高中英语语法解析 1

高中英语语法解析在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句（名词性从句的功能相当于名Noun Clauses\词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语代替，it而本身放在句子末尾作形式主语和引导强调句的比较

1.It it作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化而引It it导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词被强调部that0分指人时也可用例如who/whomo）你不去看那场电影真可惜a It is apity that you didnt go to seethe film.）7我对你成功与否不感兴趣b It doesn tinterest mewhether yousucceed or not.）谋杀案是在早上发生的（强调c It is in the morningthat themurder tookplace.句型））是打碎的窗户（强调句型）d It is John that brokethe window.John用作形式主语的结构

2.it+名词+从句1It is事实是…It is a factthat......非常荣幸It isan honorthatIt iscommon knowledgethat.・・是常识+形容词+从句2It is很自然…It isnatural that...It isstrange that...奇怪的是・・・+不及物动词+从句3It is似乎…It seemsthat...It happened that...碰巧・・・似乎…It appearsthat...⑷过去分词+从句It+据报道…It isreported that...It has been proved that...已证实・・・据说…It issaid that...在口语中,相当于表示〃有好处，值得做〃

20.Worth ituseful例Dont hesitateabout it!Its worthit..表示〃信不信由你”

21.Believe itor not例Believe itor not,Tom isgetting marriedto Marynext Sunday.要么接受要么放弃

22.Take itor leave it.v.例That ismy lastoffer.You can take itor leaveit.在口语中，相当于

23.It alldepends/that alldepends ithasnt beendecided yet,表示那得看情况，还没有定下来例一Are yougoing to the countrysidefor holiday—It/That alldepends.在口语中，相当于表示〃由……决定，由……负

24.Its upto sb.its decidedby sb.责，取决于……例一Shall wego outfor dinner一Its upto you.第三章高中英语语法中的省略现象在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变这种语言现象称之为省略现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下:

一、并列复合句中的省略在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分如这个a Theboy pickedup acoin inthe roadand theboy handedit toa policeman.男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察叩.你的建议使我高兴b Youradvice mademe hpy butyouradvice madeTom angry但使汤姆生气c Tommust havebeen playingbasketball andMary musthave beendoingher汤姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业homework..高秀敏出生于年，d GaoXiumin wasborn in1959and FuBiao wasborn in19631959傅彪出生于年1963

二、主从复合句中的省略状语从句中的省略

1.一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中由when,while,as,before,after,till,等引导的时间状语从句;由等引导的条件状语从句;由until,once whether,if,unless though,等弓|导的让步状语从句;由等引导的比较状语从句；由although,even if.whatever as,than等引导的方式状语从句上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则as,as if,as though当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词,这时从句中1be可出现如下结构连词名词；连词+形容1as,as if,once+2though whether,when/词;连词+介词短语;连词现在分词；3whether,as if,while4when,while,though+连词过去分词；连词5when,if,even ifunless once,until,than,as+6as if,asz z不定式如though+庞龙曾经是个工a Oncehe wasaworker PangLong nowbecomes afamous singer.z人，现在变成一位著名的歌手.趁年轻要努力学习，要不然你会后b Workhard whenyou areyoung,or youllreg ret悔的.他至」处看彳以乎在找c Helooked everywhereas ifhe wasinsearch ofsomething I什么东西d Whilehe washolding talkswith PresidentHu Jintao,US PresidentGeorge W.美国总统布什在与胡锦Bush thankedChina forits importantrole inthe Six-Party Talks.涛主席会谈时，感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用.这次展览比被预料的有趣的e Theexhibition ismore interestingthan it was expected多f Olympicgold medallisthurdler LiuXiang openedhis lipsas ifhe wereto speako奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么注意当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略，如

