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自考英语二复习资料第一章重点单词扩充讲解
1.organizational:a组织上的由此我们可以联想到organize:v组织；organization:n组织；organizer:n组织者请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空
1.Last week,our schoola springouting.
2.The taskcalls for the highestskill.
3.China hasjoined WorldTrade.
4.He isthe of the speechcontest.Answers:organized,organizational,Organization,organizer
2.objective:n目标；a客观的，反义词subjective:主观的
3.predict:v预言、预示；由此我们可以联想到:prediction:n预言;predictable:a可预测的;predictor:n预言家
4.simplify:v简化由此我们可以联想到:simple:a简单的；simply:ad简单地，仅仅地;simplification:n简化；simplified:a被简化的Exercises for the abovewords:
1..The machineis inoperation butcomplex instructure.
2..Shakespeare sRomeo andJuliet in the originalis beyondour capacitywhile editionisquite easy.
3..There is no pointin arguingabout it,because it is aquestion ofprocedure.
4..The of working processfreed the workers froheavy labor.Answers:simple;simplified;simply;simplification
5.tendency:n趋势、倾向；tend:v倾向于…，tend to do sthe.g.old peoplehave the tendencyof gettingfatter.Or oldpeople tend to getfatter.
6.managerial:a经理的、经营上的；由此我们可以联想到manage:v管理、经营；management:n;manager:n经营者，管理者；manageable:a可管理的、可经营的
7.argue:v争辩、争论，常用固定搭配argu withsb about/over sth由于某事而同某人争论；arguesb into doing sth说服某人做某事；argue sbout of doing sth说服某人不要做某事e.g.
1.The youngcouple alwaysargue witheach otherover their child seducation.
2.I arguedhim out of goingon such a dangerousjourney.
8.define:v给,,吓定义；definition:n定义
9.profitability:n赚钱，获利由此我们可以联想到profit:n利润；profitable:a有利可图的，p4译有关黑洞最有说服力的证据来自对双星体系的研究句子分析该句主语evidence,谓语comes from；宾语research into binary star systemsoThe mostconvincing是定语，修饰evidence.其中请注意convincing:令人信服的，通常修饰物的形容词多以-ing结尾；而修饰人的多以-ed结尾如I feelexcited afterhearing thesurprising news.
8.Matter from the one which we can seeis beingpulled towards the companion star.p4译我们所看到的星球的物质正在被吸引到伴星去句子分析主语matter;谓语is beingpulled,这是一个进行被动语态；towardsthecompanion star介词宾语；fromtheonewhich we cansee定语
9.On the other hand,scientists havesuggested thatvery advancedtechnology couldone daymakeuse of the energyof black holes for mankind.p51ine4--6译另一方面，科学家也提出有一天高科技会利用黑洞的力量为人类服务句子分析请注意在本句中suggest不是建议的含义，是指出、指明的意思advanced高级的、先进的；make use of sth利用…，该词组可以拓展成make gooduse of好好加以利用；make fulluseof充分加以利用
10.They showus aworld whichoperates in a totallydifferent wayfrom ourown and they questionourmost basicexperience of apace andtime.p5译他们展示给我们一个不同于我们自己的世界运行方式的世界，并对我们最基本的时空经验提出了质疑句子分析这个句子复杂在于从which引导的很长的定语从句，特别注意;operatev操作；in away以某种方式；be different from同…不同；question:v质疑，询问自考英语二复习资料第四章Learn newwords and phrases
1.resolve:v旋转,常见搭配关系为resolve aroundsb/sth围绕…转She spendsall ofher timeresolving aroundher family.The earthresolves aroundthe sun.
2.solar:a太阳的，日光的solar energy太阳能;solar system太阳系;solar month阳历月
3.concerned:a有关的、担心的Her jobis somethingconcerned withcomputer.He isconcerned about the result of theexam.
4.colored:a有色的，对比；colorful:a丰富多彩的I likeorange-coloredcoat.Everybody likescolorful life.
5.religion:n宗教，religious:a虔诚的;请对比region:n地区；regional:a地区的
6.circumstance:n情况、境遇；Under nocircumstances canwe wastetime.
7.a great many=a numberof二many很多，修饰复数名词而a great deal of+u.nA great many studentsare absenttoday.I havewasted a great dealof time.
8.above all:首先、首要After thewar,he longedabove allto seehis wifeand family.
9.as arule:通常、一般而言As arule,I onlywatch sportsnews.Analyze the important sentences among the text:
1.First of all,let usconsider the earth as a planetrevolving aroundthe sun.pl译首先，让我们把地球看作是围绕太阳运行的一颗行星句子分析first ofall首先，词组consider sth as sth把…当作…，与之类似的词组还有look upsthas sth;review sthas sth;treat sthassth***;revolving aroundthe sun是现在分词短语作定语修饰a planeto
2.These nineplanets,together withthe sun,make upwhat iscalled oursolar system.pl译这九大行星和太阳一起构成我们所说的太阳系句子分析该句主语为These nineplanets；谓语是make up；what iscalled oursolar system是宾语；together withthe sun是状语，而并非句子主语关于该语法内容请见本讲后面的grammar主谓一致
4.The totalwater areais aboutthree timesas largeas the land area.p4译水域的总面积大约是陆地面积的三倍大句子分析该句的核心句型是A+be+倍数+as+adj+as+B.e.g.The AtlanticOcean is only halfas bigas thePacific Ocean.
