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Unit6Section AI.Background KnowledgeTheGreat Hanshin Earthquake Disaster:At5:46:51AM,on January17,1995,a magnitude
7.2earthquake occurredaround KobeCity inJapan.The earthquakemagnitude wasdefined by the JapanMeteorological AgencyJMA.Theearthquake wasnamed the1995South HyogoPrefecture Earthquake,,or the1995Hyogoken NanbuEarthquakeby JMA.It was also referredto asthe GreatHanshinEarthquakeDisaster“bytheJapanesegovernment.IL TextAnalysisThe essayfocuses on one centraltheme;earthquake prediction,paral preventionpara2andpreparationpara3—
6.One characteristicwriting techniquethat runsthroughout thewriting is a generalstatementsupported bydetails.Para.1Ideally,people wouldlike to know whenan earthquakeis goingto happenand howbad itwillbe.Para2;This partdeals withhow to prevent the great destructionof propertycaused byearthquakesTopic sentencePeople wouldalso liketo beable toprevent thegreat destructionof propertycaused byearthquakes.Para3-6This partis abouthow peopleneed to prepare themselvesfor the possibility of a greatearthquake.TopicPeople in areas whereearthquakes arecommon needto prepare for the possibility of a greatearthquake.Para7;This partserves as a conclusion:even ifprediction becomespossible in the future,people stillhave to dotheir besttopreventdisasters byimproving building structures andby beingpersonallyprepared.III.Language Points观察某物以获取/小心等待
1.to watchsth.for.../to watchfbr L.4他一直在等待着恰当的时机来表达对她的爱慕之情He hasbeen watchingfor theright momentto expresshis feelingof lovefor her..爬出/有结果2你的好心自然会有好报to come out ofL.6Good rewardwill certainlycomeout of yourgood intention.据报道说以异常的方式做某事
3.据报道说他们在以不寻常的方式庆祝胜利to bereported to do sth.in unusualpatterns L.9They arereported to be celebratingtheir victoryin unusualpatterns.当时，这At thattime the young manwas sufferingfrom the restraints ofillness andpoverty位年轻人贫病交加He hatestherestraintsof lifeinasmall town.他讨厌小镇生活的约束
13.Yet theirnumbers createa drainon resourcesthat cantbe renewed.para9Drain;n sththat drains,empties,or usesup这些花费极大得消All thisspending is a drainon themoney Ihave savedthrough hardwork.耗了我辛苦劳作攒下的一点积蓄没日没夜的工作对他的精Working dayand nightis a great drainon hisstrength andhealth.力和健康消耗极大
14.All naturalsystems tendtowards balanceamong opposingfactors orforces.para12oppose;vt,disagree with,often byspeaking orfighting againstMr smithhas personallyopposedjoining theorganization.史密斯先生个人反对加入组织Parents andchildren areon opposingsides ofmost arguments.在大部分的争论中，父母和孩子总是处于相反的立场Be opposed to;disapprove stronglyTheyare stronglyopposedto the development of nuclearweapons.他们强烈反对发展核武器He andhis colleagueswere opposedto theplan.他和他的同事门强烈反对这个计划
