英语基础一班-阅读讲义

I wiCCnotgive youa fish6ut teCCyouHow tofish...企龙假考研美语导考薛殁❷共同探讨英语人生量身定做学习计划紧紧把握考试脉搏传授英语应试策略奠定前好心理基础培养进取人生态度一For anyjob search,you shouldstart with a narrowconcept whatyou thinkyou一want todo thenbroaden it.None of these programsdo thatJ saysanother expert.“Theres nocareer counselingimplicit in all of this.Instead,the beststrategy is to usetheagent as a kind of tip service to keep abreastof jobsin aparticular database;whenyou getE-mail,consider ita reminderto checkthe databaseagain.I would not relyonagents forfinding everything that is added toa databasethat mightinterest meJ saystheauthor of a job-searching guide.Some sitesdesign theiragents totempt job hunters toreturn.When CareerSite,sagent sendsout messagesto those who havesigned upfor itsservice,for example,it一includes only three potentialjobs thoseit considersthe bestmatches.There maybe一more matchesin the database;job hunterswill haveto visitthe siteagain to find theand they do.On the day afterwe sendour messages,we seea sharpincrease in ourtraffic J says SethPeets,vice presidentof marketingfor CareerSite.Even those who arenthunting forjobs mayfind search agents worthwhile.Someuse themtokeepa closewatch on the demandfor theirline ofwork orgather informationoncompensation toarm themselveswhen negotiatingfor araise.Although happilyemployed,Redmon maintainshis agentat CareerBuilder.You alwayskeep youreyesopen Jhe says.Working witha personalsearch agentmeans having another setof eyeslookingout foryou.

1.How didRedmon findhis job•[A]By searchingopenings ina jobdatabase[B]By postinga matchingposition ina database[C]By usinga specialservice of a database[D]By E-mailing hisresume toa database

2.Which of the followingcan bea disadvantageof searchagents•[A]Lack ofcounseling[B]Limited number of visits[C]Lower efficiency[D]Fewer successfulmatches

3.The expressiontipservice”Line4,Para.3most probablymeans•[A]advisory[B]compensation[C]interaction[D]reminder

4.Why doesCareerSite^s agentoffer eachjobhunteronlythreejob-options[A]To focuson betterjob matches[B]To attractmore returningvisits[C]To reservespace for more messages[D]To increase the rateof success

5.Which of the following is trueaccording to the text.[A]Personal searchagents areindispensable tojob-hunters[B]Some siteskeep E-mailing jobseekers totrace theirdemands[C]Personal searchagents are also helpfulto thosealready employed[D]Some agentsstop sendinginformation topeople oncethey areemployedPassage2Over the past century,all kindsof unfairnessand discriminationhave beencondemnedor madeillegal.But oneinsidious formcontinues tothrive:alphabet!sm.This,for thoseas yetunaware ofsuch adisadvantage,refers todiscrimination againstthosewhose surnamesbegin witha letterin thelower half of thealphabet.It haslong beenknown that a taxifirm calledAAAA carshas abig advantageoverZodiac carswhen customersthumb throughtheir phonedirectories.Less wellknown istheadvantage thatAdam Abbotthas inlife overZoe Zysman.English names are fairlyevenlyspread betweenthe halvesof thealphabet.Yet asuspiciously largenumberoftoppeople havesurnames beginningwith lettersbetween Aand K.Thus theAmerican presidentand vice-president havesurnames startingwith BandC respectively;and26of GeorgeBushs predecessorsincluding hisfather hadsurnamesin the first halfof thealphabet againstjust16in thesecond half.Even morestriking,six of the sevenheads ofgovernment of the G7rich countriesare alphabeticallyadvantagedBerlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,Chretien andKoizumi.The worldsthreetop centralbankers Greenspan,Duisenberg andHayami areall closeto thetop of thealphabet,even ifone of them reallyuses Japanesecharacters.As arethe worldsfiverichest menGates,Buffett,Allen,Ellison andAlbrecht.Can thismerely be coincidence Onetheory,dreamt up in all the sparetime enjoyedby the alphabetically disadvantaged,is that the rotsets inearly.At thestart of the firstyearin infantschool,teachers seatpupils alphabeticallyfrom thefront,to makeit easiertoremember theirnames.So short-sighted Zysmanjunior getsstuck in the backrow,andis rarelyasked theimproving questionsposed bythose insensitiveteachers.At the timethe alphabeticallydisadvantaged maythink theyhave hada luckyescape.Yet theresultmay beworse qualifications,because theyget lessindividual attention,as wellas lessconfidencein speakingpublicly.The humiliationcontinues.At universitygraduation ceremonies,the ABCsproudlyget theirawards first;by thetime theyreach theZysmans most people are literallyhaving aZZZ.Shortlists forjob interviews,election ballotpapers,lists ofconferencespeakers andattendees:all tend to bedrawn upalphabetically,and theirrecipients loseinterestas theyplough throughthem.

6.What doesthe authorintend toillustrate withAAA Acars andZodiac cars[A]A kindof overlookedinequality[B]A typeof conspicuousbias[C]A typeof personalprejudice[D]A kindof branddiscrimination

7.What canwe inferfrom thefirst threeparagraphs•[A]In bothEast andWest,namesareessential tosuccess[B]The alphabetistoblame for the failureof ZoeZysman[C]Customers oftenpay alot ofattention tocompanies9names[D]Some formof discriminationis toosubtle torecognize

8.The4th paragraphsuggests that•LA]questions are often putto the more intelligentstudents[B]alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudents oftenescape formclass[C]teachers shouldpay attention to allof theirstudents[D]students should be seatedaccording to their eyesight

9.What doesthe authormean by“mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ”Lines2-3,Para.