5.These currentsare importantbecause theyaffected theclimate of theland areas close to wheretheyflow and also becausethey carrylarge quantitiesof microscopeanimal andvegetable lifewhichforms a large part of the food for fishes.p5译这些海洋之所以重要是因为他们影响着所流经区域的附近陆地的气候，也是因为它们携带大量的微生物，植物，而这些构成鱼类食品的一大部分句子分析这是一个由because引导的主从复合句，其中closetowhere theyflow是定语，修饰the landareas；词组large quantitiesof+c.n/u.n;which formsalargepartof thefoodforfishes是定语从句修饰animal andvegetable life其中life是指生命，不可数名词
6.The circumstancesunder whichdifferent peoplelive make a differencebetween the way in whichthey liveand the way in whichwelive,and itought to be ourbusiness totry to understand thosedifferentcircumstances so that wecan betterunderstand peopleof otherlands.p8译不同民族的生活环境造就了他们和我们极为不同的生活方式，我们应该做的是去了解他们不同的生活环境以便可以更好理解其他地区的人们句子分析该句中的under which和inwhich又是介词+which的定语从句用法，修饰The circumstances和the way；so that引导的时目的状语从句其中make adiference;使…不同，产生差异;business是指责任;
7.Above all,we should avoid deciding what wethink aboutpeople different from ourselveswithoutfirst having learned agreatdealabout themand thekind oflives theyhave to live.译其中很重要的实在没有对于与我们不同的人们和他们必须过的那种生活有大量的了解之前，我们应该避免对他们有先入为主的看法句子分析Aboveall是状语，意思是最重要的，首先；we主语；shouldavoid谓语；decidingwhatwe thinkaboutpeople differentfrom ourselves宾t吾；without first・••状i吾differentfromourselves是定语，修饰people;havinglearned动名词的完成时态，表示这个动作早于deciding发生重要词组above all;avoid doing;agreatdeal
8.It istrue tosay that the morewe learnabout otherpeople,the betterwe understand their ideasand asarule,the betterwe likethose peoplethemselves.译确实我们了解其他人越多，我们就越能理解他们的观点，通常我们就更喜欢那些人句子分析该句的主要结构为the more…the more…the better意思越…就越…；如The longeryou keepthis wine,the betterit tastes.The busierI am,the happierI am.Grammar主谓一致主谓一致是指句中的主语和谓语在人称和数上须保持一致我们一般遵从三个原则
1、语法一致的原则是指主语为单数或复数时，其谓语动词要与其相呼应
2、意义一致的原则指谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的概念，而不取决于表面的语法标志,主要表现为某些集体名词后可跟动词单数或复数如果这些集体名词指整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；指具体成员时用复数就近原则是指谓语动词单复数取决于离它最近的词语，而无须考虑其他的词主谓一致的热点
1.由many a或more than+单数名词作主语时，其谓语用单数形式Many aforeigner has been to the GreatWall.More thanone studenthas visitedthe exhibition.
2.“……的几分之几”和“……的百分之几”作主语时，其谓语用单数或复数取决于of后的名词Three-fourths of the surfaceof theearth issea.40percent of the students in our class aregirls.
3.“a numberof+名词复数”作主语，谓语用复数；the numberof+名词复数”作主语，谓语用单数A numberof pupilslike readingpicture-books.The numberof thestudentsinourclassis
55.
4.并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数，这时and后面的名词前没有冠词The secretaryof theParty branchand directorof thatfactory oftenworks withthe workers.
5.成对的名词，如bread andbutter涂黄油的面包，soda andwater汽水，coffee andmilk加牛奶的咖啡，aim andend目的，salt andwater盐开水等，虽然有and连接，但仍表单一概念，作主语时，谓语用单数A knifeand forkison the table.
6.由and连接的并列单数主语的前面分别有each,every或no修饰时，其谓语用单数形式No studentand noteacher isinvited to the party.In ourcountry everyboy andevery girlhas right to receiveeducation.
7.主语是单数，其后跟有together with,along with（与一道）,as well as（和;也）,no lessthan（和一样），rather than（而不），以及with,not,like,but,except,besides,including等引起的短语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式He as wellashis sisteris aLeague member.
8.在定语从句中主语是关系代词who,that,which,谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致I,who amyour teacher,will teachyou everythingI know.
9.主语是一些只有复数形式的名词，如clothes,trousers,glasses,compasses,scissors,shoes,socks,gloves等时，谓语用复数但这类表示成双的东西的名词前有a pairof修饰时，谓语用单数My trousersare beingwashed now.There is a pairof shoesin thebox.
10.表示度量、价格、时间的复数名词词组作主语时一般被看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式Ten dollarsis notenough.Three monthshas passedsince heleft.
11.主语是以-ics结尾的学科名词以及news,works（工厂）等都属形式复数，而意义单数的名词，其谓语用单数形式另外means一词单复数同形应视具体情况而定Mathematics seems to bedifficult tolearn.A newmeans ofteaching isbeing used in thatschool.
12.主语是用作书名、剧名、报纸名、国名等的复数名词，谓语一般用单数形式The UnitedStates is a developedcountry.
13.主语是family,team,group,crowd,class,committee等集合名词时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数形式，如指的是全体人员时，谓语用复数His familyare allmusic lovers.
14.“one of+复数名词+定语从句”之前有the only,the very,the等限定词和修饰语时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式She isthe onlyone of these womenwho playsthe violin.
15.主语是疑问代词who,what,which,不定代词all,more,most,any,none等以及名词half,part,therest等既可表示复数意义又可表示单数意义，其谓语视情况而定Half of the visitorsare fromEurope.Half of the fruit is bad.
16.主语是表示数量的“one and a half+复数名词”，其谓语用单数形式主语是“one ortwo+复数名词”，其谓语用复数形式One and a halfbananas isleft on the table.There are one ortwo thingsI dlike toknow about.
17.the+形容词或分词作主语时，如指一类人其谓语用复数，如指抽象概念，其谓语用单数如:The richare notalways happy.The newis sure to replacethe old.
18.由not only…but also,neither…nor,either…or,not•,•but以及or连接的并列主语,谓语动词要与最靠近它的主语在数上保持一致Not onlyyour father，s friendsbut alsoyour fatherlikes smoking.