15.Cleaning thissmoke hasexceeded theprotective abilityof naturalprocesses.para.l2exceed;vt,be greaterthana numberor amount,or gobeyonda certainlimitIf thecost exceedsthe budget,the hospitalwill pay,but conversely,if theactual costis cheaper,the hospitalprofits.如果花费超过了预算，有医院付钱，但反之，如果实际费用低于预算，医院就赢利Myhusbands weeklylunch billsexceed mymonthly income.我丈夫每周午餐的花费超过了我的月收入
16.Why is there thethreat ofglobal warmingpara14Threat;n1a person,thing oridea regardedsa apossible dangerThose peoplepresent atrue threat to the那些人对社会构成了真正的威胁communityThis wasregarded bythe governmentasapossible threatto nationalsecurity.政府认为着对国家安全构成了威胁2an expressionof anintention tohurt,punish,cause painetc.he refusedto considerhis wifes他的妻子扬言要离开他，但他拒绝考虑这一威胁threattoleave him有人扬言要将他的老母亲杀He wasunder thethreat thathis agedmother wouldbe killed了，3a suggestionthat sth,unpleasant willhappen.从空气中可以感到寒冬即将来临There was a threatof winterin the airThe threatof bankruptcyhung over the company破产的预兆笼罩着那家公司
17.The twentiethcentury beganwith powerfulcountries competingto take advantage of the Earth,para15takeadvantage of;make useofThe youngman took advantageof this goodopportunity to go ona businesstrip withhis bossandgained thebosss favor那个年轻人利用这次与老板一起出差的好机会赢得了老板的欢心The companytookadvantageof theproduct exhibitionand signedmany contractswith itsclients.该公司利用产品展览会与客户签了许多合同
18.Now peopleall over the worldare livingwith theproblems causedby thisabuse.para15livewith;learn to accept sth,unpleasantI dontlike thenoise of these high-pitched loudspeakers,but Ivelearnt to live withit.我不喜欢那些高音喇叭的喧闹声，但我已经学会适应它了It can be hardtolivewith the fact thatyou aregetting older.人越活越老是个很难叫人接受的事实
19.Now thatthey areno longerignorant of the sicknessof ourplanet,they seekways tohelp theEarth,to giveback whatthey takeaway.para15now that;because of the fact既然子女都不在家里Now thatthe childrenhave lefthome wecan moveto asmaller house住，我们可以搬到一个小一点的房子里住
20.Now thatthey areno longerignorant ofthe sicknessof ourplanet.para15ignorant;a1knowing littleor nothingIdid notjoin thatorganization untilafter thewar andI wasignorant aboutits structureanddiscipline直到战后我才加入哪个组织，当时我对它的结构和纪律都一无所知The doctorthought thattheyounggirl wasignorant ofthefactthat shehad cancer,but shewasnt大夫以为这个女孩对她自己得了癌症的事一无所知，但事实并非如此2lacking educationHeis anignorant person—he alwaysgoes througha doorin frontof alady.他是一个很无礼的人，--他总是在进门时走在女士前面He wasrather ignorantsometimes andmade alot ofnoises incinema whenthe moviewasgoing on.