5.[A]They aregetting impatient[B]They arenoisily dozingoff[C]They arefeeling humiliated[D]They arebusy withword puzzles

10.Which of the followingis trueaccording to the text•[A]People withsurnames beginningwith Nto Zare oftenill-treated[B]VIPs in the Westernworld gaina greatdeal from alphabetism[C]The campaignto eliminate alphabetism stillhas along wayto go[D]Putting thingsalphabetically maylead tounintentional biasPassage3When itcomes to the slowingeconomy,Ellen Spero isnt bitingher nailsjust yet.But the47-year-old manicuristisnt cutting,filling orpolishing as many nailsas shedliketo,either.Most of her clientsspend$12to$50weekly,but lastmonth twolongtimecustomers suddenlystopped showingup.Spero blamesthe softeningeconomy.Im agoodeconomic indicator,she says.I providea servicethat peoplecan dowithout whentheyreconcerned aboutsaving somedollars/5So Spero is downscaling,shopping atmiddle-brow Dillardsdepartment storenear hersuburban Clevelandhome,instead ofNeimanMarcus.“I dontknow ifother clientsare going to abandonme,too shesays.Even beforeAlan Greenspansadmission thatAmericas red-hot economyis cooling,lots ofworking folkshad alreadyseen signs of theslowdown themselves.From cardealershipsto Gapoutlets,sales have been laggingfor monthsas shopperstemper theirspending.For retailers,who lastyear tookin24percent of their revenuebetweenThanksgiving andChristmas,the cautiousapproach iscoming ata crucialtime.Already,experts say,holiday salesare off7percent fromlast yearspace.But dont sound anyalarmsjust yet.Consumers seemonly concerned,not panicked,and manysay theyremainoptimistic aboutthe economyslong-term prospects,even as they do somemodest belt-tightening.Consumers saytheyre not in despairbecause,despite thedreadful headlines,their ownfortunesstill feel pretty good.Home prices are holdingsteady inmost regions.InManhattan,theres anew goldrush happeningin the$4million to$10million range,；predominantly fedby Wall Street bonusessays brokerBarbara Corcoran.In SanFrancisco,pricesarestill risingeven asfrenzied overbiddingquiets.Instead of20to30offers,now maybeyou onlyget twoor threeJsaysjohn Deadly,a BayArea real-estatebroker.And mostfolks stillfeelprettycomfortable abouttheir ability to findand keepajob.Many folkssee silver linings tothis slowdown.Potential homebuyerswould cheerfbrlower interestrates.Employers wouldntmind alittle fewerbubbles in the jobmarket.Many consumersseem tohave beeninfluenced bystock-market swings,which investorsnowview as a necessaryingredient toa sustainedboom.Diners mightsee anupside,too.Getting atable atManhattans hotnew AlainDucasse restaurantneed to be impossible.Not anymore.For that,GreenspanCo.may stillbe worthtoasting.IL By“EHen Speroisnt bitingher nailsjust yet”Line1,Para.1,the authormeans•[A]Spero canhardly maintainher business[B]Speroistoo muchengaged inher work[C]Spero hasgrown out ofherbad habit[D]Sperois not ina desperatesituation

12.How dothe publicfeel aboutthe currenteconomic situation•[A]Optimistic[B]Confused[C]Carefree[D]Panicked

13.When mentioningthe$4million to$10million range”Lines3-4,Para.3theauthor istalking about•[A]gold market[B]real estate[C]stock exchange[D]venture investment

14.Why canmany peoplesee“silverlinings”to theeconomic showdown[A]They wouldbenefit incertain ways[B]The stockmarket showssignsofrecovery[C]Such aslowdown usuallyprecedes aboom[D]The purchasingpower wouldbe enhanced

15.To whichof thefollowingis the authorlikely toagree•[A]A nowboom,on thehorizon[B]Tighten thebelt,the singleremedy[C]Caution allright,panic not[D]The moreventures,themorechancesPassage4Americans todaydont placea veryhigh valueon intellect.Our heroesare athletes,entertainers,and entrepreneurs,not scholars.Even our schools arewhere wesend ourchildren to geta practicaleducation-not topursue knowledgefor thesake ofknowledge.Symptoms ofpervasive anti-intellectualism inour schoolsarent difficult tofind.Schools have always beenina society wherepractical ismore importantthanintellectual/9says educationwriter DianeRavitch.Schools could be acounterbalance.Razitchs latestbock:Left Back:A Centuryof FailedSchool Reforms,traces theroots ofanti-intellectualism inourschools,concluding they are anythingbut acounterbalanceto theAmerican distastefor intellectualpursuits.But theycould andshouldbe.Encouraging kidsto rejectthe lifeof the mind leavesthemvulnerable toexploitation andcontrol.Without theabilitytothink critically,todefend theirideas andunderstand theideas ofothers,they cannotfully participatein ourdemocracy.Continuing alongthis path,says writerEarl Shorris,“We will become asecond-rate country.We willhave aless civilsociety.”Intellect isresented as a formof poweror privilege/9writes historianand professorRichardHofstadter inAnti-Intellectualism inAmerican life,a PulitzerPrize winningbookon theroots ofanti-intellectualism inUS politics,religion,and education.From thebeginningof ourhistory,says Hofstadter,our democraticand populisturges havedrivenus toreject anythingthat smellsof elitism.Practicality,common sense,and nativeintelligencehavebeenconsidered morenoble qualitiesthan anythingyou couldlearnfrom abook.Ralph WaldoEmerson andother Transcendentalistphilosophers thoughtschoolingand rigorousbook learningput unnaturalrestraints onchildren:We areshut up inschools andcollege recitationrooms for10or15years andcome outat lastwith abellyfulof wordsand do not knowa thing.Mark TwainsHuckleberry Finnexemplified一American anti-intellectualism.Its heroavoids beingcivilized goingto schoolandlearning toread-so hecan preservehis innategoodness.Intellect,according toHofstadter,is differentfrom nativeintelligence,a qualitywereluctantly admire.Intellect isthe critical,creative,and contemplativeside of themind.Intelligence seeksto grasp,manipulate,re-order,and adjust,while intellectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizes andimagines.School remainsa placewhere intellectis mistrusted.Hofstadter saysour countryseducationalsystem is in thegrips of people whojoyfully andmilitantly proclaimtheirhostility tointellect and their eagernessto identifywith childrenwho show the leastintellectualpromise.”