19.在倒装句中以及在There be…结构中，如主语是并列的，谓语动词往往和其后面的第一个主语取得数上的一致Where isyour motherand youngersisterThere is a pen,two pencilsand fivebooks on the desk.
20.动名词或动词不定式作主语，其谓语用单数形式When andwhere tobuild the new factoryis not decided yet自考英语二复习资料第五章Learn newwords and phrases
1.weaken:v削弱、减弱，字根weak:a虚弱的构词形式adj/n+en或en+adj/n=vShorten,enlarge,enable,enrich,loosen,tighten etc.
2.nationwide:a全国范围的，通过该词我们可以得到worldwide:全世界范围的，regionwide,etc.
3.legal:a合法的，反义词illegal,不合法的;legalize:v使…合法化The Netherlandsbecame thefirst country to legalizeeuthanasia.
4.ensure:v确保、担保，常见用法如下
1.The policecan ensurethe witnessfrom danger.
2.We canensure that the workwill bedone in the rightway.
5.oppose:v反对、对抗；名词opposition,形容词opposed
1.What hesaid was totally opposedto thefacts.
2.Many peopleoppose buildinga newhighway becauseof thegreat cost.
6.tradition:n传统，由此可以联想到traditional:a;traditionally:ad;反义词为modern
1.Chinese medicineis believedto beeffective for many diseases.
2.Its importantto keepup thefine ofplain livingand hardwork.
3.Christmas is______a holidayfor afamily toget together.Answers:Traditional,tradition,traditionally
7.consideration:n考虑、体谅、照顾，由此可以联想到Consider:v考虑；considerate:a体谅的，be considerateof;considerable:a相当多的请练习一下
1.Losing30pounds changedher appearance.
2.It is very of you tosend mea birthdaycard.
3.The matteris receivingthe serious________of themanager.
4.He leftbehind hima amountof debt.Answers:considerably,considerate,consideration,considerable
8.disabled:a残疾的，伤残的，由此可以联想到able:a有能力的；be ableto do sth;unable:a没有能力的;enable:v使人能够enable sb to do sth;ability:n能力;disable:v使人残疾
1.As longas theyare physically,they tendtoliveon theirown.
2.The to be clearlyheard isextremely importantfor anyspeaker.
3.r dlike to go to the cinema,but Imto.
4.Education shouldevery studentto developmorally,intellectually andphysically.
5.A caraccident______him fromplaying football.
6.Special careshould begiven tothe.Answers:able,ability,unable,enable,disabled v,disabled a
9.prohibition:n禁止、禁令，prohibit:v prohibitsb from doing sth;
10.sensitive:a敏感的，be sensitive to sb/sth;同根词sensible:a明智的，besensible of sth
1.I amsensitiveto your criticism.
2.Its sensibleofyouto makesuch a decision.Analyze theimportant sentences among thetext
1.Affected with a serious disease,Van Wendelwas nolonger ableto speakclearly and he knewtherewas no hope of recovery andthat hiscondition wasrapidly deteriorating.p2译因患有严重的疾病，Van Wendel再也不能清楚地讲话了，他知道他已经没有康复的可能，其病情正在迅速恶化句子分析Affected with a seriousdisease是过去分词短语做原因状语，可以改写成原因状语从句because he was affectedwith aseriousdisease,・・•・另外，there wasnohope ofrecovery和that hisconditionwas rapidlydeteriorating都是动词knew的宾语词组be affectedwith sth患有…疾病如All thecows in the farmare affectedwith mad-cow disease.hopeofrecovery:康复的希望
2.Van WendeTs lastthree monthsof lifebefore beinggiven afinal,lethal injectionby hisdoctorwere filmedand showedon TVlast yearin theNetherlands.p3译Van Wendel在他的医生给她进行最后结束生命的那一阵之前的后三个月的生活被拍成了电影并于去年在荷兰的电视上首次播映句子分析该句的主语较长，were之前均是其中，核心名词Van WendeTs lastthree monthsof life,后面的before beinggiven afinal,lethal injectionby hisdoctor是动名词的被动语态做定语film这里当动词用，拍电影
3.The programmehas sincebeen boughtby20countries andeach timeit isshown,it startsa nationwidedebate on thesubject.p3译这个节目此后被二十个国家所购买每次放映，都引起一场关于这个主题的全国性的大讨论句子分析这是一个常考句子考点一since:adv从那以后；考点二each time是名词作时间状语，前面不用介词；考点三debateonsth关于…的讨论
4.However,doctors whocarry outeuthanasia understrict guidelinesintroduced by the DutchParliament two years ago areusually notprosecuted.p4译然而，在荷兰议会两年前提出的议案的指导原则下执行安乐死的医生，通常是不会被起诉的句子分析该句核心内容有三点carry out…实施,执行；under…guidelines在…原则下，under是按照，根据的意思；introduced bythe DutchParliamenttwoyearsago是过去分词短语做定语，修饰guidelineso
5.Should doctorsbe allowedto take the livesof othersp5译医生应该被允许去结束他人的性命吗？句子分析该句中主要核心内容是情态动词的被动语态情态动词+be+动词过去分词如Inhot days,flowers mustbe wateredevery day.