他有时很无礼，在电影院里，当电影正在放映时他大声喧哗Passage A如何做好防震准备工作从理想上说，人们希望知道地震什么时候发生，破坏程度如何在日本和中国，人们长期以来一直相信地震是可以预测的在日本，科学家在陆地上和海洋中铺设电线，以监测它们的运动而中国人的传统做法是观察动植物以获取地震的警示信号例如，中国人已经注意到，地震之前鸡的行为有些异常，它们夜晚不肯进笼他们还注意到，蛇会爬出洞穴而冻死，狗会狂吠不已，甚至那些平常很安静的狗也会叫个不停日本的阪神地震发生之前，有报告说大批鱼群游到了水面，有些鸟，如鸽子，也似乎显得特别聒噪，据说地震前它们的飞行的方式也与往常不同也许最有趣、也最容易测量的，是地震前地下水发生的化学变化实验似乎表明，地震前地下水中含氨的含量会增高人们还希望能够预防地震造成的重大财产损失要知道，多数地震中丧生的人都是被倒塌的建筑物砸死的所以，建造具有抗震能力的楼房结构成为关注的重点钢似乎是最佳的建材，但一旦被焊接成僵硬的结构就不行了许多新式结构都采用了一种新型的钢结合方法,即形结I合，它看起来是种最耐用的接合…这些钢接合在移动时不会断裂同样，为了预防财产的损失，建筑师如今设计楼房时会使房屋的支柱力和横梁力度相等，而垂直支柱则深深插入坚实的地基中此外，许多新型房屋都有较轻的屋顶和坚实的墙壁高架桥的水泥柱先前只是在内部埋设钢条，如今外面也包上了钢板除了设法改善建筑结构外，地震频发地区的人们也需要为可能发生的大地震做好防备工作他们应当定期检查和加固房屋，将重物放到低处，将碗橱和柜子贴墙放置，加固房门以防止地震时突然脱开除做好房屋的防震外，这些地区的人们还需要为自身做些防备他们应该在家里和工作地储备些水和食物最好每人储存几加仑水储存一些可以净化水和消毒病菌的东西也很重要，这样就可以安全饮用其他来源的水了每人准备一周的食物地震救生储备还包括无线电接受器、手电、备用电池、急救用品、铁锹、帐篷、绳子和保暖衣物此外专家们还提出以下建议手边备有灭火器应该在住处、工作场所和汽车里（如果你有车的话）都存放一个灭火器应该是可以扑灭任何火灾的那种有必耍的话，准备一些能关闭煤气和自来水管道的特制工具放置一个备用的户外烹调和取暖用具，或者准备一个便携式露营灶和几小罐煤气在住处、工作场所和汽车里放一双厚重、舒适的鞋或靴子发生地震时会有大量的玻璃碎片轻便的鞋子不能向厚重的鞋子那样保护好你的双脚每个家庭都需要制定地震救急计划如何让一家人在地震的混乱中安全离开？大家应该商定一个地震区外的会合点--可能是在几英里外的某个市镇同样，安排好家人地震时的联络方式也很重要地震若发生在大城市，市里的许多电话线路很可能中断，剩下的为数不多的可用线路会很忙，因为灾难之后自然会有许多电话，要从市里的一个地方打到另一个地方会很困难但是可能可以与市外通电话明智的安排是，让所有的家里人都给一个住在一百多英里之外的朋友或者亲人打电话，以报平安尽管科学家们仍无法预测地震，但对地壳中的大板块如何移动，板块间的压力如何，地震如何发生，某地区发生地震的一般概率为多少，他们正了解得越来越多在不久的将来，精确预测地震将成为可能然而，即使可以预测，居住在地震频发区的人们还是应尽力预防灾难，办法是建造能够抵抗地表运动的房屋，同时做好个人准备在挽救生命和预防家庭损失方面，这些预防措施会发挥很大的作用教育人们如何在地震中幸存下来，应该是所有政府规划和地震研究项目的重要所在Passage B自然界平衡的改变人的感觉是相对的和人相比，一棵树看起来很大可是将树和山相比，大树就显得小了换言之，自然界的事物是大是小，是新是旧，仅仅是根据其所涉及的标准和参照而言的人的一生中，不会有很多东西发生变化连树也活得比人长，而地球本身就更是个老寿星了地球的形成约在亿年前，起源于一团循环旋转的尘埃和诸如氢、氮之类的气体亿年后，5010这个星球冷却下来，于是形成了大陆和大片大片的水域大约亿年前，又发生了一次巨变海洋中开始孕育出一个巨大的生物体系，包含各种各样35相互依赖的生命形态在地球这个有生命的星球上，最早的动物是原始海洋动物后来,在大约亿年前，这些海洋动物进化成甲壳动物万年后，首次出现了鱼57,000而后，大约亿年前，出现了昆虫又过了亿年，恐龙和第一只哺乳动物开始在地球上行走42大约亿年前，温血动物开始在天空中飞翔一一它们是最早的飞鸟万年后，鸟和哺乳25,000动物都有了稳固的形态科学家们认为，大约万年前，原始人类开始在地球上行走这时300生命开始兴旺起来就地球上生命的进化而言，人类是姗姗来迟者然而，尽管在地球上的时日尚短，人类却已给地球表面带来了巨大的变化一一这些变化与人类占据地球的短暂时间相比，是远远不成比例的人类企图控制资源与地球上其他物种相比，人类更能控制其周围的环境由于智力与手工技能的结合（使得人类能够制造和使用工具），人们已经发现了诸多利用地球动植物资源、矿产资源、燃料和许多其他物产和资源的方法随着地球上人口的增加，人类依靠土地资源生存变得越来越困难土地的总量是有限的虽然使用拖拉机等机械以及施用化肥可以提高农业产量，但是土地最终所能产出的粮食只有那么多，不会再增加随着人口越来越多，人类的消耗也越来越多很明显，地球上某些地区人口已经饱和；在这其中的许多地区，未来的人口增长肯定会带来更多的贫穷和苦难然而，富裕国家的人们所使用的可得能源在比例上远远大于贫穷国家的人们他们毫无节制地使用这些资源，因此也造成了大量的浪费人类只是这个星球上所有生物的一小部分而这一小部分却造成了不可再生资源的流失比如说，地球上的水量是有限的，这些水通过自然作用得到净化但这些过滤水的自然作用通过去污仅能净化一定量的水同理，地表之下只能找到储量有限的石油石油是一种珍贵的资源难道人们应该为生产汽车用油而耗尽石油资源吗？难道为了控制整个地球，为了使生活舒适，人类就要用尽生存所需的所有资源吗？自然界的平衡所有自然体系都趋向于在各种对立因素或力量中保持平衡而人类活动能够引起或加速自然体系中的永久性变化小火带来的烟不会危害环境，因为自然净化作用会将空气中的烟尘清除但是，在过去的两个世纪中，从千万家工厂排放出的烟尘已大大加剧了全球大气的污染度要清除这些烟尘已超出了自然作用的保护能力森林已不能及时清洁空气尽管人口在迅速增长，工业发展很快，还是有一些人类群体一一常常是居住在偏远地区的人们一一能与地球和睦共处这些人从未改变过他们祖先的生活方式他们被称为本土人，保留着历代不变的生活方式他们的许多文化价值观念和生活方式都包含向地球归还资源的做法人口的增长带来了粮食短缺、空气质量降低、天气状况变化等问题是什么在破坏雨林、土壤和海洋？