1.当她过马路时父亲Her fathertold herto becareful whenshe wascrossingthe street告诉她要当心当从句的主语是,谓语动词中又含有系动词时，可以把和系动词一起省略此时2it beit be构成连词形容词的结构如if,unless when,whenever+z如果没有必要，你最好不Unless it is necessary,youd betternot referto thedictionary.要查字典.定语从句中的省略2一般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词可以省略;如1that,which,whom这就Is thisreason that he explainedat themeeting forhis carelessnessin hiswork是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗？上海春季2002而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词不可以省略试比较which,whom Tom可以省你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了whom you saw yesterdayfell ill.whom Tom,whom不可以省汤姆病倒了，你昨天见到他yousawyesterday Jellill.whom To在口语和非正式用语中，关系副词和经常用来代替，甚至还可省3when,where,why that略如这是他第一次麻烦老板a This is thefirst timewhen/thathe hadtrouble withthe bossb He wants to finda goodplace where/that we can havea picnicduring theH.他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方golden weekholiday你能告诉我们他为什么c Couldyou tellus the reason why/thathe wasso unhappy如此不高兴吗？当先行词为表示方式的时，从句不能用来引导，应该用或,或3the wayhow thatin which将它们全部省略如我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为I dontlike theway that/in whichyou laughat her..宾语从句中的省略3在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词一般可以省略旦如果及物动词后面是由1that that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句，那么只有第一个可以省略如that我认为人民币a I think that the reformof therenminbis exchangerate isnecessary.兑换率的改革是必要的bHe said thattheAnti-secession lawhad beenpassed andthat PresidentHu他说《反分裂国家法》已被通过，而且胡锦涛主席Jintao hadsigned apresidential order已签署了主席令由和引导的宾语从句,可以全部或部分省略如2which,when where,how,why a I knowzthatNBA starYao Mingwill come to our city butI dont knowwhen hewill cometo我知道明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来ourcityNBAb Hewants tomove abroadbut hisparents wonderswhy hewantstomove他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么abroad.在与等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式4suggest requestorder adviseff+动词原形〃，可以省略如should shouldChirac,President ofthe Republicof Francesuggested that the China-France Culture法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式Year shouldlast longin variousforms.长期持续.主句省略多用于句首如5彳艮遗憾，我昨天没有It isaPity that I didnt goto Marysbirthday partyyesterday去参加玛丽的生日聚会.在答语中，主句可全部省略如6—Why wereyou absent from schoollast Friday—I wasabsentfrom一上周五你为什么没有上学？一因为我妈妈病了schoolBecause mymother was ill.三.动词不定式的省略to.主语部分有，系动词或时，作表语的不定式通常省去如1t do is wast Theonly thing你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮you haveto dois pressthe button.作介词的宾语前面又有实意动词时不定式通常省去如2but,expect,besides doto.Hesaid.that ChenShuibian hadnothing to do exceptpush apro-lndependence timetable他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外，什么也没有做.主语部分暗含表语中的不定式通常省去如3tdo,t.我想要做的就是上学，努力学习All Iwant to doisgoto school andstudy hard当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式符号可以省略，但有对比关系时不可省略如

4.说起来容易，做起来难It iseasier to say thanto do..在等结构中，不定式符号常常要省略.如5would rather...than....我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影I wouldrather stayat homethan goto seea film.在等词后作6see,watch.notice,hear,listen toJook at,feel have,make,let,observez宾语补足语时省略不定式符号结构中，不定式不带如to;why notdo too我看见她进入了房间aIsaw herenter theroom.？为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢b Whynot joinus.其他一些省略结构!1!.名词所有格修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，1常常可以省略如我们在玛丽家过的周末We spentthe weekendattheMarys.和引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语和动词如

2.What howit be这对来说是个多么大的胜利呀!a Whata wonderfulvictory it isfor Tom!Tom被当作一个正常孩子对待对他b Howbeautiful it isto betreated likea normalchild.而言是多么美妙的一件事呀主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况

3.引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首lif…结构中的主语从句不可提前例如2It issaid/reported正确表达It issaid thatPresident Jiang will visit our school next week.错误表达That PresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweek issaid.…结构中的主语从句不可提前例如3It happens/occurs正确表达It occurred to himthat hefailed inthe examination.错误表达:That hefailed inthe examinationoccurredtohim.z…结构中的主语从句不可提前例如4It doesn t matterhow/whether正确表达It doesnt matterwhether he is wrongor not错误表达Whether heis wrongornotdoesntmatter.含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前例如5正确表达Is itlikely that it will rain inthe evening错误表达:Is thatwillrainintheevening likely与在引导主语从句时的区别

4.what that引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语.宾语.表语，而则不然what that例如a Whatyou saidyesterday isright.b Thatshe isstill aliveisaconsolation二.宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词及物动词或介词之后作动词的宾语

1.由引导的宾语从句通常可以省略，例如1that that我听说他参军了I heardthat bejoined thearmy.由引导的宾语从句，例如2what,whether if她不知道发生了什么a Shedid notknow whathad happened.我想矢口道你是否能b Iwonder whetheryou canchange thisnote forme.帮我改一下笔记动词+间接宾语+宾语从句例如3她对我说她会接受我的邀请She told me thatshe wouldaccept myinvitation..作介词的宾语2我们的Our successdepends uponhow wellwecancooperate withone another.成功取决于我们之间的合作作形容词的宾语

