地走开，以便他能创作诗歌然而他并不自己费神将诗歌写下来，而是唤回女儿们，向她们口述，由她们写下来也许你已经注意到，这些艺术家类型的人，大多是到户外独处，而家里则自有亲人们备好了热茶，等着他们回家美国的独处高士是梭罗我们钦佩他，并非因为他倡导自力更生精神，而是因为他孤身一人在瓦尔登湖畔生活，这是他自己想要这么做的他独居在湖畔的树林中实际上，他最近的邻居离他只有一英里，走路也就20分钟；铁路离他半英里；交通繁忙的大路距他300码整天都有人进出他的小屋，请教他何以能够如此高洁显然，他的高洁之处主要在于他既没有妻子也没有仆人，自己动手用斧头砍柴，自己洗杯碟我不知道谁为他洗衣服，他没说，但是他也肯定没提到是他自己洗的听听他是这么说的我发现没有任何同伴比独处更好梭罗以自尊自重为伴也许这里的启示是自我意识越强，就越不需要其他的人在周围我们越是感觉谦卑，就越受孤独的折磨，感到仅与自己相处远远不够若与别人同住，你会在与他们小别时感觉耳目一新孤独将会于星期四结束如果今天我提到自己时使用的是单数人称代词，那么下星期我就会使用复数形式其他人不在的时候你可以放飞你的灵魂，让它充满整个房间你可以充分享受自由你可以随意来去而无需道歉你可以熬夜读书、大泡浴缸、坐下一口气吃掉整整一品脱的雪糕你可以按自己的节奏行动暂别的人会回来他们的冬季防水大衣还放在衣橱里，狗也在窗边密切留意他们归来的身影但如果你单独居住，那么朋友或熟人的暂时离别会使你感到空虚，也许他们永远也不会回来了孤独的感觉时起时落，但我们却永远需要与人交谈这比需要倾听更重要噢，我们都有朋友，可以把大事要事向他们倾诉我们可以打电话对他们说我们丢了工作，或者说我们在湿滑的地板上摔倒了，跌断了胳膊但是每日不断发生的琐碎抱怨，看到的和想到的琐事，却积在那儿，塞满了我们的心我们不会真打电话给一位朋友，告诉他我们收到了姐姐的一个包裹，或者说现在天黑得比较早，或者说我们不信任最高法院新来的法官科学调查表明，独居的人会对着自己，对着宠物，对着电视机唠叨不休我们问猫儿今天该穿蓝色套装还是黄色裙装，问鹦鹉今天晚餐该做牛排还是面条我们跟自己争论那个花样滑冰选手和这个滑雪运动员到底谁更了不起这没什么不妥，也对我们有好处，而且不像有些人那么令人尴尬在超市付款处，排在前面的女人告诉收银员，她的侄女梅莉莎星期六可能会来看她梅莉莎非常喜爱热巧克力，所以她买了速溶热巧克力粉，虽然她自己从来不喝这东西重要的是保持理性重要的是不再等待，而是安顿下来，使自己过得舒服，至少暂时要这样要在我们自身的条件下发现一些优雅和乐趣，不要做一个以自我为中心的英国诗人，而要像一个被关在塔楼里的公主，耐心地等待着我们的童话故事进入快乐的结局毕竟，事已至此，这或许不是我们所期望的局面，但眼下我们不妨称之为家吧不管怎么说，没有什么地方比家还好Passage B室友间的冲突同卵双胞胎卡蒂和萨拉・莫纳汉去年来到宾夕法尼亚的葛底斯堡大学，决心闯出一条独立之路虽然这对18岁的姐妹曾要求住在不同的宿舍楼，但宿管处还是把她们安排在同一栋楼的第8层，中间只隔着一条过道卡蒂与室友相处融洽，但萨拉却十分不快她因许多事情而与室友暗地里不和，诸如什么时候熄灯啦，家具应如何摆放啦，等等最后她们将房间一分为二，彼此不再讲话，主要通过写便条进行交流这段时间里，萨拉不断跑到过道对面卡蒂那儿寻求慰藉不久两人又想住在一起了，而萨拉的室友最终也同意搬出”从重新一起住的第一晚开始，我就感到舒服，“萨拉说，“就好像回到家里一样”萨拉以和同卵双生姐妹同住的办法走出了她的困境，这种办法倒很少见，但她所遇到的冲突却并不罕见尽管许多学校已做了广泛的努力来为学生安排合适的室友，但常常有不如人意的结果一位室友感觉很冷，而另一位却往往不想调高暖气温度，尽管气温计上显示室外温度已达零下5度一个人喜欢安静，而另一个却每天练习两个小时的小号，或将音响开得很大，声音响得连整个房间都振动了一个只吃天然蔬菜产品，认为所有生物都是神圣的，即使是蚂蚁、蚊子也如此，而另一为却爱穿皮草，喜欢在生物课上将青蛙开膛破肚彼此性格不合时，离家上大学的那种兴奋感就会立刻变得索然无味而且，室友会互相影响对方的心理健康根据最近的研究，大学生室友的忧郁症往往会从一个人传给另一个人学会容忍陌生人的习惯，可使大学生学会灵活应变和妥协的艺术，但这往往是一个十分痛苦的过程21岁的朱莉•诺埃尔是大四学生她回忆道，她一年级时与室友无法沟通，彼此整整一年都很不自在”我曾从早到晚用CD机播放同一张碟，就是为了试试她，因为她太羞怯了，”诺埃尔说，”直到那天晚饭时，她才终于改变了她的羞怯“虽然她们没有将房间一分为二，但是到了年末，她们还是大吵一场分手了“回想起来，我真希望当时能跟她谈谈我的感受，”诺埃尔说大多数室友的冲突都起因于小小的令人不快的分歧，而不是由抽象的哲学原理上的重大争执引起的”都是具体的事情弄得室友四分五裂，”俄亥俄州一所大学的宿舍管理处主任助理如是说在极端的情况下，室友间的冲突可能引发严重的暴力去年春天哈佛大学发生的就是这种情况一位学生将她的室友杀害后自杀许多学校都已经启动了化解冲突的工作项目，以舒缓紧张形势，要不然它们就会像火山一样蓄势待发，最终导致侵犯人身的暴力行为有些大学采用了“室友合同”的做法所有新生在参加有关室友关系的讨论会之后，都要填写签署该份合同学生们订下了详细的宿舍行为准则，包括可以共同接受的学习时间、睡