16.What doAmerican parentsexpect theirchildrento acquire inschool[A]The habitof thinkingindependently[B]Profound knowledgeof the world[C]Practical abilitiesfor futurecareer[D]The confidencein intellectualpursuits

17.We canlearn from the textthat Americanshave ahistory of•[A]undervaluing intellect[B]favoring intellectualism[C]supporting schoolreform[D]suppressing nativeintelligence

18.The viewsof Ravishand Emersonon schoolingare•[A]identical[B]similar[C]complementary[D]opposite

19.Emerson,according to the text,is probably•[A]a pioneerof educationreform[B]an opponentof intellectualism[C]a scholarin favorof intellect[D]an advocateof regularschooling

20.What doesthe authorthink of intellect.[A]It issecond tointelligence[B]It evolvesfrom commonsense[C]It isto bepursued[D]It underliespower年2005Directions:Read thefollowing fourtexts.Answer thequestions beloweach textby choosingA,B,Cor D.Mark youranswers onANSWER SHEET

1.40pointsText1Everybody lovesa fatpay rise.Yet pleasureat yourown canvanish ifyou learn that acolleaguehas beengiven abigger one.Indeed,if hehas areputation forslacking,you mighteven beoutraged.Such behavioris regardedas all too humanwith theunderlyingassumption thatother animalswouldnot be capableofthisfinely developedsenseof grievance.But astudy bySarah Brosnan and Fransde Waalof EmoryUniversityin Atlanta,Georgia,which hasjust beenpublished inNature,suggests thatitis all too monkey,as well.The researchersstudied thebehavior offemale browncapuchin monkeys.They lookcute.They aregood-natured,co-operative creatures,and theyshare theirfood readily.Above all,like theirfemale humancounterparts,they tend to paymuch closerattentionto thevalue ofgoods andservices“than males.Such characteristicsmake themperfect candidatesfor Dr.Brosnans andDr.deWaals study.The researchersspent twoyears teachingtheir monkeysto exchangetokensfor food.Normally,the monkeys were happyenough toexchange piecesof rockforslices ofcucumber.However,when twomonkeys wereplaced inseparate butadjoiningchambers,so thateach couldobserve what the otherwas gettingin returnforits rock,their behaviorbecame markedlydifferent.In the world ofcapuchins,grapes areluxury goodsand muchpreferable tocucumbers.So whenone monkeywas handeda grapein exchangefor hertoken,thesecond wasreluctant tohand hersover for a merepiece ofcucumber.And ifone receiveda grape withouthaving toprovide hertoken inexchange atall,the othereither tossedherown tokenatthe researcher oroutof the chamber,or refusedto acceptthe sliceofcucumber.Indeed,the merepresence ofagrapein theother chamberwithout anactualmonkey toeat itwas enough to induceresentment ina femalecapuchin.The researcherssuggest thatcapuchin monkeys,like humans,are guidedby socialemotions.In thewild,they area co-operative,group-living species.Such co-operation islikelyto bestable onlywhen eachanimal feelsit is not beingcheated.Feelings ofrighteousindignation,it seems,are notthe preserveofpeoplealone.Refusing alesserreward completelymakes thesefeelings abundantlyclear toother members ofthegroup.However,whether sucha senseof fairnessevolved independentlyin capuchinsandhumans,or whetherit stemsfrom thecommon ancestorthat thespecies had35millionyears ago,is,as yet,an unansweredquestion.

1.In theopening paragraph,the authorintroduces histopic by[A]posing acontrast.[B]justifying anassumption.[C]making acomparison.[D]explaining aphenomenon.

2.The statement“it isalltoomonkey”Last line,Paragraph1implies that[A]monkeys arealso outragedby slackrivals.[B]resenting unfairness is alsomonkeys5nature.[C]monkeys,like humans,tendtobe jealousof eachother.[D]no animalsother thanmonkeys candevelop suchemotions.

3.Female capuchinmonkeyswerechosen for theresearchmost probablybecausethey are[A]more inclinedto weighwhat theyget.[B]attentive toresearchers5instructions.[C]nice inboth appearanceand temperament.[D]more generousthan theirmale companions.

