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动词不定式、动名词用法要点讲解
一、作主语
1.不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种1把不定式置于句首如To getthere bybike willtake ushalf anhour.2用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中如
①It+be+名词+to doItsour duty to takegood care of theold.
②It takessb+some time+to doHowlong didit takeyou to finish the work
③It+be+形容词+for sb+to doItis difficultfor us tofinishwriting thecompositionin aquarterof anhour.
④It+be+形容词+of sb+to doItis stupidof you to writedown everythingthe teachersays.
⑤It seemsappears+形容词+to doIt seemed impossibleto savemoney.宾语的行为、状态、特征,这时意思才相对完整1常要求不定式作宾补的动词有allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive强迫,encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,wouldlikelove,hate,order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等如©Would youlike me to giveyour regardsto Mary
②I wantyou tounderstand thewhole passageclearly.2部分动词后常接to be+形容词、名词短语等形式,有时to be可省略,如believe,consider,discov er,find=consider,feel=think,imagine,judge,know,prove,th ink,suppose,see=understand,understand等@We allbelieve Johnto behonest.
②I considerhimto beoneof thebest biologyteachers ofNo.1Middle School.但当不定式是完成式时,to不能省略,如We considerhim tohavebeenfoolish.3感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to
①I didnthear anyonesay anythingabout it.
②They makethe studentsdo too much homeworkevery day.这种句式在变为被动语态时,to不能省略,如第
②句Thestudents aremade to do too much homeworkevery day.4help,know后面的〃to”可有可无如Would youplease helpmetofill in the taxformrve neverknown herto belate before.但He wasknown to havebeen toFrance before.5部分短语动词后,常接不定式作宾补,如You maydepend on them to be thereearly.The Partycalls onus toincrease productionand practiseeconomy.常这样用的短语动词有ask for,care for,call on,count on,dependon,wait for,long for渴望,prepare for,wish for结寸O
2.作主语补足语不定式作主语补足语,和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系如:
①He wasnot allowedto enterthe classroomfor beinglate.
②The younguniversity studentis consideredto havegreat promise.
六、不定式作状语
1.作目的状语1
①I stayedthere tosee whatwould happen.
②Henry hasdecided togo to the hospital to be examinedbythe doctor.2有时为了强调,不定式前可加in order或so as如Bob tookdown mytelephone numberso asin ordernot toforgetit.有时为强调目的状语可把in orderto或不定式置于句首,但so as to不能这样用在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so that,inorder that,成为目的状语从句,如I stayedthere sothat inorderthat I couldsee whatwould happen.3在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如astonished,glad,happy,laugh,pleased,sad,smile,sorry,surprised等
①We areglad tohear thenews.
②I wassurprised tosee thata three-year-old babycould writesowell.在部分形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语如The questionraised bythestudent isdifficultto answer.The roomis reallycomfortable tolive in.常这样用的形容词有comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossib le等
2.作结果状语We camehome afterour holidayto findour gardenneat andtidy.不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中如
①so…as to;such…as tor m notso stupid(a fool)asto put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来r mnot such a stupidfool astoputitinwriting.
②enough…toThe speedis highenough forus to catch up with thefirstliner.
③only toJanehurried backonly tofind hermother dyinginthehospital.
④too…tor mtoo tiredto stayup longer.但在下列结构中,too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意如
①Im onlytoo glad to havepassed theexam.考试及格我太高兴了(too修饰gladto have…,相当于very)
②We havetoomuchto learn.我们要学的太多了(不定式作定语)
3.不定式短语还可作独立成分,用于句首、句中或句末如:To tellthe truth,the playwas agreat disappointmenttome.常见的短语有to beexact(确切地说),to beginwith(首先),to dohim justice(说句对他公道的话),to besure(真的)等等
七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法
1.疑问词+不定式结构疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表语等如
①When to leave forLondon hasnot beendecided yet.
②Mr.Smith didntknow whetherto leaveor staythere.