眠时间，动用彼此物品的原则，以及如何处理留言虽然合同不具有法律约束力，也永远不会诉诸法庭，但合同副本都送到宿舍指导员处，以防日后发生冲突宿舍管理处主任说”合同允许我们处理一些同学们没有想到或不愿谈及的问题”有些学校试图用电脑配对安排住宿，以期防止争吵发生不过这种做法更像推测游戏而非科学这是根据学生对住宿表格上一系列问题的回答而将他们组合在一起这些问题包括是否容忍抽烟，选择什么样的作息时间，以及对个人习惯是整洁还是凌乱做自我描述有时家长会拿走表格，填入不真实的、一厢情愿的数据来反映他们孩子的习惯，特别是在吸烟问题上，这就削弱了这种做法的作用止匕外，宿舍管理人员中关于大学生活应有什么特色的理论争论也使这一安排过程复杂化他们争论”到底让相同的人还是不同的人住在一起，才能使他们取长补短呢？“一幅漫画道出了许多学生对这一做法的感受面对一大堆的资料r宿舍工作人员随便拿出两张待选的表格，叫道”这位喜欢象棋，那位爱好足球，两位住在一起是最理想的了！”一位二年级的学生艾伦•萨斯曼回忆道“我觉得他们肯定是了解了我们的性格，然后就选性格相反的”萨斯曼喜欢整洁，学习认真，而他的室友却逼里遹遢，而且喜欢通宵聚会直至凌晨”我一进房间，往往会发现他在我的桌子上到处乱翻，想找一张邮票去寄信还有一次，我回来就看到他在吃我的最后一块巧克力曲奇饼，那是我妈妈带给我的宿舍楼里的人都在打赌我们什么时候打起来，“他说但是出乎人们的意料，他们却最终成了朋友萨斯曼说我们彼此从对方学到了许多东西一一但我也决不想再有这样的经历了“possible areunion withhis sisterD.Wordsworth.He becamefriends withS.T.Coleridge,with whomhewrote LyricalBallads1798,the collectionoften consideredto havelaunched theEnglish RomanticMovement.Wordsworths contributionsinclude TinternAbbey^^and manylyrics controversialfor theircommon,everyday language.Around1798he beganwriting theepic autobiographicalpoem thatwouldabsorb himintermittently for the next40years,The Prelude
1850.His secondverse collection,Poems,in TwoVolumes1807,includes manyof therest of his finestworks,including Ode:Intimations ofImmortality.His poetryis perhapsmost originalin itsvision of the almostdivine powerofthecreativeimagination reforgingthe linksbetween manand man,between humankindand thenatural world.The mostmemorable poemsof hismiddle andlate yearswere oftencast inelegiac mode;few matchthebest ofhis earlierworks.By the time hebecame widelyappreciated bythe criticsand thepublic,hispoetry hadlost mostof itsforce andhis radicalpolitics hadyielded toconservatism.In1843he becameEnglandspoet laureate.He isregarded as the centralfigure inthe initiationof EnglishRomanticism.IL TextAnalysisMain ideaand StructureWhat is the text mainlyaboutAs a sort ofUS national disease,lots ofpeople areliving alone,some divorced,some widowedand someneveryet committed.But to be alone on purposeis ofAmerican hero.Solitude isliked bypoets andphilosophersfor inspiration,and improvedby beingvoluntary.Although those living with others mayenjoytemporary solitude,thoseliving in solitudemay sufferfromtheneed totalk,thus behavingstrangelyand talkingat lengthto themselvesorto