4.Dr.BrosnanandDr.de Waalhave eventuallyfound in their studythat themonkeys[A]prefer grapesto cucumbers.[B]can betaught toexchange things.[C]will notbeco-operative iffeeling cheated.[D]are unhappywhen separatedfrom others.

5.What canwe inferfrom thelast paragraph[A]Monkeys can be trainedto developsocial emotions.[B]Human indignationevolved froman uncertainsource.[C]Animals usuallyshow theirfeelings openlyas humansdo.[D]Cooperation amongmonkeys remainsstable onlyin thewild.Text2Do youremember allthose yearswhen scientistsargued thatsmoking wouldkill usbutthe doubtersinsisted that we didntknow fbrsure Thatthe evidencewasinconclusive,the scienceuncertain Thatthe antismokinglobby wasout todestroy ourway of lifeand thegovernment shouldstay outoftheway Lotsof Americansboughtthat nonsense,and overthree decades,some10million smokerswent toearly graves.There areupsetting parallelstoday,as scientistsin onewave after another try toawaken usto the growing threatof global warming.The latestwas apanel from theNational Academyof Sciences,enlisted by the WhiteHouse,to tellus that the Earthsatmosphereis definitelywarming andthat theproblem islargely man-made.The clearmessageis that we shouldget movingto protectourselves.The presidentoftheNationalAcademy,Bruce Alberts,added thiskey pointin thepreface to the panelsreport:Science neverhas allthe answers.But sciencedoes provideus with the bestavailableguide to the future,and it is criticalthat ournation andthe worldbase importantpolicieson thebest judgmentsthat science can provideconcerning thefuture consequencesofpresent actions.”Just ason smoking,voices nowcome frommany quartersinsisting thatthe scienceaboutglobal warmingis incomplete,that itsOK tokeep pouringfumes into the airuntilwe knowfor sure.This isa dangerousgame:by thetime100percent ofthe evidenceis in,it maybe toolate.With therisks obviousand growing,a prudentpeople wouldtake outaninsurance policynow.Fortunately,the WhiteHouse isstarting to pay attention.But itsobvious thata majorityofthe presidentsadvisers stilldont takeglobal warmingseriously.Instead ofa planof一action,they continueto pressformoreresearch aclassic caseof“paralysis byanalysis.”To serve as responsiblestewards ofthe planet,we mustpress forwardon deeperatmosphericand oceanicresearch.But researchalone isinadequate.If theAdministrationwont takethe legislativeinitiative,Congress shouldhelp tobeginfashioning conservationmeasures.A billby DemocraticSenator RobertByrd ofWestVirginia,which wouldoffer financialincentives forprivate industry,isapromising start.Many seethatthecountry isgetting readyto buildlots ofnew powerplants tomeet ourenergyneeds.If we are evergoingtoprotect theatmosphere,it iscrucial thatthose newplantsbe environmentallysound.

6.An argumentmade bysupporters of smoking was that[A]there wasno scientificevidence ofthe correlationbetween smokingand death.[B]the numberof earlydeaths ofsmokers in thepastdecades wasinsignificant.[C]people hadthe freedomto choosetheir ownwayoflife.[D]antismoking peoplewere usuallytalking nonsense.

7.According toBruce Alberts,sciencecanserveas[A]a protector.[B]a judge.[C]a critic.[D]a guide.

8.What doesthe authormean byparalysis by analysis”Last line.Paragraph4[A]Endless studieskill action.[B]Careful investigationreveals truth.[C]Prudent planninghinders progress.[D]Extensive researchhelps decision-making.

9.According tothe author,what shouldthe Administrationdo aboutglobalwarming[A]Offer aidto buildcleaner powerplants.[B]Raise publicawareness ofconservation.[C]Press forfurther scientificresearch.[D]Take somelegislative measures.

