语言学名词解释1202306272229243251685

一、Term Definition:Language:is a system of arbitrary vocalsymbols usedfor humancommunication.Phonetics:the study of soundsused inlinguistic communicationled tothe establishmentof phonetics.Semantics:the studyof meaningPragmatics:the studyof howspeakers of a languageuse sentencesto effectsuccessful communication.Sy ntax:in linguistics,what alanguage expressesabout theworld welive inor anypossible orimaginaryworld.Morphology:the studyof theway in which thesesymbols arearranged andcombined to form wordshasconstituted thebranch ofstudySy nonym:words thatare closein meaningarc calledsynonyms.Reference:what a linguistic formrefersto in the real,physical world;it dealswith therelationship betweenthelinguistic elementand thenon-linguistic worldof experience.Sense:concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguisticform,the collectionof allits features;it isabstractand de-contextualiz ed.Duality:language is asystem,which consistsof twosets ofstructures,or twolevels.Dialect:avariety ofalanguage,spokeninonepart ofacountryregionaldialect,orbypeople belongingtoa particularsocial classsocial dialector sociolcct,which isdifferent insome words,grammar,and/orpronunciation fromother formsof the same language.Accent:a particularway ofspeaking whichtells thelistener somethingabout thespeakers background.Conv ersationalmax im:an unwrittenrule aboutconversation whichpeople knowand whichinfluencesthe form of conversationalexchanges.Contex t:it isgenerally consideredas constitutedby theknowledge sharedby thespeaker and the hearer.Competence:the idealusers knowledgeof therules ofhis language.Performance:the actualrealiz ation of thisknowledge inlinguistic communication.Register:the typeof languagewhich isselected as appropriate tothe typeof situation.Locutionaryact:theactofuttering words,phrases,andclauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaning.Itis theact performedin sayingsomething.Hy ponymy:refers tothe senserelation betweena moregeneral,more inclusiveword anda morespecificword.Phonology:aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedto conveymeaning inlinguistic communication.Speech community:the socialgroup that is singledout for any specialstudy.Transcription:the useof symbolsto show sounds orsound sequencesin writtenform.Bound morpheme:a morphemethat mustbe attachedto anotherone iscalled boundmorpheme.MinimalPair:whentwo differentformsare identicalinevery way except foronesound segment whichoccurs inthesameposition in the strings,the twosound combinationsare said toform a minimal pair.Stress:the pronunciationofa word orsyllable withmore forcethan thesurrounding wordsor syllables.Compounding:awordformation processinwhichwords areformed byputting twoor morewordstogether.Affix ation:is theprocess offorming wordshy addingderivational affixesto stems.Allophone:the differentphones whichcan representa phonemein differentphonetic environments.Complementary Distribution:Two allophonesof thesame phonemeare said to bein complementarydistribution.Conversion:refers tohe derivationalprocess whereby an itemcomes obelong to a newword classwithoutthe additionof suffix.DeepStructure:formed byheXPruleinaccordancewiththeheadssubcategorizaiionpropertiesSurfaceStructure:corresponding tothe finalsyntactic formof thesentence whichresults fromappropriatetransformations.Saussure:thedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadebytheSwisslinguistF.deSaussureinthe20century.Vowel:The soundsin theproduction ofwhich noarticulators comevery closetogether and the airstreampasses through the vocaltract withoutobstruction arccalled vowels.Consonant:The soundsintheproduction ofwhich thereis anobstruction of the airstream atsome pointofthe vocaltract arccalled consonants.Linguistics:the scientificstudyof language.General Linguistics:the studyoflanguage asawhole.Inflectional Affix:The manifestationof grammaticalrelationships throughthe additionof inflectionalaffixes,such asnumber,tense,degree andcase.Derivational Affix:The manifestationof relationbetween stemsand affixesthroughtheaddition ofderivationalaffixes.Open Class:in English,nouns,verbs,adjectives andadverbs whichare thecontent wordsofalanguage,which arcsometimes calledopen ciasswords.Closed Class:conjunctions,prepositions,articles andpronouns,which areinsmall numberand stablesincefew newwords areadded,therefore suchwords havebeen referredto asclosed classwords.Sociolinguistics:the studyof ailthe socialaspects oflanguage andits relationwith societyformhe coreofthe branch.Speech Variety:refers to any distinguishableformof speech used by aspeaker ora groupof speakers.Pidgin:a speciallanguage varietythat mixesor blendslanguages andit isusedbypeople whospeakdifferent languagesfor restrictedpurposes such as trading.Creole:whenapidginbecometheprimarylanguageofaspeechcommunity,andisacquittedbythechildrenof thatspeech communityas theirnative language,it issaid tohave becomea creole.