③I askedProfessor Xuhow tolearn Englishwell.©The questionwas whereto getthe medicineneeded.以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式如
①When weshall leave…
③how I・・・could learn…经常在这种结构中使用的动词有consider,decide,discover,explain,findout,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等
2.动词不定式的时态、语态
(1)时态
①一般式动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生如:I hopeto becomea universitystudent thisyear.(tobecome发生在hope之后)We oftenhear Dickplay thepiano in the nextroom,(play和hear同时发生)
②完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前如:rmsorry tohave keptyou waiting.We aretoo youngtohaveseen theold society.
③进行式表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生如The teacherhappened to be correctingour paperswhen Icame in.They seemedto bediscussing somethingimportant.
(2)语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式如Its agreat honourto beinvited toMarys birthdayparty.(不定式作主语)It wasimpossible forlost timeto bemade up.(不定式作主语)I wishto besent to work inthe country.(不定式作宾语)Can youtell mewhich isthe cartoberepaired(不定式作定语)He wentto thehospitaltobeexamined.(不定式作状语)在Therebe结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动如There arestill manythings tot akecareoftobe taken careof.但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如These isnothing to do now.We havenothing to donow.There isnothingtobe donenow.We cando nothingnow.
3.动名词的时态、语态1时态
①一般式动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指,也可与谓语动词同时发生,或发生在谓语动作之前、之后如We areinterested incollecting stamps.I shallnever forgetseeing theGreat Wallfor thefirsttime.We arenot afraidof dying.
②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前如Lmagine havingtravelled on the moon.We werepraised forhaving finishedtheworkahead of time.2被动语态
①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者,动名词要用被动语态,动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式之分如The youngman camein withoutbeing noticed.He pridedhimself onhaving neverbeen beatenin class.
②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式,但表示被动意义如The bikeneeds repairing.If athing isworth doing,it isworth doingwell.
4.在口语中,为避免重复,常用〃to〃代替不定式结构,有时甚至可以把to省略如
①一Did yougo to visit theGreat Wall一No,I wantedto,but therewasnt enoughtime.
②一Would youlike tocome toa party一V dlove to.
③一Dont make any mistakesin yourhomework,will you一r11try notto.
④一Try tobe backby12,wont you—OK,r11try.另外,be goingto,ought to,used to等也常用于这一结构中
5.在why引起的问句中,省略〃to〃如Why spendsuchalot ofmoneyWhy notwait fora coupleof days
6.当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时,只在第一个不定式前加〃to〃如Its quitenecessary forus toread moreand havemorepractice.
7.〃to〃在下列短语中是“介词”,后接动名词或名词形式如:devote…to,face upto(勇敢地面对),look forwardto(盼望),object to(反对),take to(养成习惯,对感兴趣;开始从事某种活动),be usedto(习惯于)等在句型
③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等;在句型
④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,si lly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式,如Itskind ofyouto helpme withmy English.=You arekind tohelpme withmy English.
2.动名词作主语Learning withoutpractice isno good.动名词作主语时,也常用It句式如
①Its+no goodno use,fun,a pleasure,a wasteoftime+doing…Its nogood readingin dimlight.Its no use sittinghere waiting.
②Its+形容词+doingIts dangerousswimming inthe seain windydays.这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等,但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构,应用不定式代替,如1Vsimportant foryouto keepfit.
③There isno+doingThere isno sayingwhat willhappen next.在这一结构中,动名词后常带宾语,相当于〃Its impossibleto…”结构
3.动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别
①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起如Its nogood eatingtoomuch fat.Its nogood foryoutoeat somuchfat.
②动名词结构作主语,可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语如Its nouse yourpretending thatyou didntknow therules.
二、作宾语
1.不定式作宾语
①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语如agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,hel p,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,这些词大部分可接th at引导的从句如I decidedto askfor mymoney back.I decidedthatIwould askfor mymoney back.When ourvisit tothe farmwas over,we expectedto startbackonfoot.When ourvisit tothe farmwas over,we expectedthat wewouldstartback onfoot.
