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第一课时、题型FY01-1-41开场白大主观题三个论断小阅读题、考研英语是中国大陆组织的最难一级的英语考试、
12、题型特点2考研翻译是考研英语中最难的一部分)体裁1翻译满分分,平均分
103.5以议论文为主、非英语专业,未接受翻译训练3)题材2中国目前翻译现状具有偏文趋势课程安排)改写文章,划线句是长难句和复杂句(平均个单335系统的翻译知识词)解决考研翻译的所有问题、考试内容二考点3讲解考研真题1994—2003)考察专有名词、词组和多义词的解释1本次课讲解四个方面的问题,包括三大核心概念
一、考
(1)专有名词研翻译中英汉语语言特点考生试卷中常见两种问题人名、地名、国家名称、术语、空白1大爆炸理论人类学家、不是人话Big Banganthropoloist2宇宙膨胀理论()词组什么是翻译inflationary universe theory2翻译理论、翻译教学、翻译实践depend on依赖、依靠、取决于英汉语两种语言之间的转换apply to考研翻译是把试卷上的英语弄成汉语subject to
1、英汉语两种语言的四大特点
(3)多义词school学派life生命、生活熟词生义1形合与义合突破口set(成套)设备;集、集合繁复与简短冒犯;排污超标;污染超标生词2offend62Social scienceis thatbranch ofintellectual enquiry2)考察一般性翻译技巧,包括词义选择、词序调整、词which seeks to study humans and theii endeavoisin the same性转换和增词法reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassionedmanner that()词义选择(单词不认识怎么办)1natund scientists use for the study of naturalphenomena.、分析词根、词缀a71But evenmore important,it was the farthest that多媒体multimediascientists hadbeen ableto lookinto the past,for what they决定论方法论determinism methodologywere seeing were the patterns and structuiesthat existed15人类学的、分析上下文来翻译、anthropological bcbillion years ago.根据汉语习惯搭配来翻译、寻找汉语同义词来翻d译72How wellthe predictionswill bevalidated bylaterperformance depends upon the amount,[©liability,and Furthermore,humans havethe abilityto modifyappropriatenessof theinformation usedand on the skilland the environment in which they live,thuswisdom with which it is interpreted.subjecting all other life forms to their ownpeculiar ideas and fancies.63The role of natural selection in evolution was formulatedSocial scienceis thatbranch ofintellectual】only alittle morethan ahundred yeasago,and the selectiveeriauirv which seeks to study humans and theirrole of the environment in shaping and maintaining theendeavors in the same reasoned,orderly,behavior of the individualis onlybeginning to be recognizedsystematic,and dispassionedmanner thatand studied.natural scientists use for the study of naturalphenomena.化繁复为简短长句拆译(完善的)However,the worldis somade thatelegant被动与主动3systems]are in principle unable to deal|with|some of the化被动为主动少用‘被字(问题)worlds morefascinating anddelightful aspectsaspect抽象与具体4方面/问题解决/处理问题幽施的do...with aspectelegant化抽象为具体根据汉语习惯增加表示范畴和/完善的完善的系统()词序调整_elegant system2概念的词来解释具体.(不需进行调整)Mummy,1want anapple第二课时FY02-1〜4I havethe habitof gettingup at6oclock in the进化evolution例侄【装1P575Odd thoughit soundsJ,cosmic inflation在进化过程中in evolutionisa scientificallyplausible consequenceof somerespected找到,发现find v.ideas inelementary-particle physucs,and many发现finding n.astrophysicists have been convicedfor thebetter partof a汇报他们的发现成果report theirfindingdecade thatit istrue.tension紧张还原顺序Though itsounds odd.缓解中东的紧张局势似乎合理的基本粒子ease thetension in the MiddleEast plausibleelementary-particle physucs必须物理学must虽然宇宙膨胀理论听起来很奇特,但它是在基本粒子物对游客来说长城The GreatWall isa mustfor tourists.理学中一些公认的理论在科学上似乎合理的结果,许多是一个必须到的地方天体学家
七、八年来一直相信它是正确的
410、并列结构的翻译
4、评分标准例44P375New formsof thoughtas wellas newsubjects for评分原则thought mustarise in thefutureas theyhave in thepast,giving分段给分、微观评分、综合扣分rise tonew standardsof elegance.产生、引起give riseto