their pets.The bestcure forthis isto stayrational,settle downand findgrace andpleasure inones owncondition.How isthetextorganizedThe passagefalls intofour parts.The authorbegins with the briefdescription of being alone in USA.Next,two differentviews onsolitude arepresented.Then,three examplesare given to illustratewhy andhowsome personageschoose tolive insolitude.Finally,the authorgives commentsand advice on livinginsolitude.Part1Para.1As asocial trend,lots ofpeople areliving alone.Part2Para.2Loneliness:a sort of socialdisease buta characteristic of an American hero.Part3Paras.3-10Poets philosophersprefer livingalone.Part4Paras.11-16The authorscommentsadviceonlivinginsolitudeIII.Language Points
1.by count:by calculatingthe number of unitsin agroupBy ourcount thafsthe fifthcake youveeaten.我们数了一下,这是你吃的第五块蛋糕By mycount there are270people present.我统计了一下,有270人出席Compare:at the last countThenumberofstudents was665at thelast count.最后一次点数时，学生的人数为665人We had450members at thelastcount.上次点人数时我们有450个成员count on:依靠，依赖/对有信心，期待You cancount onmy help.你可以依赖我的帮助counted ongetting araise.期待获得力口薪count down:倒数计时
2.alone:a.ad.without other peopleHe likesbeing aloneinthehouse.他喜欢独自待在家中She decidedto climbthe mountain alone.她决定独自去爬山Compare:lonely:a.unhappy becauseof beingalone orwithout friendsThestreets arelonelier atnight.这些街道晚上更冷清
3.cast out:literary getridof;drive outor away;expel赶出，驱逐The poorfellow wascast outbythelandlady whenhis lastpenny hadgone.UK可怜的穷人花掉最后一个便士之后，就被房东太太赶了出去He wascast out ofhishome at the ageof fourteen.他在14岁时被家里赶了出来
4.solitary a.alone;lonely;without companions独自的，孤独的The youngman israther solitaryby nature.这年轻人生性相当孤僻Hewasoften alonebut neversolitary.他时常一人独处，但从不感到孤寂
5.venture out:risk goingsomewhere thatmight bedangerous冒险出去Fd rathernot ventureoutinpouring rainif Idont haveto!如果不是非出去不可，我可不愿冒着倾盆大雨出去Todays thefirst timeIve venturedout ofdoors sincemy川ness.今天是我病后第一次冒险出门
6.turn onesback:turn so that oneis facingthe oppositedirection转身He turnedhis backand walkedaway.他转身走开了Im goingto getdressed now—please turnyour back.我要换衣服请你转过身
7.be for:support;favor-be againstFmforthechairman^plan.我赞成主席的计划