②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式如We thinkit quiteimportant forustolearn aforeignlanguage well.He feelsit hisdutytohelp thepoor.
③介词but,except,besides+to dodo在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do,则接to不定式,即带do不带to,带to不带do如The enemysoldiers hadno choicebut togive in.On Sundayafternoon Ihad nothingto dobut watchTV.
2.动名词作宾语
①以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语,如admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,dont mind,give up,insist,on,put off等如I suggestspending oursummer vacationin aseaside town.You mustgive upsmoking,for itdoes toomuch harmtoyour health.
②动名词作介词的宾语I shouldgo toattend thebirthday celebrationinstead ofstayingat home.What aboutinviting LiJun to makeaspeech动名词前的介词有时可以省略,如have difficultyindoing,have notroubleindoing,lose noti meindoing,prevent/stop…fromdoing,there isnousein doing等
3.部分动词后面,既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变如begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等在need,require,want后接-ing形式,表示被动意义,也可接不定式,但要用被动形式,如Your handwriting needsimproving tobeimproved.hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件,接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为在下列情况下,一般要用不定式
①hate,like,love前有would should时,如Id liketohaveacup ofcoffee.
②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时,如:Thestudentsare startingtoworkonthedi fficultmaths problem.©begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时,如I soonbegan tounderstand whatwashappening.
4.advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语如Our teachersdont permitour swimminginthelake.Our teachersdon tpermit usto swiminthelake.
5.部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用
①forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生如Dont forgetfo postthe letterfor me.Have youforgotten meetingher inBeijing AirportRememberto closethe windowsbefore youleave.I rememberwriting hima lettera yearago.We regretto tellyou thatall ofyou arenot invitedtoattend themeeting.They regrettedordering thesebooks fromabroad.
②mean to do打算做某事doing意味着I meanttocatchupwiththe earlybus.This meanswasting alot ofmoney.
③try to do设法尽力做某事doing试着做某事You shouldtry toovercome yourshortcomings.Try workingout thephysics problemin anotherway.©stop todo停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目的状语)doing停止做某事On theway tothe airport,I stoppedto buya paper.Youd betterstop arguingand doas youare told.
⑤cant helpdoing禁不住todo不能帮助干……They couldn,t helpjumping upat thenews.Sorry Ihave lotsof worktodo.So Icant helptomakeup theroomfor you.@go on todo做不同的事或不同内容的事doing继续不停地做某事,指同一动作的继续He wentontotalk aboutworld situation.他接着又谈了世界形势We’11go onfighting solong asthere isoppression intheworld.
⑦leave off todo离开某地去干什么(目的状语)doing停下某事Its timetoleaveoff talkingand tostart acting.They leftofftogo fishing.
三、做表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为
①To bekind tothe enemyis tobe crueltothe people.
②My chiefpurpose is to pointout thedifficulties ofthematter.
③What Iwould suggestistoput offthe meeting.当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果(例
①)当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组(例
②)时,或以what引导的名词性分句(例
③),不定式说明主语的内容
④Our workis servingthepeople.
⑤What helikes istaking awalk aftersupper.@The storytold byMr.Wang isinteresting.
④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Serving thepeopleisout work,而
⑥句中是现在分词作表语,说明主语的性质、状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来
四、作定语
1.不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后如
①The nexttrain toarrive isfrom Washington.
②Have youanything tobetakento yoursister@Do youhave anythingto sayonthequestion©Would youplease giveme somepaper towrite on
⑤My wishtovisitFrance hascome trueat last.不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系1表示将来的动作例
①2与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词例
④3与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态例
③;如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态例
②4不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例
①tarrive=that willarrive
2.动名词作定语
①This passagecan beused aslistening materials.
②The readingroom ofour schoollibrary canhold800people.
③All movingbodies haveenergy.
①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能,即用来……的;第
③句为现在分词作定语,单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前,与被修饰词之间,可构成逻辑上的主谓关系,分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后如Theman standingat theschool gateis ProfessorHua.
五、不定式作补足语
1.作宾语补足语一些及物动词除要求按宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明。