三、考研翻译的常见问题和应对策略在将来像过去一样新的思维方式和新的思维对象必然会翻译两种语言之间的转换谓的行为科学几乎全部都依靠从心理状态、情感、性格笔译()特征、人类本性、等等方面寻找行为的根源Translation口译(Interpretation)63)The roleof naturalselection inevolution wasformulated同声传译(Simultaneous Interpretation)常见问题only alittle morethan ahundred yearsago,andtheselective理解不到位、表达不到位roleof the environment inshaping and maintaining the两个关键behavior of the individualis onlybeginning to be recognized、理解的关键在于理解英语的语法结构andstudied.1
一、通读为划分的并列结构、表达的关键在于用汉语习惯来调整和翻译and2
二、、第一句主语1The roleof naturalselection inevolution
四、考研翻译的标准、步骤和方法标准谓语wasformulatedonly alittle morethan ahundred years严复信、达、雅傅雷神似ago时间状语翻译第一句主语自然选择在钱钟书化境naturalselectioninevolution进化过程中(加上)的作用、准确;The role1翻,译状语仅only alittle morethan ahundred yearsago、通顺;2仅在多年前
1、one一个difficulty困难is是that
1、翻译思维训练almost几乎all所有whatis called被称之为behavioral
2、跟读训练1)跟读汉语2)跟读英语行为科学继续sciencecontinue trace第四课时()FY04-1-4追踪、跟踪行为第二sth.to sth.;trace:behavior、影子训练()3shadow training个到心理状态感觉、感情、情to statesofmindfeelings考点:感性格特征人类大自然;character trainhuman nature、定语从句的翻译1本性等等and soon)绝对重点1第四步适当调整、书写译文)绝对考点
2、一个困难是f在于3one difficultyi)前置把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面彳1几乎,有f全部被称之为fthat almost|all whatiscalled列()1P1061Furthermore,humans havethe abilityto所谓的行为科behavioral sciencemoditythe environmentin which they live,thus subjectingall学……(不通顺)other;life formsto their own peculiarideas andfancies.、将放在后一个困难在于4all behavioralscience而且,进一步说furthermore所谓的行为科学几乎全部,都(加公逑续continue trace因止匕、从而(为常furthermore/therefore/hence/thus总艮踪彳亍为第二个到……sth.to sth.;trace behaviorto考词)(不对劲)人类有能力humans have ability、第二个到换为根据一个困难在于所谓的行为5to modity(人类)改造(环境),根据上下文判断in which科学几乎全部都继续continuetracesth.to引导定语从句,前置they livesth.;trace:追踪、跟踪behavior行为第二个to根据……上半句而且,人类有能力改造他们所居住的环境;(还不对劲)subject sth.to sth.
6、第二个to根据放到trace跟踪前一个困难在于所谓subject n.科目、课程、主题、对象(为常考词)v.使遭受、使经历、使……那从于……的行为科学几乎全部都根据心理状态情感性格特征人类the subjectof实验的对象本性笔笔方面(加上)继续追踪行为(差不多了)experiment生命形式、生活方式束据上下文)“根据”换为“依靠”,后加“从”;“继续追踪行为”lifeform•代词所指,首先指待明确,常常往前看,遵替换为“寻找行为的根源”完成翻译难题之一在于所循就近和一致原则来确定•万不得已,仍用代词翻译或者可以用“这种同位语从句的谓语establishment cannot情况,”“这种说法”、“这种观点”等来翻译完全翻This trendgenerallycannot generallybe foreseenin detail译而且,人类有能力改造他们所居住的环境,从而让所beganduringtheSecondWorldWar这种趋势开始于第有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象二次世界大战期间,whenseveralgovernmentscametothe conclusion•同位语从句例2P571)But evenmore important,it wasthe farthestthat和定语从句的区别__»scientists hadbeen ableto lookinto thepast,for
①what theyWe haveto facethe facethat heisnothere.(同)同位语从were seeingwerethe patternsand structures thatexisted15句是完整句子,,billion yearsago.We haveto facethe facethat hvis lookingfor.(定)定语从
①for表并列,所连接的主语what theywereseeing;谓句有时引导词等于先行词,要在句子中充当成分,因此语为were,系动词;表语thepatternsandstructuresthat不完整•同位语从句的翻译方法加冒号(起解释作用)定语从句existed15billion yearsago,当时一些国家的政府得出结论
①for前的并列结构用,it was...that,为强调结构句thespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomake•强调结构的翻译方法还原强调部分后,直接翻of itsscientic establishmentcannot generally译cannot generallybe foreseenin detail.