8.speak highly of:express orhave a high opinionof对给予高度评价，赞扬She speakshighlyofthe newteacher.她对这位新教师评价很高The studentsspeak highlyof theirhistory teacher.学生高度评价他们的历史老师Compare:speak ill/well of:express abad/good opinionofDont speakill ofthe dead.别说死者的坏话
9.seek out:find sth.or sb.by lookinghard找出，搜寻出How canwe seek out aperson forthe job我们如何才能找到适合这项工作的人？It tookme severalweeks toseekoutthe informationthat Iwanted.我花了好几个星期才找到我要的资料
10.set forth:1lit.start ajourney启程,动身They set forth on their hikeimmediately afterbreakfast.他们早饭后马上启程开始徒步旅行He setforth ona three-month triparound theworld.他启程开始为期三个月的周游世界的旅行2fml.present sth.or makeit known阐明，提出，陈歹llThe Presidentsetforthhis viewsin atelevision broadcast.总统在电视中阐明了自己的观点
11.creep away:leave rathercarefully in ordertoavoid beingnoticed偷偷离开They creptaway in order notto wakethe baby.为了不弄醒婴儿，他们蹑手蹑脚地走开了
12.dictate:v.1say wordsaloud for sb.else towrite down听写,□授He dictated a letterto hissecretary.他向秘书口授信件The teacherdictatedapassage tothe class.老师听写学生一篇文章.2tell sb.what todo,esp.in anannoying way命令;要求Conquerors dictatedterms ofsurrender.征服者强制规定投降条件
13.high priest:If youcall aman thehigh priestofaparticular thing,you aresaying ina slightlymockingway thathe isconsidered bypeople to be expertin thatthing.主教，大祭司/学术领域等的大师，领导者Heiswidely regardedas thehigh priestof contemporarydance.他被人们广泛誉为当代舞蹈的代表人物People referto himasthehigh priestof cheapperiodical fiction.人们称他为廉价杂志小说的专家
14.ego:n・ones ideaor opinionof oneself自我,自负,自尊^心Is successgood forego成功对一个人的自尊有好处吗？His criticisminjured myego.他的批评伤了我的自尊心
15.stretch out:1make wideror longer,lengthen sth.by pulling拉长,彳申长The rubberband can be stretchedout totwice itslength.这条橡皮筋可被拉长两倍Some ofthe memberstried tostretch themeeting out.一些会员想延长会议时间2lie down,usu.inorderto relaxor sleep伸出He stretchedhimself outon thesofa andfell asleep.他伸展着身子躺在沙发上唾着了
16.fill up:become completely full;make sth.completelyfull装》萧,占:荫Research workand lecturesfilled uphis time.研究工作以及演讲占满了他的时间She filledup allthe bucketsshe couldlay herhands on.她把所有能找至U的提桶者B装满了
17.stay up late:remain lateoutofbed,as atnight熬夜We stayeduplateto watchTV.我们看电视看到很晚才睡
18.at one sitting:a periodof timethat aperson spendssitting anddoing anactivityI readthe bookatonesitting.我坐着一口气把书读完了
19.at onesown pace:at thespeed thatsb.does sth.as fastas oras slowas hecanWe encouragestudents towork attheir ownpace.我们鼓励学生按自己进度学习.