是什么造成了雨水穿过污染的大气而形成的酸雨？为什么会有全球变暖的威胁？所有这些恶果都源于对资源的过度使用和人类对环境的强行控制从世纪初起，各强国竞相利用地球资源他们渴望成为帝国的贪欲造成了地球资源被滥20用的恶果如今，全世界的人都在忍受这种滥用所带来的问题由于不再无视地球罹难的根源，人们正在寻求各种方法来治疗它，把自己取走的东西归还给地球从前人类只会利用地球，如今人人必须保护地球，保护这个身处险境的星球.抵御地震的力量4to withstand the power of earthquakesL.18经受不住艰难困苦考验的友谊不可能长久Any friendshipthat cantwithstand thetrial ofhardships is not likelyto lastlong..是关注的重点5to bea major concern L.18怎样防止非典的卷土重来是公众关注的重点之一resurgenceHow toprevent theresurgence ofSARS isone ofthe majorconcerns amongthe public.把某物插入中/中间
6.to insertsth.in/into/between L.26麦氏公司在一家报纸上曾刊登了一则广告滴滴香浓，意犹未尽Maxwell HouseTheMaxwell Houseinserted ina newspaperan advertisement:Good to the lastdrop.将某物包入/装入
7.to enclosesth.in...L.28他随信附上了一张生日贺卡，上面写着贺词一一愿这小小的卡片化作朵朵白云，捎去我无尽的祝福Enclosed inhis letterwas abirthday card,on whichwasamessage-Turn mylittle cardinto whitecloudsthat takemy endlessblessings to you.为的可能性作好防备
8.to preparefbr thepossibility of...L.30大学生活的目的就是使我们为未来可能出现的挑战做好准备活学活用The purposeof collegelife is toprepareus for thepossibilityof futurechallenges.把某物附加在/依附于之上
9.to attachsth.to...L.31她深深眷恋着与他共享过的美好时光She isfondly attachedto thegood olddays sheshared withhim.使水饮用安全
10.to makewater safeto drinkL.37对我们来说，重要的是如何使我们的校园生活过得有意义、有成效What matters to usis how to makeour campus life meaningfuland fruitful.手边备有某物
11.to keepsth.handy L.41同样重要的是，采取什么措施才能使我们的青少年远离毒品Also importantis whatmeasures totake tokeep ourteenagers far away fromdrugs.扑灭/生产/投资/发挥
12.to put out L.42他演讲结束时呼吁大学生在大学学习期间发挥出全部的主观能动性His speechended inan appealto collegestudents toputoutall theirsubjective initiativeduring thecourse of collegestudies..就取得一致意见13to agreeon L.49不同的人对人生有不同的解释，很难取得一致的看法Different peopleattach differentmeanings tolife,on whichit ishard for them toagree.忙于做某事
14.to be busy with/doing sth.L.53贪官一旦被提拔到更高的职位,就会忙于滥用职权Once promotedtoahigher position,a corruptofficial will bebusyabusing hispower.登记/报到
15.to checkin L.56他昨晚在这个旅馆用假名登记住宿但今早他又结帐离开了He checkedin atthis hotelunder afalse namelast nightbut thismorning hechecked out.对了解甚多
16.to learn a great deal aboutL.58通过这本书，你可以了解许多有关非洲的风土人情With thisbook,you canlearnagreatdealabout theconditions andcustoms ofAfrica.精确预测地震
17.to predictearthquakes withaccuracy L.61卫星系统可以帮助人类非常精确地绘制地图The satellitesystem canhelp mandraw mapswith greataccuracy.对有抵抗力/抵制力
18.to beresistant to...L.63使自己远离疾病的最好途径是通过锻炼身体增强对疾病的抵抗力The bestway ofkeeping yourselffarawayfrom diseasesis tobuild upyour resistanceto thembyexercising.在方面/使大不一样
19.to makeagreatdifference in/to...L.65对我们来说，生男生女都一样It makesno differenceto uswhether thebaby isa girlor aboy.关于如何做某事的教育