10.The authorassociates theissue ofglobalwarmingwith thatofsmokingbecause[A]they bothsuffered from the governmentsnegligence.[B]a lessonfrom thelatter isapplicable tothe former.[C]the outcomeofthelatter aggravatesthe former.[D]both of them haveturned frombad toworse.Text3Of allthe componentsofagood nightssleep,dreams seem tobeleast withinourcontrol.In dreams,a windowopens intoa worldwhere logicis suspendedand deadpeoplespeak.A centuryago,Freud formulatedhis revolutionarytheory thatdreamswere thedisguised shadowsof our unconscious desiresand fears;by thelate1970s,一neurologists hadswitched tothinking ofthem asjust mentalnoise”the randombyproductsoftheneural-repair workthat goeson duringsleep.Now researcherssuspectthat dreamsare partoftheminds emotionalthermostat,regulating moodswhile the brainis“ofTline.And oneleading authoritysays thatthese intenselypowerful mentaleventscan benot onlyharnessed butactually broughtunder conscious control,to helpus sleepandfeel better.“Its yourdream/5says RosalindCartwright,chair ofpsychology atChicagosMedical Center.If youdont like it,change it.”Evidence frombrain imagingsupports thisview.The brainis as active duringREW一一rapid eyemovement sleepwhen mostvivid dreamsoccur asitiswhen fullyawake,says Dr.Eric Nofzingeratthe University ofPittsburgh.But notall partsof thebrainare equallyinvolved;the limbic system the emotional brain”is especiallyactive,while theprefrontal cortexthe centerofintellectand reasoningis relativelyquiet.Wewake upfrom dreamshappy ordepressed,and thosefeelings canstay withus allday JsaysStanford sleepresearcher Dr.William Dement.The linkbetween dreamsand emotionsshows upamong thepatients inCartwrightsclinic.Most peopleseemtohave morebad dreamsearly in the night,progressing towardhappierones beforeawakening,suggesting that theyareworking throughnegativefeelings generatedduring theday.Because ourconscious mindis occupiedwith daily一life wedont alwaysthink abouttheemotionalsignificance ofthe daysevents until,itappears,we beginto dream.And thisprocess neednotbe left tothe unconscious.Cartwright believesone canexerciseconsciouscontrolover recurringbad dreams.As soon as youawaken,identifywhat isupsetting aboutthe dream.Visualize howyou wouldlikeitto endinstead;thenext timeit occurs,trytowake upjust enoughto controlits course.With muchpracticepeople canlearn to,literally,do itin theirsleep.At theend oftheday,theres probablylittle reasontopayattentiontoour dreamsatall unlessthey keepus fromsleeping or“we wakeupina panic,”Cartwright says.Terrorism,economic uncertaintiesand generalfeelings ofinsecurity haveincreasedpeoples anxiety.Those sufferingfrom persistent专题考研英语考什么1年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试卷结构表2012指导语语为考生提供的题目部分节测试要点题型计分答题卡种类信息数量英语知识完形填空多I篇文章1运用（词汇、语法项选择题（四10（240-280英语2010分）和结构选一）词）理解具体信篇文章4息，掌握文答题卡（机1多项选择题（共约A1600英语章大意，猜2040器阅卷）（四选-）词）测生词词义并进行推断阅读理解等n篇文章（共约（分）160理解文章结B500-600词）英语选择搭配题510构篇文章（约1400词）理解的准确C英语英译汉510处划线部分5性答题卡2约词）150（人工阅英应用文（约A规定恒乐书面表达110卷、机器登语词）100写作in分）主题句、写作提短文写作（分）30B纲、规定情景、英语书面表达（120160图、表等词）〜200总计50+2100历年阅读真题精讲点评年2003Reading ComprehensionDirections:Read thefollowing foretexts.Answer thequestions beloweach textbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark youranswers onANAWER SHEET

1.40pointsnightmares shouldseek helpfromatherapist.For the rest ofus,thebrainhas itsways of一一working throughbad feelings.Sleep orrather dreamon itand youHlfeel betterinthe morning.

11.Researchers havecome tobelieve thatdreams[A]can bemodified in their courses[B]are susceptibleto emotionalchanges[C]reflect ourinnermost desiresand fears.[D]arearandom outcomeof neuralrepairs.

12.By referringtothelimbicsystem,the authorintends to show[A]its functioninourdreams.[B]the mechanismof REMsleep.[C]the relationof dreamsto emotions.[D]its differencefromtheprefrontal cortex.

13.The negativefeelings generatedduring theday tendto[A]aggravate inourunconsciousmind.[B]develop intohappy dreams.[C]persist tillthetimewe fallasleep.[D]show upin dreamsearly atnight.

14.Cartwright seemsto suggestthat[A]waking upin timeis essentialtotheridding ofbad dreams.[B]visualizing bad dreams helpsbring themunder control.[C]dreams shouldbeleftto theirnatural progression.[D]dreaming maynot entirelybelong tothe unconscious.

15.What advicemight Cartwrightgive tothosewhosometimes havebaddreams[A]Lead yourlife asusual.[B]Seek professionalhelp.[C]Exercise consciouscontrol.[D]Avoid anxietyin thedaytime.Text4Americans nolonger expectpublic figures,whether inspeech orin writing,tocommand theEnglish languagewith skilland gift.Nor dothey aspireto suchcommandthemselves.In his latest book,Doing OurOwn Thing:The Degradationof LanguageandMusic andWhy WeShould,Like,Care,John McWhorter,a linguistandcontroversialist ofmixed liberaland conservativeviews,sees thetriumph of1960scounter-culture asresponsible forthe declineof formalEnglish.Blaming thepermissive1960sis nothing new,but thisisnotyet anothercriticismagainst the decline ineducation.Mr.McWhorters academicspeciality islanguage，history andchange,and hesees thegradual disappearanceof“whom for example,to benaturaland nomore regrettablethan the loss ofthe case-endings ofOld English.But thecult ofthe authenticandthepersonal,doing ourown thinghas speltthedeath of formal speech,writing,poetry andmusic.While even the modestlyeducatedsought anelevated tonewhen theyput pento paperbefore the1960s,eventhemost wellregardedwriting sincethen hassought tocapture spokenEnglish onthe page.Equally,inpoetry,the highlypersonal,performative genreistheonly formthat couldclaim realliveliness.In bothoral andwritten English,talking istriumphing overspeaking,spontaneity overcraft.Illustrated withan entertainingarray ofexamples fromboth highand lowculture,the trendthat Mr.McWhorter documentsis unmistakable.But itis lessclear totake thequestionof hissubtitle,why weshould,like,care.As alinguist,he acknowledgesthat allvarietiesof humanlanguage,including non-standard oneslike Black English,can be一powerfully expressivethere existsno languageor dialectin theworld thatcannotconvey complexideas.He isnot arguing,asmanydo,thatwecan nolonger thinkstraightbecause wedonottalk proper.Russians havea deeplove fortheir ownlanguage andcarry largechunks ofmemorizedpoetry intheir heads,while Italianpoliticians tendto elaboratespeech thatwouldseem old-fashioned tomost English-speakers.Mr.McWhorter acknowledgesthat一formal languageisnotstrictly necessary,and proposesno radicaleducation reformsheis reallygrieving over thelossof somethingbeautiful morethan useful.We nowtakeour Englishon paperplates insteadof china”.A shame,perhaps,but probablyaninevitable one.