6.Cicely Saunders,President ofthe NationalHospice Councilandafounder memberofthehospicemovement,argues thateuthanasia doesn，t takeinto accountthat thereare waysof caringfor thedying.p8译C.S是国家收容所委员会的主席和收容运动的发起人，认为安乐死并没有考虑到照顾临终病人有多种方式句子分析主语Cicely Saunders,President ofthe NationalHospice Councilandafounder memberofthe hospicemovement是主语的同位语，谓语后面是一个宾语从句，而其中又包括一个小的宾语从句重要词组take sthinto account=take sthinto consideration将・・•考虑在内如when judginghis performance,don，t takehis ageinto account.另——个词组care for关心某人
7.It，sveryeasy insociety nowfor the elderly,the disabledand thedependent to feel that theyare burdens,and thereforethat they ought to opt out.p8译这很容易使老人们，残疾人和依靠别人生存的人感觉到他们是负担，因此应该选择离开人世句子分析该句it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式，tofeelthat theyare burdens,and thereforethat theyoughttoopt outo另夕卜还请注意theelderly,the disabledand thedependent是属于the+adj所构成的固定表达方式，相当于elderly people,disabled peopleand dependentpeoole,是复数概念，因此若作主语句子的谓语动词应用复数形式如In ourcountry,the oldare takengood care of bythe young.词组optout选择放弃如I think Ill optoutthegame.
8.What those people who oppose euthanasiaare telling me is that dying people haven，tthe right.p9译那些反对安乐死的人是在告诉我们将死的人们没有这种权利句子分析乍一看，这是一个简单句子，但若仔细分析，你会发现，这是一环套一环的结构句子主体结构应是What thosepeople aretelling meis that dying peoplehaven，tthe right.主语是一个主语从句，What thosepeople aretellingme；表语是一个表语从句thatdyingpeople haventtheright.另外，whoopposeeuthanasia是定语,修饰thosepeople;请注意下列几个词的用法oppose:v反对；dyingpeople即将死去的人们；have therightto do sth有权力去做某事
9.But thereare situationswhere deathis afriend.p9译但是在一种情况下死亡是朋友句子分析该句唯一的考点为where;此时它引导定语从句，相当于inwhich.关于定语从句的关系词选择的问题，主要取决于先行词在从句中所作成分，请对比
1.The houseFvhich hebought lastyear is very big.
2.The housewhere hewas bornis veryold now.
3.The housewhose windowsface southis verybig.
10.The filmshowing CeesVan WendeTs deathwas bothmoving andsensitive;•••his wifehad onlyher husband，s interestsat heart.plO译显示cvw之死的电影既感人又敏感，他妻子的心里只有丈夫的利益句子分析这是一句曾出现于国考中的句子考点showing CeesVan Wendelsdeath0是现在分词短语做定语，修饰the film;词组have sthat heart:对—h分关心，将…放在心上He isselfish,andhehas nothingbut hisown interestat heart自考英语二复习资料第六章Learn newwords and phrases
1.statistics:n统计数字；keep statistics;statistical:a统计的；statistician:n统计员
2.diplomat:n外交家，由此联想得到diplomacy:n外交,外交手腕;diplomatic:a外交的；请对比diploma:文凭
3.exploit:v开发、开采、剥削,由此联想得到:exploitable:a可开发的；exploited:a被开发的；exploitation:n1,The workersin capitalistcountries arecruelly exploitedbythecapitalists.
2.There arelaws against the exploitationof childlabor.
3.His highlyexploitable talentcan，t createwealth forsociety ifhe doesn，t makegreat efforts.
4.abuse:v/n滥用，如abuse onesauthority滥用职权
5.execute:v实行、执行，将…处死，由此联想得到executive:a执行的，决策权的,n行政领导CEO=chief executiveofficer首席执行官；execution:n执行、实行
1.You shouldntbe slowin the of yourduties.2,The soldiersthe captainsorders assoon as they receivedthe call.
3.After thediscussion ofthe committee,the laborlaw was put intoforce inmay,
1994.Answers:execution,executed,executive
6.guilt:n有罪、内疚；guilty:a内疚的；guiltless:a无罪的
7.employee:n雇员；由此联想得到employ:v雇佣；employment:n雇佣；employed:a被雇的，有工作的；unemployed:a失业的；employer:n雇主
1.The policeforce tobreak upthe crowd.
2.Many____were thrownout ofjob asa result.
3.Business activitieswere greatlyreduced andalmost60%oftheworkers wereout of.
4.During theDepression,many workerswereAnswers:employed,employees,employment,unemployed
8.immigrant:a移民的，n移民；immigrate:v;immigration:n
1.During thegold rush,California attractedmany immigrantsfrom otherstates.
2.Many Italiansimmigrated tothe UnitedStates andCanada.
3.In the1980s,a lawagainsttheimmigration ofAsian peopleswasput into practice.
9.deport:v驱逐出境，由此联想得到port:港口；import:进口；export:出口；airport:空港；passport:通行证，护照
10.be deserving of值得、应得His effortsare certainlydeservingofpraise.New wordsfrom textB
11.deny:v否认，拒绝接受，后接doing.He deniedlying tous.
12.ineffective:a无效的，反义词effective.
13.watch over:看护、看管They usespecially traineddogs towatch over their sheepat night.
14.in unison:一致地，协调地
15.pay back:偿还，报复，回报1If youlend me50Yuan,I willpay youback onFriday,for the.r11pay himback trickhe playedon me.sentencesamongtheAnalyze theimportant text:
1.There areestimated to be more than20000overseas domesticservants working in BritainTheysang HappyBirthday tome inunison.pl译据估计，在英国工作的外籍家佣有20000多人句子分析此句为there be句型的变体该句型是英语中常见句式,be称“存在句”谓语动词一般由充当，但还可以根据句意换成其它动词，如
1.There area lotof peoplein the meeting room.2,There will be a meeting tomorrow.
3.There usedto bea churchatthecorner ofthe street.
4.There happenedto bean oldfriend ofmine in the hotel.
5.There issuretorain tomorrow.
6.There standsa banknext tomy school.另外，working in Britain是现在分词作定语，修饰domestic servantso
2.Of these20000,just under2000are beingexploited andabused by their employers,according toaLondon-based campaigninggroup whichhelps overseasservants workinginBritain.有好处的;profitless:a没有利润的
1.He hasmade afrom runninga smallrestaurant.