强调部分the farthest最远的,放到后面the specificdemands具体要求establishmentsth.that前半句但是更为重要的是,这是科学家们所能观测到机构对提出要求has beenestablished makedemand of:的最遥远的过去的景象政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求一般不能详细预见完pattern模式/形状structure结构全翻译这种趋势开始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一翻译但是更为董要的是,这是科学家们所能观测到的些国家的政府得出结论政府要向科研机构提出的具体最遥远的过去的景象,因为他们看到的是亿年前就要求一般不能详细预见•对前置的小结150存在的形状和结构如果定语从句结构简单,信息负载量不大,翻译的时候(后面一堆废话)前置)后置把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词后面彳2例3P272)How wellthe predictionswill bevalidated by列1P873)Pearson haspieced togetherthe workof hundredslaterperformance depends upon the amount reliability,and ofresearchers around the worldto producea uniqueappropriatenessof theinformation usedand on the skilland millenniumtechnology calendarthat givesthe latestdateswisdom withwhich it is interpreted.when we can expecthundreds of key breakthroughs and主语How wellthe predictionswill bevalidated bylater discoveries to takeplace.performance谓语dependsupon、and ondependsupon所Pearson人名(不是人民!)带的宾语theamount reliability,and appropriateness人名和地名Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylater、遵照习惯;1performance predictions预测validate证实performance
2、按照音译;表演/表现这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实,depends第五课时()FY05-1-4upontheamount.reliability,andappropriatenessof汇集、收集、整理工作/成果pieced togetherworkthe information usedoftheinformationinformation生产、创造/编制、编定、制作独特的produce unique修饰先翻》译theamount,reliability,and appropriateness,一千年日历millennium calendar信息;以及所用用的取决informationuseddependsuponthat givesthe latestdates whenwecanexpect于数量可靠性适合性amountreliabilityappropriateness hundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriesto/适宜性取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠画彘宜性,andtake placethat引导的定语从句,后置ontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted最新的、最近的(事情发生在过去,发生的时间latest所带的宾语技能and on the skilland wisdomthe skill点最晚,离现在最近)/最晚的、最迟的才智wisdom完全翻译皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果,定语从句withwhichit isinterpretedwhich引导词=先行编制了一个独特的技术万年历,它列出了人们有望看到词,的数百项重大突破和发现的最晚日期指代it information(后面都在讲故事,)FY-05-1pass还取决于解释这些信息采用的技能与才智完全翻译这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实,取决于所采例)2P471Actulally,it isnt,because itassumes that there is用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性,以及解释这些信息采an agreed account of human rights,which is something the用的技能与才智world doesnot have.事实上它不是,指代“这种情况/说法actulally it isnt it例)4P372This trendbegan duringthe SecondWorld Actulallyitisnt事实上这种说法是错误的/事实并非fWar,when severalgovernments cameto theconclusion that如此the specificdemands thata government wants to make of its假定、假设、认为assumesscientic establishmentcannot generallycannot generallybe thereis anagreedaccountofhuman rightsthere beforeseenin detail.句型,可加上“人们对……有……”人权humanright主句从句This trendbegan duringthe SecondWorld War一致的agreed由引导,从句主语谓语when severalgovernment came人们对人权有一致的认识后接引导的同位语从句to theconclusion thatwhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave从句(后面拿老俞开涮,省略字)1W后置,先行词为account认识(humanright不是,因为定同位语从句的主语后接弓导the specificdemands thatI语从句的先行词在意思上往往是前面句子的中心词;同的定语从句thatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientic时,which is是单数,ffi]human rights为复数)这种共同contend说、指出、认为认识是世界上并不存在的•一些常考词说、指出、认为、坚持说contend完全翻译事实并非如此,因为提出这样的问题是以人辩论说宣称断言断言argue claimassert allegemaintain们对人权有一致认识为基础的,而这种共同的认识并不坚持认为、主张存在(后面侃自己的年龄,)pass例2P871)There will be television chat showshosted by第六课时FY06-1-4robots,and carswith pollutionmonitors that will disable them Inshort简言之scientific revolution科学革命as wecall itwhen they offend.所谓的was largely主要是指instrumentthat willdisable themwhen theyoffendthat弓I导的定语工具inprovement改进invention发明use使用expand从句,里面还有个when引导的时间状语从句,结构复杂,扩大direction方面reach范围/领域完全翻译新学派后置的一位领袖人物坚持说“简言之,我们所谓的科学革•时态的翻译命,主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用,这些改在考试中并非考点进、发明和使用在无数个方面拓展了科学的领域”增词法