20.back up:1block up使积压，使拥塞The heavyrainfall backed up thesewers.大雨把阴沟堵塞了The carsbackedupfor miles.汽车拥塞，首尾相接长达数英里2support sb.or sth.;say thatwhat sb.says,etc.is true支持He doesntback uphis argumentswith facts,他没有用事实来支持自己的论点He backedme upwhole-heartedly ashe alwaysdid.就像他一贯所做的那样，他全心全意地支持我
21.at length:1taking along time;in greatdetail;fully长久地,详尽地He wenton atgreat lengthabout hisvarious illnesses.他唠唠叨叨地讲述了他得的各种疾病He willfirst giveyou asummary ofthe situationand thendiscuss itat length.他将先给你们扼要谈谈形势，然后再进行详细的讨论2after along time;eventuallyTm stillnot sure,he saidat length.我还是不肯定”他终于说了
22.in line:inarow ofpeople standingone behindthe other排成——行，——队You arenot inline withthe others.你没有和别人排成一行The childrenstood inline.孩子们排成一队
23.be fond of:have agreat likingforsb.or sth.喜爱,喜欢Did youever seeanyone sofondofdancing你见过有谁这么爱跳舞吗？
24.powdered:a.粉状的powdered sugar糖粉She usedthe powderedmilk tofeed herbaby.她用奶粉来喂孩子Compare:powder:n./v.put adry massof verysmall finepieces onsth.She powderedher faceand puton herlipstick.她往脸上扑上粉，嘴唇上抹上口红The groundwas lightlypowdered withsnow.地上覆盖着一层薄薄的白雪
25.settle down:become quietand calm安静下来，安下心来，适应或习惯于新环境He settleddown todo hishomework.他安下心来做家庭作业Im surethe childwill soonsettle downinhisnew school.我确信这孩子很快就会对新学校习惯起来
26.seal up:close acontainer tightlysothatair,liquid cannotget inor out密封住Make surethe parcelof examinationscripts isproperly sealedup.确保装考卷的袋子密封好了He sealedup adrawer sothat itcannot beopened.他封住抽屉使它不能被打开
27.forthe time being:just forthe present;not forlong暂时，眼下They willtake noaction forthetimebeing他们暂时还不准备采取任何行动I amstaying athome forthetimebeing.我目前呆在家里
28.might/may as well dosth.:If yousay you might/may as well dosth.,you meanyou willdo itthoughyou mayfeel slightlyreluctant aboutit.最好做某事，不妨做某事Anyway,youre here;youmightaswellstay.不管怎样，你已经来了,就不妨呆在这儿吧Theres nobodyinteresting totalk to.We mayaswellgo home,没有有趣的人可交谈，我们不妨回家吧IV.WritingHow toBe...in Life/Future
1.生活中/将来人们都想……
2.要想实现这一愿望，你应具备什么素质？（知识性说明文）写作模式写作模式知识性说明文1Whether youare climbingthe careerladder orjust endeavoringto getthrough collegiatecourses,I betyoudesire to...in life/future.2For example,sb.is eagerto...whereas sb.rise longs to...3To achievethis,however,you needto developthe qualitiesthat theachievers share with one another.4First ofall,you needto...5The more...,the more...进——步说明6Secondly,you needto...7Such...can offeryou morechances to.・・,thus…进一步说明8Thirdly,you needto...9The qualityof...enables you to...进一步说明10Last,certainly notthe least,you needto...11Underlying thisis sth,else that.・・进一步说明⑵To sumup,the qualitiesof・・・,as mentionedabove,will placeyou oethe wayto.•・划线部分可替换参考范文How toBe Likablein SocialLife1在社交生活中人人都渴望被人喜欢2要想叫人喜欢，你必须具备什么素质？1Whether youare climbingthe careerladder orjust endeavoringto getthrough collegiatecourses,I betyoudesiretobe likablein sociallife.2For example,a politicianis eagerto becomethe fbcusof thepublicworship whereas a studentlongstobe thecenter ofothers admiration.3To achievethis,however,you needto developthe qualitiesthat thelikable peoplesharewithoneanother.4First ofall,you needto makea strongconnection to your“best self.5The strongerconnection youhavetoyour best selfnow,the greaterattraction youwill holdto others.6Secondly,you needto findinyourself asmuch graceand virtuein commonwith othersas possible.7Such commonground canofferyou morechances toshare yourexpertise andtalents with others,thus leavingmoreofyour markon them.8Thirdly,you needto breedoptimism.9The qualityofbeing optimistic enablesyoutoseekopportunity forthose stuckin straits10Last,certainly notthe least,you needto cultivatethe abilityto makeothers comfortable.11Underlying thisability isthe senseof humorthat fillsup othersworld withhappiness.12To sumup,thequalities