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高中主旨大意题真题再现
一、题型识别
1..What ismainly discussedin Paragraph
22.What is the mainidea of Paragraph
33.From the first threeparagraphs,we learnthat.
4.The lastparagraph mainlydeals with.
5.What canwe concludefrom Paragraph2
二、答题方法
1.排除法首先排除含有细范信息的选项;
2.找出段落主旨句(一般是第一或第二句)或总结句,画出关键词;
3.如果出现以下三类信息,其后的句子才是主旨句1)让步转折词although,but,however等;2)对比类信息(时间对比、事物对比、观点对比);3)表结果的连接词so,thus,therefore等
4.如果全段都是细节或问题,那么主旨句可能有如下三种情况)1上二段的段落主旨句或总结句(通常有代词提示);2)下一段的段落主旨句或总结句(对问题的回答通常在下一段);3)考生根据细节信息自行概括
5.将主旨信息与选项进行比对,找出同义转述和改写
三、正确选项特征一定是段落主旨句或总结句的同义转述和改写
四、错误选项特征
1.段落暨里范的同义转述和改写;
2.段落细节间的无关关联;
3.未提及的新信息;
4.极端词选项,如never,only,比较级或最高级等【例题1】2019北京卷DBy theend of the century,if notsooner,the world*s oceanswill bbluerand greenerthanks to a warmingclimate,according toa newstudy.At theheart of the phenomenonlie tinymarine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton.Because of the waylight reflectsoff theorganisms,these phytoplanktoncreate colorfulpatterns at the oceansurface.Ocean colorvaries fromgreen toblue,depending onthe typeandconcentration of phytoplankton.Climate changewill fuelthe growthofphytoplankton insome areas,while reducingit inother spots,leading tochanges in the oceans appearance.•What arethefirsttwo paragraphsmainly aboutA.The variouspatterns attheoceansurface.B.The cause of thechangesinocean color.C.The waylight reflectsoff marineorganisms.D.The effortsto fuelthe growthofphytoplankton.【答案】B解析第一段只有一句话,因此这句话就是主旨句其中thanksto(多亏……)表原因,即因为全球气候变暖,全世界海洋的颜色都将会变得更蓝、更绿本题考查两段话的主旨,但利用做题技巧,第一段唯一的一句话必然和第二段的主旨有交集因此,考生做题时可以直接根据第一段的语义来选答案B第二段的主旨句不是第一句,因为最后一句话出现了表结果lead to所以最后一句才是主旨句,即气候变暖会使特定区域藻类的生长速度此消彼长,从而导致海水外观改变【答案】C解析7没【例题2】2020朝阳期末C有转折和因果信杳因此第一句就是二句,即斯坦福大学口知科学家认为孩5法习得颜色词汇的』Cognitive(认知)scientists atStanford Universityin Californiasupposedthat childrensincompetence atcolor-word learningmay bedirectlylinked to the waythese wordsare usedin English.They areused()mostly inpre-nominal positione.g.blue cup,in contrastto()post-nominal positione.g.The cupis blue..The difficultychildren havemaysimply comedown to the challengeof havingto makepredictions fromcolorwords tothe objectsthey referto,rather thanfrom theobjects tothecolor words.•What is the purposeofParagraph2A.To presenta phenomenon.B.To makea contrast.C.To givea possibleexplanation.D.To providean example.(北京卷)Passage12017DHollywood^theory thatmachines withevil(牙R恶)minds willdrivearmies of killer robotsis justsilly.The realproblem relatestothepossibility()that artificial intelligence Almay becomeextremely goodat achievingsomethingother thanwhat wereally want.In1960a well-knownmathematician NorbertWiener,who foundedthe fieldof cybernetics(控制论),put itthis way”If weuse,to achieveour purposes,a mechanicalagencywith whoseoperation wecannot effectivelyinterfere(干预),we hadbetterbe quitesure thatthe purposeput intothe machineisthepurpose whichwereally desire.・Paragraph1mainly tellsus thatartificialintelligencemay.A.run outof humancontrolB.satisfy humansreal desiresC.command armiesofkillerrobotsD.work fasterthan amathematicianPassage2(2013北京卷A)The EPhas noexposed heatingparts thatcan causea fire.The outsideofEP onlygets warmtothetouch sothat itwill notburn childrenor pets.•What ismainly discussedin Paragraph2A.The heatof theEP.B.The safetyof theEP.C.The appearanceof theEP.D.The materialof theEP.Passage3(2013北京卷C)The phenomenonof trackingcelebrities hasbeen aroundfor ages.In the4th centuryB.C.,painters followedAlexander theGreat intobattle,hoping topicture hisvictories forhis admirers.When CharlesDickensvisited Americain the19th century,his old-out readingsattracted thousandsof:ans,leading himto complain(抱怨)about hislack ofprivacy.Tabloidsof the1920s and1930s ranarticles aboutfilm-stars inmuch:he samewaythat moderntabloids andwebsites do.•What isthe mainidea ofParagraph3A.Great heroesof thepast weregenerally admired.B.The problemfaced bycelebrities hasa longhistory.C.Well-knownactors areusually targetsof tabloids.D.Works ofpopular writersoftenhave alot ofreaders.(北京卷)Passage42012DLee Lane,a visitingfellow atthe HudsonInstitute,takes theopposing view.Heacknowledges thatwildernesses doprovide usefulservices,such aswaterconservation.But that is not,he argues,a reasonto avoidall humanpresence,orindeed commercialand industrialexploitation.There areever morepeople ontheEarth,and theyreasonably andrightfully wantto havebetter lives,rather thanmerely strugglefor survival.While theways ofusing resourceshaveimproved,there isstill agrowing needfor raw materials,and somewildernessescontain themin abundance.If theycan betapped withoutreducing theservices thosewildernessesprovide,the argumentgoes,there isno furtherreason notto doso.Beinguntouched isnot,in itself,a characteristicworth valuingabove allothers.