16.According toMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish[A]is inevitablein radicaleducation reforms.[B]is but alltoonatural inlanguage development.[C]has causedthe controversyoverthecounter-culture.[D]brought aboutchanges inpublic attitudesinthe1960s.

17.The wordtalking Line6,Paragraph3denotes[A]modesty.[B]personality.[C]liveliness.[D]informality.

18.To whichofthefollowing statementswould McWhortermost likelyagree.[A]Logical thinkingisnotnecessarily relatedtotheway wetalk.[B]BlackEnglishcan bemore expressivethan standard English.[C]Non-standard varietiesof humanlanguage arejust asentertaining.[D]Of allthe varieties,standardEnglishcan bestconvey complexideas.

19.The descriptionof Russians9love ofmemorizing poetryshows theauthors.[A]interest intheir language.Passage1Wild BillDonovan would have lovedthe Internet.The Americanspymaster whobuiltthe Officeof StrategicServices inthe WorldWar IIand laterlaid theroots fortheCIA wasfascinated withinformation.Donovan believedin usingwhatever toolscameto handinthe“great gameof espionage一spying asa profession/9These daystheNet,which hasalready re-made pastimesas buyingbooks andsending mail,isreshaping Donovansvocation as well.The lastrevolution isntsimply amatter ofgentlemen readingother gentlemense-maiL Thatkindofelectronic spyinghas beengoing onfor decades.In thepast threeorfour years,theworldwide webhas givenbirth toa wholeindustry ofpoint-and-clickspying.The spookscall it“open sourceintelligence Jand asthe Netgrows,it isbecomingincreasingly influential.In1995the CIAheld acontest tosee whocouldcompile themost dataabout Burundi.The winner,byalarge margin,was atinyVirginia companycalled Open-Source Solutions,whose clearadvantage wasitsmastery ofthe electronicworldAmong the firms making the biggest splash inthe newworld isStraitford,Inc.,aprivate intelligence-analysis firmbased in Austin,Texas.Straitford makesmoney bysellingthe resultsof spyingcovering nationsfrom Chileto Russia,to corporationslikeenergy-services firmMcDermott International.Many of its predictionsare availableonlineat www.straitford com.Straifford presidentGeorge Friedmansays hesees theonline worldasakind ofmutuallyreinforcing toolfor bothinformation collectionand distribution,aspymasters dream.Last weekhis firmwas busyvacuuming updata bitsfromthefarcorners oftheworldand predictinga crisisin Ukraine.As soonasthatreport runs,」well suddenlyget500new internetsign-ups fromUkraine says Friedman,a formerpoliticalscience professor.“And we41hear backfrom someofthem.”Open-sourcespying doeshave itsrisks,of course,since itcan bedifficulttotell goodinformationfrom bad.Thats whereStraitfbrd earnsits keep.Friedman reliesonalean staffinAustin.Several ofhis staffmembers havemilitary-intelligence backgrounds.He seesthefirmsoutsider statusasthekey to itssuccess.Straitforcfs briefsdontsoundlike theusual Washingtonback-and-forthing,whereby agenciesavoid dramaticdeclarations onthe chancethey mightbe wrong.Straitford,saysFriedman,takes pride in itsindependent voice.

1.The emergenceoftheNet has•[A]received supportfrom fanslike Donovan[B]remolded theintelligence services[C]restored manycommon pastimes[D]revived spyingasaprofession

2.Donovans storyis mentionedinthe text to•[A]introduce thetopic ofonline spying[B]show howhe foughtfortheU.S[C]give anepisode ofthe informationwar[D]honor hisunique servicestotheCIA

3.The phrase“makingthebiggestsplash”Line1,Para.3most probablymeans•[A]causing thebiggest trouble[B]exerting thegreatest effort[C]achieving thegreatest success[D]enjoying thewidest popularity

4.It canbe learnedfrom paragraph4that•[A]Straitfbrds predictionabout Ukrainehas provedtrue[B]Straitford guaranteesthe truthfulnessof itsinformation[C]Straitfdrd5s businessis characterizedby unpredictability[D]Straitford isable toprovide fairlyreliable information