20.education concerninghow to do sth.L.65关于环境保护的法规仍不完善The lawsand regulationsconcerning the environmental protectionare stillfar fromperfect.原句After all,most ofthe peoplewho diein earthquakes are killedby fallingbuildings.Therefore,building structuresthat canwithstand thepowerofearthquakes isa majorconcern.L.15III.ExpressionsPatterns
1.Typical patternsfor reasoningAfter all,・・•理由Therefore,•••isa majorconcern/emphasis.观点要知道/毕竟，所以，是关注的重点要知道，多数在地震中丧生的人都是被倒塌的建筑物砸死的所以，建造具有抗震能力的楼房结构成为关注的重点应用要知道，我们仍然是一个发展中国家所以，如何使我们的国民经济保持可持续发展a.将是关注的重点After all,we arestill adeveloping country.Therefore,how tokeep oureconomic developmentsustainablewillbea majorconcern.应用要知道，未来社会更看重具备综合素质的人才所以，对大学生的全面教育应是大学b.改革的重点所在Afterall,the futuresociety willattach moreweight tothose withcomprehensive qualities.Therefore,carrying outall-round educationon studentsshould beamajoremphasis for the collegereforms.某人/物似乎，但如果就不2Sth./Sb.seems to…,but notif…原句钢似乎是最Steel seems tobe the bestmaterial,but notif itis weldedto forma rigidstructure.L.19佳的建材，但一旦被焊接成僵硬的结构就不行了应用因特网似乎是人类所知的最好的信息源，但如果遭到电脑病毒的大规模袭击就不行了a.The Internetseemstobe thebest informationsource everknown to man,but notif itis subjectedto alarge-scale attackof computerviruses.应用容貌似乎是她在演艺界成功的关键，但如果她缺乏内在素质就不行了b.Good looksseem tobethe key toher successin theshow business,but notif shelacks genuinecore.原句:Besides workingto improvebuildingstructures,people inareas whereearthquakesarecommonneed topreparefor thepossibilityofagreat earthquake.L.
292.Typical patternsfor furthersuggestion除了设法外，某人也/还1Besides/In additionto/Apart fromworking/seeking to...,sb.needs to...需要除了设法改善建筑结构外，地震频发区的人们也需要为可能发生的大地震做好防备工作应用除了设法提高自己的文化水平外，一个大学生还需要提高自己的道德修养a.Besides seekingto improvehis/her intellectuallevel,a collegestudent needs to refinehis/her moraltaste.应用除了设法改革课程结构外，校方还需最大限度地丰富校园生活b.Besides seekingto reformthe structuresof courses,the universityneeds toenrich thecampuslifeto thefullest.原句:It isalso importantto havesomething thatcan cleanwater andkill bacteria,so waterfrom othersourcescan bemade safeto drink.L.36III.ExpressionsPatterns做某事对某人也很重要,这样2It isalso important for sb.todo sth.,so•••clause储备一些可以净化水和消灭病菌的东西也很重要，这样就可以安全饮用其他来源的水了Back应用培养一种高尚的情操对一个人也是很重要的，这样就可以使其生活脱离低级趣味a.It isalso importantfor a personto cultivatea noblesentiment,so his/her lifecanbekept freefrom badtaste.应用了解目标语的文化背景也是很重要的,这样就可以大大加快你语言学习的速度b.It isalsoimportanttoknowthe culturalbackground ofthe targetlanguage,so yourlanguage learningcanbe greatlyaccelerated.1:Perhaps mostinteresting,and mosteasily measured,isachemical changein groundwater beforeaquake.L.