2.The dealwas to all ofus.
3.They valueddifferently,which ledto disagreementas tothe correctnessof decision.Answer:profit,profitable;profitability.
10.correctness:n正确性；字根correct:a正确的；v纠正，correction:n纠正；incorrect:a不正确的
11.unintended:a非计划中的,由此我们可以联想到:intend:v打算，计划；intention:n；intended:a计划中的课文难句讲解、分析
1.A decisionis a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.pl译决策就是从几种可以选择的做法中作出选择分析该句是主系表结构madefromamongalternativecourses ofactionthat areavailable是过去分词短语做定语修饰achoice;其中that areavailable是定语从句修饰coursesofaction.像这样一环修饰一环的句子结构在英文中很普遍，因此为了看懂句子大家必须学会分析这是整个英语学习过程中很重要的能力！
2.The reasonfor makinga decisionis that a problemexists,goals orobjectives arewrong,orsomething isstanding in the wayof accomplishingthem.pl译做出决策的原因是因为存在问题，目标或目的有错误，或者有某种东西防碍着它们的实现分析该句又是主系表结构That引导三个并列的表语从句，
①a problemexists,
②goals orobjectivesare wrong；©something isstanding in thewayof accomplishingthem短语makeadecision:做出决策；stand in theway:阻挡、防碍
3.Often managersmust makea bestguess atwhat the future willbe andtrytoleave as little aspossibleto chance,but sinceuncertainty isalways there,risk accompanies decisions.p2译通常管理者必须对未来的情况做出最佳预测，从而使偶然性尽可能少地发生，但因为不确定性总是存在，所以决策常伴随着风险分析前半句是主谓宾结构what thefuture willbe是at的宾语；aslittleas possible做leave的宾语；since引导原因状语从句，相当于because.
4.If there isnochoice,there isno decisionto bemade.p3译如果没有选择，就不会有决策分析这是一句很简单的条件状语从句，但它有一个很重要的考点tobemade这是动词不定式做定语修饰decision,有将来意味比如The lastquestion tobe discussedtoday ishow todivide thework amongpl译根据某个设在伦敦的帮助在英国工作的国外佣人的活动组织声称，在这20000名佣人中又近2000人被他们的雇主剥削和虐待句子分析Of these20000是状语，under2000是数词作整个句子主语，are beingexploited andabused是现在进行时态的被动语态做谓语，剩余的是状语另外，under是低于…不到…的意思；based设在…的，以…为基础的；
3.And theycan have their passports removed,making leaving or escapingvirtually impossible.p2译他们的护照可能已被拿走，其实际上既不能离开液或不能逃走句子分析havetheirpassportsremoved是V0C结构，使have sthdone句型的具体使用，表示宾语和动词之间是被动的关系，如Last weekI havemy computerrepaired.making leavingor escapingvirtually impossible是现在分词作结果状语，其中leavingorescaping是动名词，做making的宾语virtually是几乎的意思,相当于almost.
4.In oneof them,a Filipinomaid was executed inSingapore after being convicted of murder,despiteprotests from various quartersthat herguilt hadnot been adequately established.p3译其中一个事例就是关于一个菲律宾女佣在被判谋杀罪后，在新加坡被处决，尽管各个地区的人都抗议她的罪行尚未得到充分证实句子分析wasexecuted表被动，afterbeingconvicted ofmurder是时间状语，请注意being动名词，convicted被判罪,被动，词组sb isconvicted ofsth某人被判有…罪如She hastwice beenconvictedoffraud.她已经两次被判犯有诈骗罪despite尽管，是介词，因此其后只能跟名词，而不能接句子Protests是抗议的意思，that herguilt hadnot beenadequately established是Protests的同位语从句，具体解释Protests的内容from variousquarters=fromvarious places.
5.I wassupposed tobe paid£120but Inever receivedthat amount.p4译我本应该得到120英镑的报酬，但我从未得到那个数目句子分析词组be supposed todo sth应该做某事，如You aresupposedtoget thereas earlyaspossible.be paid…被支付…钱He ispaid lOOOyuanfor finishingsuch atask.
6.At theend of1994,the BritishGovernment introducednew measuresto helpprotect domesticworkersfrom abuse bytheir employers.p7译1994年年底，英国政府引进新的措施来保护家佣们，使其免受雇主的虐待句子分析At theend of1994时间状语，the BritishGovernment主语，introduced谓语，new measures宾语，to helpprotect domesticworkers fromabusebytheiremployers是不定式做目的状语词组protect sbfrom sth保护…使之远离…Each parentshould protecttheirchildfrom TVviolence.
7.So if they do complain,they riskbeing deported.p8译所以，如果他们真的抱怨的话，就会冒着被驱逐出境的风险句子分析docomplain:是谓语动词的强调形式，意思的确抱怨道的话…前面我们曾经见过itis/was…that/who…的强调句型，它不能用来强调谓语，只能强调主语、宾语和状语，而要想强调谓语，只能借助于助动词do,does,did.For example:
1.I dolove you!
2.He doesstudy veryhard.
3.I didmeet BillGates lastweek.
8.Allowing domesticworkers the freedom to seek the same type of work but witha different employer,if theyso choose,is what groups like Anti-Slavery Internationalare campaigningthe Government for.p9译给予那些愿意做同类工作但是想更换雇主的家佣们这种自由，这正是国际反奴役组织这样的团体向政府争取的句子分析Allowing domesticworkers thefreedom to seek thesame typeofworkbut witha differentemployer是动名词短语作主语，其中to seekthesametypeofworkbutwithadifferentemployer是不定式作定语修饰thefreedom,谓语是is,后面的whatgroupslikeAnti-Slavery Internationalare campaigningtheGovernmentfor是表语从句iftheyso choose是条件状语从句，做插入语
9.It is,they say,therightto changeemployers whichdistinguishes employmentfrom slavery.p9译他们说，就是更换雇主的权利才能把雇佣同奴役区别开来句子分析该句的主要形式是it is…引导的强调句强调句子的主语therightto changeemployers,theysay是插入语词组distinguish Afrom B将A同B区分开The twinsare soalike that no onecan distinguishone fromthe other.自考英语二复习资料第七章Key wordsandphrases
1.musician:n音乐家，与其同根的常见词汇music:n音乐；musical:a音乐的,musically:adv从音乐上来说的Please dothe exercises:
1.The ofthe Beatlesbecame verysuccessful andfamous during the1960s.