5.Straitford ismost proudofits•[A]official status[B]nonconformist image[C]efficient staff[D]military backgroundPassage2To paraphrase18th-century statesmanEdmund Burke,all thatis neededfbr thetriumph ofamisguided causeis thatgood peopledo nothing.One suchcause nowseeksto endbiomedical researchbecause ofthe theorythat animalshave rightsrulingout theiruse in research.Scientists needto respondforcefully toanimal rightsadvocates,whose argumentsare confusingthe publicand therebythreateningadvances inhealth knowledgeand care.Leaders ofthe animal rights movementtargetbiomedical researchbecause itdepends onpublic funding,and fewpeople understandthe process ofhealth careresearch.Hearing allegationsof crueltyto animalsinresearch settings,many areperplexed thatanyone woulddeliberately harman animal.For example,a grandmotherly woman staffingan animal rights boothatarecentstreet fairwas distributinga brochurethat encouragedreaders notto useanything thatopposedimmunizations,she wantedto knowif vaccinescome fromanimal research.When assuredthattheydo,she replied/5Then I wouldhaveto sayyes.Asked whatwillhappen whenepidemics return,she said,Dont worry,scientists willfind somewayof usingcomputers/5Such well-meaning peoplejustdons understandScientistsmust communicatetheir messagetothepublic ina compassionate,understandable way-in humanterms,notinthe languageof molecularbiology.Weneed tomake clearthe connectionbetween animal research anda grandmothershipreplacement,a fathersbypass operationa babysvaccinations,and evena petsshots.To thosewho areunaware thatanimal researchwas neededto producethese treatments,aswellas newtreatments andvaccines,animal researchseems wastefulat bestandcruel atworst.Much canbe done.Scientists could“adopt“middle schoolclasses andpresenttheir ownresearch.They shouldbe quickto respondto letterstotheeditor,lest animalrightsmisinformation gounchallenged andacquire adeceptive appearanceof truth.Research institutionscouldbeopened totours,to showthat laboratoryanimals receivehumanecare.Finally,because theultimate stakeholdersare patients,the healthresearchcommunity shouldactively recruittoitscause notonly well-knownpersonalities such as Stephen Cooper,who hasmade courageousstatements aboutthevalue of animal research,butallwho receivemedical treatment.If goodpeople donothingthere isa realpossibility thatan uninformedcitizenry willextinguish thepreciousembersofmedical progress.

6.The authorbegins hisarticle withEdmund Burkeswords to•[A]call onscientists totake someactions[B]criticize themisguided causeof animalrights[C]warn ofthe doomof biomedicalresearch[D]showthetriumphofthe animalrights movement

7.Misled peopletendtothink thatusing ananimal inresearch is•[A]cruel butnatural[B]inhuman andunacceptable[C]inevitable butvicious[D]pointless andwasteful

8.The example ofthegrandmotherlywomanis usedto showthe publics■[A]discontent withanimalresearch[B]ignorance aboutmedical science[C]indifference toepidemics[D]anxiety aboutanimalrights

9.The authorbelieves that,in faceofthechallenge fromanimalrights,advocates,scientistsshould.[A]communicate morewiththepublic[B]employ hi-tech meansinresearch[C]feel noshame fortheir cause[D]strive todevelop newcures

10.From thetext welearnthatStephenCooperis•[A]a well-known humanist[B]a medicalpractitioner[C]an enthusiastin animalright[D]a supporterofanimalresearchPassage3In recentyears,railroads havebeen combiningwith eachother,merging intosuper-systems,causing heightenedconcerns aboutmonopoly.As recentlyas1995,thetop fourrailroads accountedfor under70percent ofthe totalton-miles movedby rails.Next year,afteraseries ofmergers iscompleted,just fourrailroads willcontrol wellover90percent ofallthefreight movedby majorrail carriers.Supporters ofthe newsuper systemsargue thatthese mergerswill allowforsubstantial cost reductions andbetter coordinatedservice.Any threatof monopoly,they argue,is removedby fiercecompetition fromtrucks.But manyshippers complainthatfor heavybulk commoditiestraveling longdistances,such ascoal,chemicals,andgrain,trucking istoo costlyandthe railroads thereforehave thembythe throat.The vastconsolidation withinthe railindustry meansthat mostshippers areservedby only one railcompany.Railroads typicallycharge suchcaptive”shippers20to30percent morethan theydo when another railroadis competingforthebusiness.Shippers whofeel theyare beingovercharged have the rightto appealtothefederalgovernments SurfaceTransportation Boardfbr raterelief buttheprocessis expensive,time consuming,and willwork onlyin trulyextreme cases.Railroads justifyrate discriminationagainst captive shippers onthe groundsthatin thelong runit reduceseveryones cost.If railroadscharged allcustomers thesameaverage rate,they argue,shippers whohave theoption ofswitching totrucks orotherforms oftransportation woulddoso,leaving remainingcustomers toshoulder the costof keepingup theline.Its theoryto whichmany economistssubscribe,but inpractice itoftenleaves railroadsintheposition ofdetermining whichcompanies willflourish andwhichwill fail5Do wereally wantrailroads tobe thearbiters ofwho winsand wholosesinthe marketplace^asks MartinBercovici,a Washingtonlawyer whofrequentlyrepresents shipper.Many captiveshippers alsoworry they will soon be hiswitharound ofhuge rateincreases.The railroadindustry asa whole,despite itsbrightening fortuningfortunes.still doesnot earnenoughtocover the cost ofthe capitalit mustinvest tokeep upwithits surgingtraffic Yetrailroads continueto borrowbillions toacquire oneanother,withWall Streetcheering themon.Consider the$

10.2billion bidby NorfolkSouthern andCSXtoacquireConrail thisyear.Conrails netrailway operatingincome in1996wasjust$427million,less thanhalfofthe carryingcosts ofthe transaction.Whos goingtopay fbrtherestofthebill Manycaptiveshippersfear thattheywill,as NorfolkSouthernand CSXincrease theirgrip onthemarket.