103.Typical patternsfor emphasisPerhaps most/Particularly+adj./PP,and most+adj./PP,is...也许最/尤其、也最的，是也许最有趣、也最容易测量的，是地震前地下水发生的化学变化应用也许最难能可贵、也最令人钦佩的，是他出污泥而不染的品质a.Perhapsmostremarkable,and mostadmirable,is hisvirtue ofremaining honestin spiteof generalcorruption.应用尤其令人神往，也最令人难忘的，是这里的美景给我们的心灵所带来的震撼b.Particularly fascinating,and mostunforgettable,istheextent towhich thebeautiful sceneryhere hasshockedour souls.原句2Also importantis anarrangement forfamily membersto communicateif thereis anearthquake.L.50Also+adj.for sb.is•••if/when***对某人来讲同样的是句型提炼同样重要的是安排好家人地震时的联络方式应用目前对政府来讲同样紧迫的是如何广开就业门路a.应用Also pressingfor thegovernment atpresent ishowtoopen allavailable channelsfor employment.对于家长同样要紧的是教会孩子在遇到危险的时候如何保护自己b.IV.WtritingWriting原因分析类The Changes in Something简述某一事物的变化情况
1.说明引起变化的原因
2.分析其影响或走向
3.写作模式原因分析类Changesin Great Natural Disasters Worldwide1As canbe seenfrom thegraph/table/diagram,there have been drastic/considerable/unfavorablechanges in・・,议论的主题overthepast periodfrom_to—.2To beconcrete,•••only-in_year变化概述while/whereas the ratios went up to…in_year.3These changes are mostdisturbing,soit is necessary for us togo into the whysand whereforesof themfirst.Para.14Some changes,suchas resultfrom•••,but manyothers havemuch todowith•・・5In the first place,man sexcessive exploitation of•••has done a lasting damage toonly to原因分析16进一步说明7In thesecond,in order toman has had to overwork…，which inturnhas accelerated…原因分析II8In thethird,man sblind applicationof・・・has causedpermanentchanges in・••原因分析III9Among these changes are...进一步说明Para.210The listofcauses could go on,but theyare alreadyenough toindicate thatthese changesare producingmore andmore negative effectson theworld.11These changesnot only・・・，but also…分析12If allowedtorun its course,I firmlybelieve/lam afraid,this trendwill certainlybring moreharm/threats toour.结论句society/life Para.3The ChangesinGreatNaturalDisastersWorldwide简述所给图表中的变化
1.说明引起变化的主要原因
2.分析这些变化对全球的影响
3.1As canbe seenfrom thegraph,there have been rapidchanges in thegreatnatural disastersworldwideoverthepast periodfrom1960sto1990s.2To beconcrete,there wereonly16terriblenatural disasters,causing300,000deaths in1960s whiletheratioswentuprespectively to131and1,100,000in1990s.3The changesare disturbing,so itisnecessaryforustogointothewhys andwhereforesof themfirst.4Some changes,such asthose inearthquakes andvolcanic eruptions,resultfrom themovement ofplates alongthe weaknessesintheearths crust,but manyothers havemuch todowith mansactivities.5In the first place,mans mindlessand excessiveexploitationofnatural resourceshasdonealastingdamagetotheecosystem,only toinvite morefloods,landslides andmud-rock flows.6The rareflood towhich Chinawas subjectedin1998is typicaloftheevil seedsman hadsowed forhimself.7In thesecond,in order to feedtheir more and largerfamilies,people from all overthe worldhavehadtooverwork theirfarming landas wellas theirgrassland,which inturn hasaccelerated thedesertificationoftheland onwhich they havebeenrelying forexistence.8In thethird,mans blindapplicationof scientificfindings hascaused unfavorableand permanentchanges inthe globallivingenvironment.9Among thesechangesarethe depletionof ozonelayer,the worseningof greenhouseeffect,the recurrenceof hurricanesand theextinction ofmore species.10The listof causescouldgoon,but theyare alreadyenough toindicate thatthesechangesare producingmoreandmorenegativeeffectson theworld.11They havenot onlymade itimpossible for the naturalsystems torecover theirbalancebut alsomade itharder forman toensure hisbetter survival.12If allowedto runitscourse,I amafraid,this trendwill certainlybring moreserious threatsto all the living things onthe Earth,mankind included.Section B