ofbeing atyourbest,sharing commonground with others,beingoptimistic,and keepingotherscomfortable,as mentionedabove,will placeyou onthe wayto beingthe kindof personothers enjoybeingaround.Section BI.Reading SkillsRecognizingParagraph PatternsIIRecognizing ParagraphPatterns isahigh-level reading skill withsome difficultiesbut thestudents usingNewHorizon CollegeEnglish willfeel quitecomfortable whendealing withthis particularreadingskill.From Unit1,Book1up tonow,we havemade ananalysis of35passages dealingwiththe structure ofthetext.In thelast unit we sawthat paragraphinformation oftenappears inpatterns thatcanberecognized oranalyzed.Paragraph ideasand informationare puttogether sothat we can seethem relatedto eachotherin certainpatterns.This kindof skillsis importantfor usto geta betterunderstanding ofthe passageweread butit isalso crucialfor usto makesensible orreasonable predictionsas towhat isto follownext.In thisunitwewill havemore practicein recognizingand analyzingparagraph patterns,especially thepatternsthat wedidnotcover inour lastunit.Here aresome examplesfrom passageA ofUnit
5.Loneliness may be asortof nationaldiseasehere,and itsmore embarrassingfbr usto admitthanany othersin.On the other hand,tobealoneonpurpose,having rejectedcompany ratherthan beencastout byit,is onecharacteristic ofan Americanhero.The solitaryhunter orexplorer needsno oneas theyventureout amongthe deerand wolvesto tamethe greatwild areas.Thoreau,aloneinhis cabinon thepond,his backdeliberately turnedtothetown.Now,thafs characterfor you.Para.2,Passage A,Unit5In theabove paragraph,we canclearly seea structure of comparisonagain.The authoris tryingto makeacomparison andcontrast betweensolitude beingtaken asa nationaldisease andasacharacteristic ofanAmerican hero.On theone hand,the authorstates clearlythat lonelinessmaybeasortofnationaldisease.But the author quicklymoves totheotherside ofthe picture.On theother hand,the authorcontinues tostatethat lonelinessis onecharacteristicofanAmericanhero withsupporting examples.Read thefirst sentencein Paragraph11,Passage A,Unit5and makea predictionabout whatwillcome next.If youlive withotherpeople,their temporary absence canbe refreshing.Para.11,Passage A,Unit5Possible predictions:the advantagesof livingwithotherpeople;the advantagesof livingwith otherpeopleespecially duringtheir temporary absence;the advantagesof livingaloneNow to make theright prediction,wc haveto readon:Solitude willend onThursday.If todayI usea singularpersonal pronounto referto myself,nextweek Iwill usethe pluralform.While theothers areabsent youcan stretchout yoursoul untilit fillsupthe whole room,and useyour freedom,coming andgoing asyou pleasewithout apology,staying uplateto read,soaking inthe bath,eating awhole pintof icecream atonesitting,moving atyour ownpace.Those absentwill beback.Their waterproofwinter coatsare inthe closetand thedog keepswatching forthematthewindow.Para.11,Passage A,Unit5Then youwould findthat theright predictionwas:the advantagesof livingwithotherpeopleduring theirtemporaryabsence.Those absentwill beback.Their waterproofwinter coatsare inthe closetandthedog keepswatching forthematthewindow.Para.11,Passage A,Unit5Then youwould findthat theright predictionwas:the advantagesof livingwithotherpeopleduring theirtemporaryabsence.In the paragraph wefind someimportant tipsfor understandingcomparison andcontrast:ontheotherhand.In astructureofcomparison andcontrast weoften findout someimportant words that helpusidentify the paragraph pattern.Words thatpoint toideas or things thatdiffer are:but,ontheother hand,still,although,in contrast,in spiteof,however,yet,even so,nevertheless,conversely,nonetheless,etc.Words thatpoint tosimilar orlike ideasorthingsare:similarly,in addition,inthesame way,also,further,likewise,etc.Of coursetherearea numberof keywordsthatwecanlook forwhen wecome acrossbasicstructures ofa textsuch asCause andEffect,Time Sequence,a Setof SequentialActions,a GeneralPointSupported byDetails/Examples/a Listof Things,a Problem-solution Pattern,etc.The Practiceof readingkills:
1.Sarahs abilityto solveher dilemmaby roomingwith her identical twinis unusual,but theconflict shefacedis not.Despite extensiveefforts bymany schoolstomakegood roommatematches,unsatisfactoryoutcomes arecommon.One roommateis alwayscold,while theother neverwants toturn upthe furnace,even thoughthe thermometersays ifsminus fiveoutside.tobecontinuedOne personlikes quiet,while theother personspends twohoursaday practicingthe trumpet,or turnsuphis soundsystem tothe pointwhere thewholeroomvibrates.One eatsonly organicallyproducedvegetables andbelieves allliving thingsare holy,even antsand mosquitoes,while theother likeswearingfur andenjoys cuttingup frogsin biologyclass.A.What doyou thinktheparagraphis aboutASarahs abilityto solveher dilemma.B Sarahsmoving intoheridenticaltwins room.C Theconflict thatSarah faced.D Theconflict issharing roomsamong roommates.Key:The authormakes alot ofcomparisons betweendifferent needs,different hobbiesand differentbeliefsto bringoutthemain ideathat theconflicts amongroommates arenot uncommon.B.How doestheauthorsupport themain ideaKey:It isa generalstatement supportedby comparisonsand contrasts.The wordis while”,whichappeared threetimes.C.What isthe structureoftheparagraph Whichword givesthe hintabout thepattern yourecognized
2.In extremecases,roommate conflictcan leadto seriousviolence,as itdid atHarvard lastspring:Onestudent killedher roommatebefore committingsuicide.Many schools have started conflict resolutionprograms to calm tensions thatotherwise canbuild uplike avolcano preparingto explode,ultimatelyresulting inphysical violence.Some collegeshave resortedto roommatecontracts,,that allnew studentsfillout andsign afterattending aseminar onroommate relations,tobecontinuedStudents detailbehavioral guidelinesfor theirroom,including acceptablehours forstudy andsleep,apolicy foruseofeach otherspossessions andhow messageswill behandled.Although thecontracts arenotbinding andwill nevergo toa jury,copies aregiventothe floorsresidential adviserincaseconflictslater arise.The contractgives uspermission totalk aboutissues whichstudents forgetor areafraid totalkabout Jsays thedirector ofresidential programs.A.What doyou thinktheparagraphis aboutARoommate conflictcan leadto seriousviolence.B Onestudent killedher roommatebefore committingsuicide.C Roommateconflict islike avolcano preparingto explode,ultimately resultingin physicalviolence.D Manyschoolshavestartedconflict resolution programsto dealwith roommate conflicts.Key:The writerstarts withidentifying theproblem:roommateconflictcan leadto seriousviolence withanexample presented.Then heoffers somesolutions:conflict resolutionprogramstocalmtensionswithdetails specified.And atlast heevaluates theconflictresolutionprograms:Though roommatecontractsor behavioralguidelines arenot legaldocuments,these wouldat leastgive the school permissionto talkaboutthe issueswiththestudents.B.How doesthe writerorganize hisideasKey:A generalstatement supportedby aproblem-solution-evaluation pattern.C.WhatisthestructureoftheparagraphII.Text AnalysisThepassage relatesthe roomconflicts withparadigmatic methods,the badeffects andwhat hasbeendone bytheschoolinorderto solveit.Paras1-3Room conflictsthe identicaltwins Katieand SarahMonahan metintheschool.Paras4-7。
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