2.Although hewas bornin America,he couldplay manyChinese instruments.
3.Folk music,the bluesand rock，n rollremained andculturally distinctin the1960s.
4.Bob Dylan,a famousfolk_______in America,was best known forhis anti-war song.Answers:music,musical,musically,musician
2.consciousness:n意识、知觉，与其同根的常见词汇conscious:a有知觉的、有意识的=aware,反义词unconscious=unaware;副词consciously,unconsciously常用搭酉己be aware/unaware ofsth;be aware/unaware that.
1.I was_____that Ihad madea mistake.
2.did notreturn tothe injuredman fortwo hours.
3.When aperson immigratesto a new country,he should__________adapt himselftothenewenvironment.Answers:conscious,consciousness,consciously
3.originate:v发源、发生，与其同根的常见词汇origin:n起源、发源；original:a原始的，新颖的；n原著、原稿，originality:n创新、创造力
1.The useof steamoriginated manynew reforms.
2.I wonderthe originsof lifeontheearth.
3.The Indianswere theoriginal inhabitantsof NorthAmerica.
4.The quarreloriginated inconflicts betweenthe twofamilies.
5.Her designis ofgreat originality.
4.imitator:n模仿者，联想imitate:v模仿；imitation:n模仿
5.limitless:a无限制的，与其同根的常见词汇limit:n极限，v限定；limited;a有限的，limitation:n局限
1.His knowledgeabout insuranceis rather.
2.His energyseemstohave no.
3.A wiseman knowshis_____.
4.In front ofthe______ocean,he foundhewasrather insignificant.Answers:limited,limits,limitation,limitless.
6.penetrating:a穿透的，贯穿的，动词penetrate;名词penetration
7.participant:n参加者,参与者,与其同根的常见词汇:participate:v,participation:n固定搭酉己participate in sth.
8.take over:接管、接任、When heretired,his sontook overbusiness from him.
9.take on:担任，雇用
1.He hastaken onanew job.
2.The employertakes ontwenty moreworkers.Text B:
10..composer:n作曲家，动词compose,名词composition
11..inspire:v鼓舞，产生灵感，inspiration:n灵感Genius is1%of inspirationand99%of hardwork.
12.invariably:ad不变地，同根词variable:a可变的;variety:n各种各样，变化；vary:v变化；various:a各种各样的
13.sake:n缘故；forthesake ofsth为了…的缘故，好处The companyhas decidedfor economy，s saketo closedown thisdepartment.
14.harmony:n协调，harmonize:v使・••和谐；harmonious:a和谐的
15.in a sense:从某种意义上说In a sense,you areright.
16.it goeswithout sayingthat不言而喻，理所当然It goeswithout sayingthat you willbe paid forthe overtimework.Analyze thedifficult sentences:
2.The threeforms remainedmusically andculturally distinct,and evenas late as1965,none ofthemwere expressingany radicallynew statesof consciousness,pl译这三种形式保留着音乐和文化方面的特色，甚至直到1965年，这三种音乐没有一种表达出任何激进的新的意识形态句子分析主语The threeforms；谓语系动词remained；表语distinct,musically andculturally是副词修饰distinct aslateas1965时间状语，none没有一个；new statesof consciousness新的意o识状态Radically修饰new.
3.What happened,as wellas itcan beputintowords,was this.p2译所发生的情况，如果用语言尽可能表达出来是这样的句子分析主语What happened,主语从句；was this系表结构；aswellas在本句中应理解为:as…as,像一样好put inyowords:用文字表达
4.They freelytook overelements fromjazz,from Americancountry music,andas time went on fromevenmore diversesources.p2译他们自由地吸取爵士乐、美国乡村音乐的成分，随着时间的推移甚至从更多的来源中吸取营养句子分析本句核心形式take oversth fromsth从…中吸取…；as timewenton意思是:随着时间的推移，如astimegoes on,our vocabularyis enlarginggradually.Diverse:a不同的，各种各样的，相当于various.如New Yorkisavery culturallydiverse city.
5.What developedwas amusic readily taking on various forms and capableof analmost limitlessrange of expression.p2译音乐的很快发展成为具有多种形式并且几乎具有无限的表现力句子分析主语What developed,后面是一个系表结构，readilytakingonvariousformsandcapableof analmost limitlessrangeofexpression分别是现在分词短语和形容词短语做定语，修饰music.另外take on意思具有；be capableofdoing sth有能力做某事
6.Electronics did,in fact,make possiblesounds thatno instrumentup tothat timecould produce.p3译事实上，电子学的确可以制作出到那时为止乐器所发不出的声音句子分析did make是谓语的强调结构，possible是宾补，提到宾语sounds以及定语从句之前是国考的重要考点，目的是为了避免结构的头重脚轻现象在下一句话中我们还会见到相同用法
7.Electronic amplifiersalso madepossible afantastic increase in volume,the musicbecoming asloudand penetratingasthehuman earcould stand,and therebyachieving atotal effect,so thatinsteadof anaudience ofpassive listeners,there werenow audiencesof totalparticipants,feeling the musicin all of theirsenses andalloftheir bones.p3译电子扬声器也使得在音量方面能够有意想不到的提高，音乐在人类耳朵所能承受范围内变得响亮，具有穿透力，由此表达了一种完美的效果，所以听众已不是被动的听众，现在的听众是完全投入的听众，他们在全身心感受着音乐句子分析本句话非常复杂，可分为四个层次第一层次是主句Electronic amplifiersalso madepossiblea fantasticincreaseinvolume；第二层次从themusicbecoming直至句尾是现在分词的独立主格结构，做伴随状语第三层次so that引导的结果状语从句；第四层次从feeling到句尾为现在分词短语，又是分词做伴随状语
8.With recordsat home,listeners imitatedthese lightingeffects as best asthey could,andheightened thewhole experienceby usingdrugs.p4译家里有了唱片，听众尽力模仿舞厅灯光效果并通过使用药物以加强整体感受句子分析With recordsat home方式状语；imitated和heightened两个并列谓语动词；as bestas onecould尽力做某事，如I searI willteach hima lessonasbestas Icould.自考英语二复习资料第八章Key wordsandphrases
1.efficiency:n效率，其他同根词efficient:a高效率的；inefficient:a效率低的；inefficiency:n;effective:a有效果的
1.He hasdone muchto increasetheofEnglish teaching.