3.我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误I amafraid thatr vemade amistake.注意引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语that anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,等也可以才各止匕类词后的disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content从句的看作原因状语从句that可以作为形式宾语

4.it不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语从句则放在句尾,特别it that是在带复合宾语的句子中例如我听说她下个朋就会结婚了We heardit thatshe wouldget marriednext month.后边不能直接跟从句的动词

5.that这类动词有allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,condemn,celebrate,disl汰等这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用e,love,help,take,forgive that引导的宾语从句如正确表达I admiretheir winningthe match.错误表达:I admirethat theywon thematch.不可用从句作直接宾语的动词

6.that有些动词不可用于〃动词+间接宾语+从句〃结构中，常见的有that envy,order,accuse,等例如:正确表达refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce,advise,congratulateHe impressedthe manageras anhonest man.错误表达He impressedthe managerthat hewas anhonest man.否定的转移

7.若主句胃语动词为i think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语imagine用肯定式例如我认为这件衣服不适合你穿I dont thinkthis dressfits youwell.=.表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是主语+连系动词+表语从句可以接表语从句的连系动词有等引导表语从句的常be,look,remain,seem that可省略另外，常用的还有和等结构例如:thereasonis that...It isbecause1The questioniswhether wecan makegood preparationin sucha shorttime.2Thisiswhy wecantget thesupport ofthe people.3But thefact remainsthat weare behindthe otherclasses.4The reasonheislate forschool is that hemissed theearly bus.四.同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句同位语从句的功能

1.同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由引导，例如that）1The kings decisionthat theprisoner wouldbe setfree surprisedall thepeople.）2The orderthat allthe soldiersshould staystill isgiven bythe general.同位语在句子中的位置

2.同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开例如He gotthenews fromMary thatthe sportsmeeting wasput off.同位语从句与定语从句的区别

3.⑴定语从句中的既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语that从句中的是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分that（）定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；2同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明例如）（他告诉我的消息1The news that hetoldmeisthatTom wouldgo abroadnext year.是汤姆明年将出国）（第一个引导的从句是定语从句，在从句中作宾语））that that2The（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的）newsthatTom wouldgo abroadis toldby him.（同位语从句，在句中不作任何成分）that第二章“It〃用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年高考的热点,因It此应给予充分的重视，现将用法归纳如下it

一、It用作实词表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的;替代前文中的内容；指代一位this,that性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象……

二、It用作形式主语替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾作形式主语的常见句型It.代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为11It be adj.for sb.to dosth.此处通常为描述事件的形容词:adj.easy,difficult,hard,necessary,unnecessary,possible,impossible,likely,unlikely,right,wrong,important,unimportant,legal,illegal,well-mannered,ill-mannered,polite,impolite,clear;obvious,certain,suitable,proper,fit,useful,useless,dangerous...例It isillegal fora teenagerto drivea carwithout alicense.2It beadj.of sb.to dosth.此处通常为描述人的形容词adj.kind,unkind,nice,rude,cruel,considerate,thoughtful,thoughtless,careful,careless,silly,foolish,stupid,clever;wise,crazy.例Its kindof youto helpme withthe problem.替代作主语的动名词的常见句型3ItIts no good/use doing...Its wellworthdoing...Its wellworth ones while doing/to do...Its wellworthwhiledoing/to do例Its no use cryingover spiltmilk.替代作主语的从句常见句型

3、It作主语的句型…仁某人用多长时间做某事

1.It takessb....todsb takes…to do…例It tookthe mena week to mendour roof.=The mentook aweektomendour roof.不像某人做某事的风格

2.Its justunlikesb.to do...例It wasjust likehim tothink ofhelping us.是该做某事的时候了

3.Its about/high timethat...should/v-ed…例Itsabout/high timethat weshould takeaction.…第几次做某事了

4.Its thex-th timethat...have v-ed例Its thethird timethat hehas failedthe drivingtest.延续性动词某动作已有多长时间不发

5.Itis/hasbeen...since...continuous v-ed生了例Its10years that he livedhere…过不了多长时间某动作发生了

6.It wasnot...before例It wasnot longbefore theyarrived.

4.It作形式宾语用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾作形式宾语的常见句型It

1.verb+it+adj./noun for/of todo/clause verb=think believe,suppose,zconsider,feel,make,keep...例I thinkit hardforyoutodothe taskon yourown./I thinkit hardthat youlldothe taskon yourown.