11.According tothosewhosupport mergersrailway monopolyis unlikelybecause•[A]costreductionis basedon competition[B]services callfor cross-trade coordination[C]outside competitorswill continueto exist[D]shippers willhavetherailway bythethroat

12.What ismany captiveshippers5attitude towardsthe consolidationintherailindustry•[A]Indifferent[B]Supportive[C]Indignant[D]Apprehensive

13.It canbe inferredfrom paragraph3that•[A]shippers willbe chargedless withouta rivalrailroad[B]there willsoonbeonlyonerailroad companynationwide[C]overcharged shippersare unlikelyto appealfor raterelief[D]a governmentboard ensuresfair playin railwaybusiness

14.The word”arbiters”Line7,Para.4most probablyrefers tothose•[A]who workas coordinators[B]who functionas judges[C]who supervisetransactions[D]who determinethe price

15.According tothetext,thecostincrease intherailindustry ismainly causedby•[A]the continuingacquisition[B]thegrowingtraffic[C]the cheeringWallStreet[D]the shrinkingmarketPassage4It issaid thatin Englanddeath ispressing,in Canadainevitable andin CaliforniaoptionalSmall wonder.Americans5life expectancyhas nearlydoubled overthe pastcentury.Failing hipscanbereplaced,clinical depressioncontrolled,cataracts removedina30-minute surgicalprocedure.Such advancesoffer theaging populationa qualityoflife thatwas unimaginablewhen Ientered medicine50years ago.But noteven agreathealth-care systemcan curedeath-and ourfailure toconfront thatreality nowthreatensthis greatnessof ours.Death isnormal;wearegenetically programmedto disintegrateand perish,evenunder idealconditions.We allunderstand thatat somelevel,yet asmedical consumerswetreat deathasaproblem tobe solved.Shielded bythird-party payersfromthecost ofourcare,we demandeverythingthatcan possiblybe donefor us,even ifits useless.The mostobvious exampleislate-stage cancercare.Physicians-frustrated bytheirinability tocure thedisease andfearing lossof hopeinthepatient-too oftenofferaggressive treatmentfar beyondwhat isscientifically justified.In1950,theU.S.spent.7billion onhealth care.In2002,thecostwillbebillion.Anyone cansee thistrend isunsustainable.Yet fewseem willingto tryto reverseit.Some scholarsconclude thata governmentwith finiteresources shouldsimply stoppayingfor medical care thatsustains life beyond a certain age-say83or so.FormerColorado governorRichard Lammhas beenquoted assaying thatthe oldand infirm“haveaduty todie andget outoftheway”,so thatyounger,healthier peoplecan realizetheirpotential.Iwouldnot gothat far.Energetic peoplenow routinelywork throughtheir60s andbeyond,and remaindazzlingly productive.At78,Viacom chairmanSumner Redstonejokinglyclaims tobe

13.Supreme CourtJustice SandraDay OConnorisinher70s,andformer surgeongeneral C.Everett Koopchairs anInternet start-upinhis80s.Theseleaders areliving proofthat preventionworks andthatwecan managethe healthproblemsthat comenaturally withage.As amere68-year-old Jwish toage asproductivelyas theyhave.Yet thereare limitsto whatasocietycan spendin thispursuit.Ask aphysician,Iknow themost costlyand dramaticmeasures maybe ineffectiveand painful.I alsoknowthat peoplein Japan and Sweden,countries thatspend farless onmedical care,have achievedlonger,healthier livesthan wehave.As anation,we maybeover-funding thequest forunlikely cureswhile under-funding researchon humblertherapiesthat couldimprove peoples lives.

16.What isimplied inthefirstsentence•[A]Americans arebetter preparedfor deaththan otherpeople[B]Americans enjoya higherlife qualitythan everbefore[CJ Americansare over-confident oftheir medicaltechnology[D]Americans takea vainprideintheir longlife expectancy

17.The authoruses theexampleofcaner patientstoshowthat•[A]medical resourcesareoftenwasted[B]doctors arehelpless againstfatal diseases[C]some treatmentsare tooaggressive[D]medical costsare becomingunaffordable

18.The authorsattitude toward RichardLamms remarkis oneof•[A]strong disapproval[B]reserved consent[C]slight contempt[D]enthusiastic support

19.In contrastotheU.S”JapanandSweden arefunding theirmedicalcare[A]more flexibly[B]more extravagantly[C].more cautiously[D]more reasonably

20.The textintends toexpress theidea that•[A]medicine willfurther prolongpeopleslives[B]lifebeyondacertainlimit isnot worthliving[C]death shouldbe acceptedasafact oflife[D]excessive demandsincreasethecost ofhealth care年2004Reading ComprehensionDirections:Read thefollowing fourtexts.Answer thequestions beloweach textbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D]Mark yourmowers onANSWER SNEET

1.40pointsPassage1Hunting fora joblate lastyear,lawyer GantRedmon stumbledacrossCareerBuilder,a jobdatabase onthe Internet.He searchedit withno successbut wasattractedbythesites personalsearchagent

5.Its aninteractive featurethat letsvisitorskey injob criteriasuchaslocation,title,and salary,then E-mails themwhenamatchingposition isposted inthedatabase.Redmon chosethe keywordslegal,intellectualproperty,and Washington,D.C.Three weekslater hegot hisfirst notificationof anopening.I struckgold/says Redmon,who E-mailed hisresume tothe employerandwon aposition asin-house counselforacompany.With thousandsof career-related sitesontheInternet,finding promisingopeningscan betime-consuming andinefficient.Search agentsreduce theneed forrepeatedvisits tothe databases.But althougha searchagent workedfor Redmon,career expertsseedrawbacks.Narrowing yourcriteria,forexample,may workagainst you:Everytime youanswer aquestion youeliminateapossibility/5Says oneexpert.。