2.She isvery inreducing waste.
3.Uis studymethod causedhis failure.
4.The citygovernment tooksome measuresto reduceunemployment.Answers:efficiency,efficient;inefficient,effective
2.increasingly:ad不断增加地，由此可以联想到increasev增加；increasing:a不断增加的；decrease:v减少；
1.Drinking andsmoking amongyoung peopleto analarming extent.
2.The truthis becomingapparent.
3.The friendlyrelations betweenthe twocountries strengthenthe culturalexchanges betweenthem.
3.prevalent:a流行的，普通的二popular
4.calculator:n计算者，计算器，calculate:v计算；calculation:n计算；calculating:a诡计多端的
5.expose:v使暴露，揭露，揭发，exposure:n;expose sbto sth让某人接触
6.completion:n完成、结束，由此可以联想到complete:v完成，a完整的，completeness:n完整；incomplete:a不完整的
1.He deniedthe existenceof god.
2.He hasnever______a projecton time.
3.Money willbepaidhalf inadvance andhalf on.
4.When willthenewrailway
7.intensity:n强烈、剧烈，由此可以联想到intense=strong:a强烈的，intensive:a密集的，加强的；intensify:v加强；intension:n强烈、紧张
1.We shouldthestruggle forpeace.
2.There arefew strongsituations ormoments ofdramatic.
3.They havebeen receivinga four-day trainingcourse.
4.They keptworkinginthe heat.Answers:intensify,intensity,intensive,intense
8.defective:a有缺点的，defect:n缺点
9.assemble:v集合、装配；assembly:n装配
10.expose sth/sbto sth:暴露,面临、遭受
1.People oftenexpose theirskin tothe sunin summer.
2.I won，t exposemy soldiersto suchunnecessary risks.
11.in that:在于，因为
1.I likethe countrybetter in that itis closerto nature.
12.in question:正被谈论的，正被考虑的通常放在被修饰名词后面We knownothing about the planinquestion.Analyze thedifficult sentences
1.Most oftodays robotsare employedinthe automotive industry,where theyare programmedto takeoversuch jobsas welding and spray painting automobileand truckbodies.p2翻译今天大多数机器人用于汽车工业，它们按照编好的程序接任了汽车和卡车车身的焊接和喷漆这一类的工作分析该句的考点是where引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰inthe automotive industry另外请注意几o个词的用法employ:v雇佣，使用，相当于use;program:v编写程序；take over:接管、接收、接任，如Do youwant me to takeoverthedriving if you aretiredsuch...as例如,weldingandspraypainting是动名词,做宾语
2.Robots,already takingover humantasks intheautomotivefield,are beginningtobeseen,althoughto a lesser degree,in otherindustries aswell.p3翻译除了在汽车生产领域替代人工劳动外，机器人也开始在别的工业部门应用，虽然应用程度低一些分析该句考点如下already takingover humantasks intheautomotivefield是现在分词短语做定语；tobeseen不定式的被动概念；although to alesser degree让步状语，to alesserdegree是表示在更小的程度上，反义词to alarger degree.
3.The robotsused innuclear pantshandle the radioactive materials,preventing humanpersonnelfrom being exposed toradiation.p3翻译核电站里使用机器人处理辐射材料，避免人员接触放射性物质分析主语The robots；谓语handle；宾语the radioactivematerials；usedinnuclear pantshandletheradioactivematerials是过去分词短语做定语；preventing humanpersonnel frombeing exposedtoradiation是现在分词短语做伴随状语beingexposedto动名词被动语态；prevent sbfromdoing阻止某人做某事
4.Robots differform automaticmachines in that aftercompletion ofone specifictask,they canbereprogrammed bya computertodoanother one.p4翻译机器人与自动化装置的区别在于它们完成一项特定任务后可以由计算机重新编程去执行另一项任务分析该句重要考点inthat,相当于because,所引导从句表原因如Men aredifferentfromother animalsinthat the formercan createand use tools whilethe lattercannot.
