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高中英语语法专题复习非谓语动词(不定式、动名词现在分词、过去分词)03非谓语动词谓语动词在句子中有三种作用
1.表示动作的时间,tense(时)
2.表示动作的状态,aspect(体)
3.表示动作的语气,mood(气)谓语动词的“时体气”,通过动词变位实现例如,The rabbitate a carrot.The rabbitis eating a carrot.The rabbithas eaten a carrot.谓语动词在句子中受到主语的限制,随之出现了时态和人称的变化,成为一种被限定了的动词,所以也被称为限定性动词(finite verb)与之相对的,不受主语限制的动词,称为非限定性动词(non-finiteverb),也就是非谓语动词非谓语动词不具备表达时态和人称的作用例如,I liketo eatcarrot.I likedeating carrot.The rabbitlikes mincedcarrot.非谓语动词有四种形式:
1.不定式infinitive
2.动名词gerund
3.现在分词present participle
4.过去分词past participle谓语动词是简单句的核心动词,非谓语动词只可能出现在其他的句子成分中
1.主语例Swimming makesus haleand hearty.
2.宾语彳列Janet suddenlystopped talking.
3.表语/主语补语例Her wishis to become adoctor in the future.
4.宾语补语例I invitedhim tocome here.
5.定语彳列Dont disturbthe sleepingdog.
6.状语例He wentto thesupermarket tobuy apen.不定式、动名词句子的核心动词只能由谓语动词充当,而非谓语动词可以充当句子的其他成分.不定式1不定式的基本形式是to+动词原形,这种形式也被称为完全不定式fullinfinitive有的时候,不定式中的t可以省略,这种形式被称为裸不定式bareoinfinitiveo[完全不定式]To beor nottobe,that isthe question.[裸不定式]You helpedme cookthe carrot.
①不定式作主语To eat a carrotevery dayis good for the rabbit.通常可以使用形式主语来避免句子结构头重脚轻it,It isgoodfor the rabbitto eata carrotevery day.
②不定式作宾语The rabbitlikes to eat carrots.对于复杂及物动词,通常可以使用形式宾语来优化句子结构it,I considerit importantto eata carrotevery day.
③不定式作宾语补语The rabbitexpected meto eata carrot.谓语动词see、find watch、have make、let等,后面使用不定式作宾语补语时,需要省略t,即需要使用裸不定式Carrots makethe rabbitfeel happy.
④不定式作表语The rabbitsdream istoeatevery kindof carrotintheworld.
⑤不定式作定语The rabbithas alot ofcarrots toeat.
⑥不定式作状语I wassurprised toget athumbs-up.不定式中的动词原形还可以通过变位,表达状态信息The rabbitseemed tobe eatingacarrot.The rabbitwill appearto haveeatenacarrot.动名词
2.动名词的基本形式是动词原形动名词的本质相当于名词,也就是说,+ing名词在句中可以承担的成分,动名词也可以承担
①动名词作主语Eating carrotsis healthyforthe rabbit.
②动名词作表语The rabbitshobby isgrowing carrots.
③动名词作定语a washingmachine=a machinefor washing
④动名词作宾语The rabbitlikes eatingcarrots.谓语动词avoid、advise considerescapemind等,动词词组give upinsiston feellike putoff等,后面不能接不定式,只能接动名词The rabbitenjoys eatingcarrots.介词+宾语结构中的宾语也需用使用动名词,特别注意t作为介词的情况The rabbitis lookingforward toseeing youagain.*look forwardto是动词短语,其中的to是介词,注意与不定式的区别N不定式作宾语vs.动名词作宾语[例子1]stop todo停下手中的事情,去做另一件事情stopdoing停下正在做的事情[例子2]forget todo忘记去做某事,表示事情还没做forgetdoing忘记做过某事,表示事情已经做了现在分词、过去分词接下来继续介绍非谓语动词的另外两种形式,现在分词和过去分词现在分词
3.现在分词的基本形式是动词原形现在分词相当于一个形容词,也就是+ing说,形容词在句中可以承担的成分,现在分词也可以承担现在分词不自带时间概念
①现在分词作定语I wassatisfied withthe excitingspeech.
②现在分词作表语The newsis encouraging.
③现在分词作宾语补语I sawtherabbiteatingacarrot.I sawtherabbiteatacarrot.*不定式作宾补,表示动作自始至终的过程,强调动作已经发生了;现在分词作宾补,表示动作正在进行中,强调动作进行的状态
④现在分词作状语Hearing thenews,he becameexcited.Not knowingwhat toeat,he skippedlunch.过去分词
4.过去分词的基本形式是动词原形过去分词也不自带时间概念+ed
①过去分词作定语We mustadapt ourthinking tothe changedconditions.
②过去分词作表语The rabbitis interestedin growingcarrots.(被・♦・弓I起)(趣)The storyisinteresting.(引起了…的兴趣)*现在分词暗含主动关系,过去分词暗含被动关系
③过去分词作宾语补语The rabbitfound hiscarrot stolen.
④过去分词作状语Given anotherchance,I wouldgo tothe party.注意以下句子的区别[独立主格]The workfinished,he went home.[并列复合句]The work was finished,so he wenthome.[主从复合句]After theworkwasfinished,hewenthome.。