二、单项选择题

1、语音学中元音和辅音的发音特征和分类元音分类vowels maybe distinguishedas front,central andback accordingto whichpart of the tongueisheld highest.辅音分类By placeof articulationand bymanner ofarticulation

2、音位学中的音素、音位、音位变体、音位对立、互补分布和最小对立体、音位规则、超音段特征Phone:isaphonetic unitor segment.Phoneme:a phonologicalunit;it isa unitthatisof distinctivevalue.It isan abstractunit.It isnot anyparticularsound,but ratherit isrepresented orrealiz edbyacertain phonein acertain phoneticcontext.Allophone:he differentphones whichcan representa phonemein differentphonetic environments.Phonemic contrast:itcanbeeasilyobserved thatphoneticallysimilarsoundsmightberelated intwoways.If they are twodistinctive phonemes,theyare said toform aphonemic contrast.Complementary distribution:Two allophonesof thesame phonemearesaid to bein compleinentarydistribution.Minimal pair:When twodifferent formsare identicalin everywayexceptfor onesoundsegmentwhichoccurs inthesameplace inthe strings,the twowords aresaidtoformaminimalpair.音位规则1sequential rules2assimilation rule3deletion ruleSuprasegmentalfeature:The phonemicfeatures thatoccur abovethe levelof thesegment arecalledsuprasegmental features.

3、语言的特征、乔姆斯基的转换生成语法、深层结构和表层结构、能力和行为的概念等语言特征[arbitrariness2productivity3duality4displaccmcnt5cultural transmissionChomskytransformation:a specialstep ofrule thatcan movean elementfrom oneposition toanother.DeepStructure:formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththeheadssubcategorizationpropertiesSurfaceStructure:corresponding tothe finalsyntactic formofthesentence whichresults fromappropriatetransformations.

4、形态学中的构词法及派生词素等、如词根、词干利基词等构词法Derivation:aprocess ofwordformationinwhichnewwords arecreatedby addedaffixestoroot.Root:thebaseformof awordwhichcannot befurtheranalyz edwithouttotal lossofidentity.Stem:the existingformto whicha derivationalaffix can be added,a stemcanbea boundroot,a freemorpheme,oraderived formitself.基词

四、简短回答问题

1、Phonetics andphonology:Phonetics:description ofall speechsounds andtheir finddifferences.Phonology:description ofsound systemsof particularlanguages andhowsoundsfunction todistinguishmeaning.

2、Broadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscription:Broadtranscription:Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswith lettersymbols only.Narrow transcription:The transcriptionofspeechsound withletters symbolsandthe diacritics.

3、Deep structureand surfacestructure:D-structure:A levelof syntacticrepresentation beforetheoperation ofnecessary syntacticmovement.S-structure:A levelof syntacticrepresentation aftertheoperation ofnecessary syntacticmovement.

4、Competenceandperformance:Chomskydefinedcompetenceasheidealusersknowledgeoftherulesof hislanguage,and performancethe actualrealiz ationof thisknowledge inlinguistic communication.Hebelieves thetask ofthe linguistsis todiscover andspecify thelanguage rules.

5、Speech andwriting:Speech andwriting arethe twomajor mediaof communication.Modern linguisticsregards the spoken formoflanguageasprimary,but notthe writtenform.Reasons arc:

1.Speech precedeswriting;

2.There arestill manylanguages thathave onlythespokenform;

3.In termsoffunction,thespoken languageisusedforawiderrangeofpurposesthanthewritten,andcarriesalargerloadof communicationhan thewritten.

6、Descriptiv eandtheprescriptiv eapproaches inlinguistic studies:If alinguistic studydescribes andanalyzes thelanguage peopleactually use,it issaidtobe descriptive,if itaims tolay downrules totellpeople what they shouldsay andwhattheyshould notsay,it issaidtobe prescriptive.

7、Langueandparole:Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyailthemembersofaspeechcommunity,and parolerefers tothe realizationoflangue inactual use.

8、Semantics andpragmatics:The basicdifference betweenthem isthat pragmaticsconsiders meaningincontext,traditional semanticsstudies meaningin isolationfrom thecontext of use.

9、Sense andreference:Sense:It5s concernedwith theinherentmeaningofthelinguistic fbrm.Itsthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticfbrm,itsabstract anddc-contextualiz ed.Reference:Itmeans whatalinguisticform referstointhereal,physical world,it dealswiththerelationship betweenthelinguistic elementandthenon-linguistic worldof experience.

10、Sentence meaningand utterancemeaning:Sentence meaning:It referstoasentence andis agrammaticalconcept,the meaningofasentence isoften studiedas theabstract intrinsicproperty ofthesentence itselfin termsof predication.Utterance meaning:It referstoasentence aswhat peopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomes andutteranceanditshouldbeconsideredinthesituationinwhich iis actuallyuttered.

11、Macro-sociolinguistics andmicro-sociolinguistics:Macro-linguistics studieswhatsocietiesdowithheirlanguages,thatis,altitudesandattachmentshataccountforhefunctionaldistributionofspeechformsin society,language shift,maintenance,and replacement,the delimitationand interactionof speechcommunities.Micro sociolinguisticsinvestigates howsocial structureinfluences theway peopletalk andhowlanguage varietiesand patternsofusecorrelate withsocial attributessuchasclass,sex,and age.。