1.Reading SkillsScanninginvolves searchingfor detailsor isolatedfacts seeUnit1whereas skimmingistoreadquickly inorder to get thegeneral idea ofapassage.Skimming requiresthe readerto noteonlyinformation andclues whichprovide anideaofthe centraltheme ortopic ofa pieceof writing.SkimmingWhen youskim,you readonly selectedsentences inordertoget themain idea.You shouldalso usetextualclues such as italicizedor underlinedwords,headlines orsubtitles,spacing,paragraphing,etc.Donot readevery wordor sentence.Once you have ageneral ideaabout anarticle youmay decideto readtheentire selectioncarefully,or onlyto scanfor specificpieces ofinformation inordertoanswerquestions whichhave occurredtoyou.When youskim,you probablyhavetomove youreyes fasterthanwhen youscan althoughthe samesteps ofreading areinvolved.Of course,thekeystep isto decidewhatinformation youwant toknow,and thentry to skim forit.The followingare someexamples fromPassage Ain thisunit toexplain howtoskimfor theparticularinformation thata readeris interestedin.After havinga brieflook atthe titleofthereading passage,you mightwant toknow:Where shallIfind the information about earthquake prediction,prevention andpreparationTo skimforthe places forthe informationin question,the readeractually justneedstoread thefirst sentence ofeach paragraphinthetext.Sentence1,Paragraph1tells him/her thatthis isthe placeforinformation aboutearthquake prediction;Sentence1,Paragraph2for informationabout earthquakeprevention;the firstsentence ofParagraphs3,4,5,6for informationabout preparationagainstearthquake.After readingtwo paragraphs,you mightwant toknow:How shouldpeople getprepared foranearthquakeSince thereader nowknows wheretoget the informationaboutearthquakepreparation,he/she有关的may movehis/her eyesvery quicklydown theserelevant paragraphs,skimming forthe answer,which isoffered asfollows:
1.regularly checkand reinforcetheir homes;Para.
32.have suppliesof waterand foodat homeand atwork;Para.
43.keep afire extinguisherhandy,etc.;Para.
54.have earthquakeemergency plans.Para.6Directions:Now skimPassage Bforthe answers tothe followingquestions inthree minutes.
1.Where canyou findtheinformationabout theformation anddevelopment ofthe Earth
2.When wasthe Earthformed
3.When didthefirsthuman beingswalk the Earth
1.In Paragraphs3,4and
5.You canget the answer byreading thefirstsentenceof theseparagraphsvery quickly.
2.About5billion yearsago.Para.3You canhave theanswer byjust skimmingforthewords“theEarth and“fbrmed”.
3.About3million yearsago.Para.4You cangettheanswer byjust skimmingforthewords thefirsthuman beings”.
4.Which sectionis aboutmens controlover naturalresources
5.Which sectionis aboutthe balanceof nature
4.Section
2.You gettheansweronly bynoticing thespacing andreading theheadline ofthe section.