•What isthe mainidea ofParagraph3A.The exploitationis necessaryfor thepoor people.B.Wildernesses cannotguarantee betteruse ofrawmaterials.C.Useful servicesof wildernessesare not the reasonfor noexploitation.D.A11the characteristicsconcerning theexploitation shouldbe treatedequally.Passage5(2021门头沟一模B)As Brahmexplained,if youbreak downthe characternwun,it consistsof two characters:One ismeaning dagger-axe;the otheris zhi,meaning tostop.So,the meaningof martialarts in Chinese isnotthe art offighting”,aconcept thatmany peopletake forgranted.On thecontrary,he said,kung fuistheart of stoppingfighting.•What doesParagraph2really wantto tellusA.The characterge means“to stop”.B.Kung fuistheart ofnon-violence”.C.The characterwu consistsof twocharacters.D.Martial artsinChinesemeans the“artoffighting
0.Passage6(2021石景山一模C)Port citiesbecome industrial,financial andservice centersand politicalcapitalsbecause oftheir waterconnections and the urbanconcentrationwhich drawsto itrailways,highways andair routes.Water transportmeanscheap access,the chiefbasis ofall portcities.Many ofthe worldsbiggestcities,for example,London,New York,Shanghai,Tokyo andSan Franciscobeganas ports-thatis,with land-sea exchangeas theirmajor function.Although theirport functionsare nolonger dominantnow,they remaindifferentkinds ofplaces fromnonport citiesand theirport functionsaccountfor thatdifference.•Which wouldbe thebest headingfor Paragraph3A.Good ports,huge profitcentersB.Once aport city,always aport cityC.Water transport,basis ofport citiesD.Port functions,a featureof bigcitiesPassage7(2021西城期末A).What AreWe TalkingAboutIts calledthe MozzyJFBk Watch.It isa stylishand comfortablebandthat instantlybrings peaceof mind,for itkeeps thoseannoying mosquitoesaway.It ismade ofa hardenedceramic material,so itis verytough andalmostunbreakable.But how this deviceprotects youagainst annoyinginsectsis trulyamazing...Mozzy Watchuses ultrasonicsounds torepel(驱除)mosquitoes andflies!These ultrasonicfrequencies arecompletely harmlessto humansandpets.At first,we wereskeptical abouthowthisdevice couldwork withouttheuseofchemicals.So,we decidedto testit andthe resultswere amazing.Everyone onour teamexperienced wonderfulresultsafter usingMozzy Watch.•Which wouldbe thebest headingfor Paragraph2A.Why DoWe NeedMozzy WatchB.Who AreSuitable toWear Mozzy WatchC.How DoesMozzyWatchWork toProtect YouD.How DidOur TeamDo theTest onMozzy WatchPassage8(2021西城期末C)In cooperationwith ateam fromMIT,he ETHteam testedtheir new,TRAP-based searchalgorithm intwo separateocean experimentsnearMarthas Vineyard,which onthe northeasterncoast ofthe UnitedStates.Working fromthe samereal-time dataavailable tothe CoastGuard,the teamsuccessfullyidentified TRAPsin theregion inreal time.They foundthatbuoys andmanikins(浮标和人体模型)thrown inthe waterindeed quicklygatheredalong theseemerging curves.nOf severalcompeting approachestestedn thisproject,this wasthe onlyalgorithm thatconsistently foundtheright location,says Haller.•Paragraph5mainly talksabout.A.the collectionof dataB.the testingofthealgorithmC.the identificationoftheTRAPsD.the cooperationoftworesearch teamsPassage9(2021海淀期中C)Of course,Ive heardarguments againstasking cycliststo register andlicense theirbikes.Some peoplemight say,uLittle kidsride bikes.Wouldyou requirea six-year-old riderto takea testand paya feeObviously,thecity coulddetermine anage whencycling could be considereda umeansoftransportation onpublic roads.Other peopleargue thatbicycle feesareunfair becausebikes don*t damagethe roadwaysas carsdo.Bicycleregistration feescouldbecomparatively modest,andthemethod fordisplayinga licensenumber couldbe simple.•What isthe authorspurpose inwriting Paragraph4A.To explainhow bicycleregistration andlicensing work.B.To providesolutions toreduce irresponsiblecycling ofkids.C.To respondto peoplesdoubts aboutholding cyclistsaccountable.D.To argueagainst requiringRelists toregisterandlicense theirbicycles.Passage12020海淀一模CThere iscertainly evidencethat actorsexperience ablending oftheirreal selfwith theirassumed characters.For instance,Benedict Cumberbatchsaid,My momsays Immuch moreimpatient withher whenIm filmingSherlock.”Mark Seton,a researcherattheUniversity ofSydney,has evencoinedthe termu post-dramatic stressdisorderto describethe lastingeffectsexperienced byactors wholose themselvesin a role.nActors mayoftenprolong habitsofthecharacters theyhave embodied,he writes.•The firsttwo paragraphsmainly.A.state thatacting requiresskillsB.explain thestress thatan actorfacesC.show thataroleleaves amark onthe actorD.stress theimportance ofdevoting oneselftoarole。