1、“过去、一直、已经、了”表示和过去相关的时态
2、例4P1062Social scienceis thatbranch ofintellectual“正、正在”表示和进行相关的时态enquiry which seeksto studyhumans and their endeavorsin、“将、将要、就要、将会”表示和将来相型勺时态3the samereasoned,orderly systematic,and disapassioned现在完成时,皮尔森Pearson haspieced togetherthe workmanner that natural scientistsuse for the studyof natural已经汇集了……phenomena.一般将来完成时,可翻译作•长句翻译拆分与组合digital age will have arrived“届时”……届时数字时代就到来了拆分语法、拆出主语、分清从句A greatnation with
1.2billion people,a united
1、拆出主干、分清修饰prosperous Chinawill shorther Asianneighbors.——2个拥有亿人口的伟大的国家/泱泱大国,一个团结一致、拆分点、12繁荣昌盛的中国将屹立于整个亚洲I
1、连词(andor butfor)、弓|导词(在引2when whatbecause ifwho whichthat•句型的翻译导从句时才拆分)there be、介词(不能单独存在,后面往往接名词作宾语构成、把英语的状语翻译为汉语的主语31介词词组、介词修饰语,拆分后介词前是主干,介词后(状语).山上有座庙There isa templeonthehill为修饰语)(状语),庙里有两个和尚There aretwo monksin thetemple、分词4(状语).桌上有个杯子There isa cuponthetable5to介词和不定式的符号、增加“人们、大家、契们”、等泛指的主语
(61)
①Furthermore,humans havethe ability例中为第三种情况,用“出现”
②to modify theenvironment
③in which theylive,
④thus电视谈话秀(太时髦,不要用)/()televisionchatshow subjectingall otherlife forms§to theirown peculiaiideas节目hosted byrobot由机器人主持pollution污染monitor andfancies.监控器拆分that willdisablethemwhen theyoffend offend冒犯/污染超拆分出来的结果重合了考点
①、
②
0.5分;
③、
④、
⑤标、违规各
1609、多重并列定语的翻译望远镜来观察天空的人,以证明行星是围绕太阳旋转,•3结构先翻译再翻译再翻译而不是围绕地球(旋转)•DAofBofC C,B,A)定语(中心词)(介词短语)(介•2B+[A]+ofC+inD词短语或分词短语);先翻译再翻译再翻例)D,C,6P872Children willplay withdolls equippedwith译再翻译B,Apersonality chips.computers within-built personalitieswill•常考单词as.表举例,像……,同like;be regarded as workmatesrather thantools relaxationwillbe、用作固定的状语;2in frontof small-television,and digital agewill havearrived.、补充说明Children willplay withdolls equippedwith3(未完,待续)personality chips例分词短语作定语搬到中心1P574If thesmall hotsports lookas expected,that willequippedwith personalitychipsbe atriumph foryet anotherscientific idea,a refinementof词前the BigBang calledthe inflationaryuniversetheory.儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃一起玩耍computers asexpectedas用作固定状语;如人们所料;=as wewithin-built personalitieswillberegardedasexpected/as therewere expectedworkmatesrather thantools•as ismentioned above如上所述内置的in-built第八课时带有内置个性的计算机将会被视为工作伙伴而不是工具FY08-1-4常用疾病方面单词非典禽流感relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmall-television and•SARS BirdFlu Aviany疯牛病口蹄疫digitalagewillhavearrived FluMad CowDisease Footand Mouth炭疽菌放松、休闲,加“人们”翻译作动词Anthraxrelaxation n.例气味电视8P674There isno agreementwhether methodologysmall-television(人们)将在气味电视机前休闲,届时数字时代就将要refers to the concepts peculair to historical work in generalor到来了to theresearch techniquesappropriate tothe variousbranchesof historicalinquiry.完全翻译儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃一起玩耍,完全翻译如果这些小热点看上去如人们所料,那将是带有内置个性的计算机将会被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,又一场科学理论的胜利,即更加完善的大爆炸理论,称之人们将在气味电视机前休闲,届时数字时代就将要到来为宇宙膨胀理论了•常考单词as
1、表举例,像……,同like;