5.Section
3.You havetheansweronly bynoticing thespacing andreading theheadline ofthe section.IL TextAnalysisPart1;para1—5despite theshort timeof human beings onearth,manhasbrought aboutenormouschanges.Part2para6—10people tryto controlall thenatural resourcesPart3para11—14all theharmful resultsconcerning theimbalance ofnature comefrom thetoomuch useof resourcesand thehuman struggleto controltheenvironment
111.Language Points1A singletree mayseem largecompared toa personpara2compared to/with;in comparisonwitheg;Tm quitea patientperson,compared withhim跟他相比，我算是有耐心的Compared totheplacewhere Igrew up,this townis exciting.与我成长的地方比，这个镇热闹多了
2.In otherwords,things innature arelarge orsmall,new orold,only inaccordance withthe measureandthe comparisoninvolved.In otherwords;that isto say,expressed ina differentwayeg;I otherwords,youhavetodoall theexercises frompage10to12换言之，你们得做到页上的所有练习1012移动The mobilelibrary serviceshavebeenreorganized—in otherwords,they visitfewer places.图书馆的服务重新做了调整，也就是说，他们去的地方少了
3.only inaccordance withthe measuresandthecomparisons involvedooin accordance with;in agreementor harmonywitheg;We arerequired toact inaccordance withhis instructions我们被要求依照他的指示办事Deeds shouldbe inaccordancewithwords言与行应该一致
4.The Earthwas formedabout5million yearsago froma rotatingform....from;make sthfrom这些物质是由不同的确液体混合而成eg;These substancesare formedfromamixture ofliquids的There isa proposalto forma newpolital partyfrom thosebreaking awayfrom themajor groups有人提议，由从各大组织中分化出来的人组成一个新的政党
5..The oceansbegan todevelop anenormous systemof livingthings,with manydivers forms oflives,all dependent on one another.Para.4diverse formsof life:different formslifeall dependentononeanother:alltheformsoflife beingdependentononeanother
6.The firstanimals onthis livingsphere,theEarth,...Para.4Sphere:n.1an objectshaped likea roundballAt thetop ofeach columnis sphere of whitemarble.每一根柱子的顶端有一个白色大理石圆球2a rangeor areaof activityManycountries havedifficulties inthe economicsphere.许多国家在经济方面遇到了困难During theCold War,Western Europewas Americassphereofinfluence.冷战期间，西欧是美国的势力范围
7.About200million yearsago,warm-blooded animalstook totheair-thefirstbirds.Para.4Take to:1begin todosth.asapractice,habit,ete.When helearned ofeht usefulnessof foreignlanguages,he tookto studyingEnglish withgreatzeal.当他知道外语的用处后，就开始以极大的热情学习英语2be kindof favorableto:like他看上去是那么可爱的一个男孩，He seemedsuchalovely child;I tookto himimmediately我立刻喜欢上了他3go toa placefor rest,hiding,etc他被迫卧床休息He wasforced totake tohis bed
8.In terms oftheevolution oflife onEarth,humanbeingshave justarrived para.51in termsof;from....point ofview;with regardstoThe workisnotprofitable in termsofcash,but Iam gettingvaluable experiencefrom it.从钱的角度来说，这份工作并不有利可图，但我从中获得了宝贵的经验In termsof money,the oldman isvery rich,but notintermsof happiness.从钱的角度来说，这个老人很富有，但就幸福而言，他却不是这样2evolution;na thedevelopmentoflivingthingsover thousandsof yearsfrom simpleearly formsThe Theoryofevolution isadvanced byDarwin.进化论是由达尔文提出的在进化过程中，一些鸟In thecourseofevolution,some birdshave losttheir powerof flight丧失了飞行的能力.b theprocess ofgradual developmentand change;evolvingThe evolutionof modernmotor caris aninteresting subjest.现代汽车的发展是一个很有趣的课题changes farout ofproportion tothe intervalof timetheyhaveoccupied it.para5out of all
1.oooproportion to;too large,serious,important,etc.The priceofthissuit isoutofall proportion to itsvalue.这套西服的价格与它的价值不成比例He wasfined1,000dollars forspitting.The finewas outofallproportiontothe seriousnessof theoffence.他因为随地吐痰被罚美金，罚金与过错的严重程度不太成比例1,
00010.it becomesincreasingly difficultforthepopulation tosurvive onthe resourcesof theoooland.Para.8survived on:continue liveon orexist byHesurvived inthe desertforaweek onbiscuits andwate.他在沙漠中靠饼干和水维持了一个星期11future increaseswill surelybring aboutpoverty andsuffering.Para.8bring about:cause tohappen改革开The reformand opening-up hasbrought aboutprofound changestothemountain regions.放给山区带来了深刻的变化,科学技术给我们的生活带Science andtechnology hasbrought aboutgreat changesin ourlives来了很大的变化
12.As theyconsume theseresources withoutrestraint,they alsowaste largeamounts ofthem.para8restraint;n1restraining orbeing restrainedHeshowed greatrestraint eventhough hewas veryangry尽管他很生气，但他表现得很克制他怒不可遏His ragewas beyondrestraint2a thingthat restrainsor controls。
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