2.verb+it+adj./noun onesdoingadj.=useless/worth/worthwhilenoun=nouse/nogood/worthoneswhile/a waste二of time/money/energy/words verbthink,believe,suppose,consider;feel,make,keep...例Ill make it worthyour whiletelling meabout hissecret.

3.verb+it+important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that...should...verb+it+of much/great/no/little importancethat...should...verb=think,believe,suppose,consider;feel,make,keep...彳列Ithinkit importantthatyoushould attendtheconference.

4.verb+it+as+noun/adj.+clause verb=accept,regard,take,see,view例The lecturertakes itas encouragingwhen somany studentsattend hislecture.

5.v.+it+prep.+that...…把…归功于...owe it to sb.that…把…留给某人去做leaveitto sbthat...想当然take itfor grantedthatkeep itin mindthat...例Dont botherto arrangeanything.Just leaveittometosort out.用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，

6.It enjoy,like,love,宾语从句紧跟之后dislike,resent,hate,dont mind,be fondof,feel like,see toit例I hateit youcan swimso welland Icant.用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟之后

7.It itexcept that例外）例Im forit thatyou willfollow theiradvice.

5.强调句型被强调部分+（）强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成Itis/was+that who...分当被强调部分是人时也可以用whoo在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句

1.例When was it thathe changedhis mindto takepart inthe activity在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由所引导的从句

2.because例It wasbecause hewasillthathedidnt cometoschoolyesterday.在强调结构时必须把与一起放到被强调的位置上

3.not...until not until例It wasnotuntilshe tookoff herdark glassesthatIrealized she was mybrother.注意强调句型与定语从句的区别

4.例（强调句型）It wasat7oclock thathe camehere yesterday.

6.It常用的定搭配（定语从句）It was7oclock whenhe camehere yesterday.

1.make it在口语当中相当于表示成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达例Q succeed,Its hardtomake itto thetop inshow business.在口语中相当于表示约定好时间例一2fix thedate for,Shall wemeet nextweek—OK.We justmakeitnext Saturday.

2.as it is相当于表示事实上，实际情况是……Q infact,in reality例We hadplaned tofinish thetask today,but as itiswe probablywont finishituntil nextweek.相当于方式状语从句，表示照原样

2.例Leave thetable asitis.，相当于表示〃也就是说可以说，换

3.asitwere asone mightsay,that istosay,句话说例He is,asitwere,a modernSherlock Holmes..用来引导虚拟语气，相当于

4.if itwerent for.../if ithadnt beenfor..without,or表示〃如果不是……，要不是……〃but for,例If itwerent forTom,I wouldntbe alivetoday.

5.thats it相当于表示〃至此为止，没有别的了〃

1.Thats all.Thats somuch.例You canhave onemore sweet,and thatsit.相当于.表示〃对啦〃

2.Thats right〃例一I guessthe keytotheproblem isthechoice A”—Thats it.在口语中,相当于表示因

6.catch itbe punished/scolded fordoing sth.wrong.做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚例Well reallycatch itform ourteacher ifwere latefor classagain.

7.have it相当于表示说,主张，表明，硬说Q.say,insist例Rumour hasit thatthey aregetting divorced.⑵相当于表示了解，知道，获悉〃get toknow something,例I hadit fromJohnthatshewasgoing abroad.在口语中,相当于表示“具有成功的条件

8.have what it takesbe wellqualified for,例You cantake itfrom methat yourdaughter haswhatittakes tobeastar.

9.so itseems/appears.相当于表示〃继续做,不放弃〃

10.Keep atit!Dont giveup!go on,例My teacherasked meto keepatit.拼命干，莽撞

11.Go it!Go on!

12.Now youhave doneit!You havedone sth.wrong.

13.Now youllcatch it!Youll bepunished.在口语中，相当于表示〃真不凑巧，真遗憾”

14.As ithappened,...its apity that...,例As ithappened,they wereout.…在口语中，相当于表示〃最后

15.As itturned out,itwasfound tobe inthe end,被证明是例As itturned out,his statementwas false.在口语中，相当于

16.Such asit istheyare althoughit maynot beworth much,表示虽然没有多大价值例You canborrow myexam notebook,such asitis.相当于用来劝告别人，表示

17.Take it/things easy.Dont worryor donthurry.不要慌，别担心，存住气”例Take iteasy!He willdo itwell.在口语中，相当于,表示〃请相信我的话，

18.Take itfrom me.believe mewhat Isay我敢担保例You cantake itfrom methathewill makeit thistime.…在口语中,相当于表

19.For whatitisworth althoughIm notsure itsof value,示不管其价值如何例Here isthe articleI promiseyou,for whatits worth.。