5.Tt isnot yetknown whetherrobots willone dayhave visionas goodas human vision.p5翻译人们不知道是否有一天机器人能具有像人类一样好的视觉分析该句的主语是whether引导的主语从句有关知识请见课后补充语法,it是形式主语;as goodashumanvision是后置定语修饰vision;
6.Engineers working on other advances aredesigning andexperimenting withnew typesof metalhandsand fingers,giving robotsa senseof touch.p6翻译在其他方面努力取得进展的工程人员正在设计和实验新的金属手臂和手指，使机器人具有触觉分析请注意该句中几个-ing的区别working onotheradvances是非谓语动词中的现在分词；aredesigning andexperimenting是谓语动词的进行时态；giving robotsa senseof touch是非谓语动词的现在分词做结果状语词组experiment with sth实验
7.These futurerobots,assembled witha senseof touchand the ability tosee and make decisions,will haveplenty ofwork todo.p7翻译未来具有触觉、视觉并能决策的机器人将可以做很多工作分析主语These futurerobots；谓语will have；宾语plenty ofwork todoassembled witha senseof touchand theability tosee andmake decisions是过去分词短语做定语，修饰主语，其中动词不定式toseeandmake decisions是另外一个定语，修饰theability.词组be assembledwithsth=be equippedwth sth装备有；a senseof touch触觉，同样的短语还有asenseof sight/hearing/smell/taste:视觉，听觉，嗅觉，味觉；asenseof humor/direction:幽默感/方向感makedecisions做出决定；plenty ofsth充足的，足够的
8.Anyone wanting tounderstand the industry ofthefuture willhave toknow aboutrobotics.p7翻译任何希望了解未来工业的人必须懂机器人分析这句话是国考题目中常考的考点wantingtounderstand theindustryofthefuture,是现在分词短语做定语，修饰anyone.词组know about sth了解，懂得自考英语二复习资料第十章补充语法知识名词性从句名词性从句是由if,whether,that和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样一.主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾
1.It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词thato被强调部分指人是也可用who/whomo例如
1.It isa pitythat youdidnt go toseethe film.
2.It doesntinterest mewhether yousucceed ornot.
3.It isinthemorning thatthe murdertook place.
4.It isJohn thatbroke thewindow.必背用形式主语it引导的主语从句相当多，有些已形成固定的语法和译法常见的有It issaid that...据说It isreported that...据报导It iswell knownthat...众所周知It is announced that...据宣布It isbelieved that...人们相信It isthought that...人们认为It isunderstood that...自不彳寺言It mustbe pointedout that...必须指出It mustbe admittedthat...必须承认
2.主语从句的语序主语从句要求使用陈述句语序，而非一般疑问句语序如What surprisedme mostwas thatthe little girl couldplay theviolin sowell.使我感到惊讶的是这个小女孩的小提琴拉得太好了How hewas successfulis still a puzzle.他是如何成功的仍然是个谜
3.连接词的选用1that和what的选用that和what都可引导主语从句what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当某些成分，可作从句的主语、宾语或表语而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，无词义，只起连接词作用如What hewants isa book.他想要的是一本书That lighttravels instraight linesis knownto all.众所周知,光线沿直线运行2if和whether的选用引导主语从句，不能用if,只能用whether如Whether wewill holda partyintheopen airtomorrow dependsontheweather.我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定3其它连接代词和副词的选用根据主语从句的具体意义，正确的选择who,which,when,where,why,how等连接词，这些连接词既有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分如When weshall holdour sportsmeet isnotdecided.我们何时举行运动会还没有决定Who brokethe glassyesterday isnot clear.还不清楚昨天谁打破了玻璃Which caryou willchoose tobuy makesno difference.你决定买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别二.宾语从句在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句
1.ourselves.
5.For managers,every decisionhas constraintsbased onpolicies,procedures,laws,precedents,andthelike.p3译对于管理者而言，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律以及惯例等因素制约分析这句话的考点是based onpolicies,procedures,laws,precedents,andthelike同样是过去分词短语做定语修饰constraints其中词组base…on以…为基础如The filmis basedonsshort storybyJack London.
6.But thetendency to simplify blindsthem to other alternatives.p4译但是这种简化的倾向使得他们看不到其他可供选择的方法分析该句主语thetendencyto simplify,谓语blinds;them是宾语tosimplify是定语，修饰thetendency；tootheralternatives是宾补其中短语blind sbtosth:使…看不见…；we shouldnt letour prejudicesblind ustothefacts.
7.Because individualsand organizationsfrequently havedifferent ideasabout how to attain thegoals,the bestchoice maydepend onwho makesthe decision.p6line4--6译因为个人和组织关于如何达到目的常有不同的观点，哪种是最优的选择可能要看是谁做出决策分析这是一个由because引导的原因状语从句其中howtoattainthegoals做介词about的宾语，who makesthe decision做介词on的宾语
8.Some ofthese objectivesare more important thanothers,but theorder anddegree ofimportanceoften vary from person to personand fromdepartment todepartment.p7line2-4译其中有一些目标比其它的更重要，但其顺序和重要程度因人和不同的部门而异分析请注意比较级moreimportantthan,词组vary frompersontoperson译成中文因人而异，可以推出因季节而异varyfromseason toseason***.
9.When presentedwithacommon case,sales managerstendtosee salesproblems,production managersseeproduction problems,and soon.p7line5--7译当面对同一件日常事情时，销售经理倾向于看销售问题，而生产经理则会看生产相关的问题，寺寺O分析前半部分为常考内容，它是when+过去分词短语，构成时间状语部分其中词组be presentedwith=be facedwith当面对・・・When facedwith difficulties,we should be brave..
10.People oftenassume that adecisionisanisolated phenomenon.p9译人们经常假设一项决策是孤立的现象分析句子结构简单主谓宾从句其中assume:二imagine;isolated:adj孤立的phenomenon:n现象；复数变化较特殊phenomena宾语从句常由that引导，在口语中常省略当主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响，按需要可以使用任何时态如She saysthat sheworks fromMonday toFriday.从句是一般现在时She saysthat she will leavea messageon hisdesk.从句是一般将来时当主句谓语是过去时态，从句中的时态一般用表示过去的某种时态如He saidthere wereno classesyesterday afternoon.从句是~■般过去时He saidthat hewas goingto take careofthe baby.从句是过去将来时He saidthattheywere havingameetingat thattime.从句是过去进彳亍时当主句谓语是过去时态，而宾语从句叙述某一客观真理事实时，宾语从句的时态则用一般现在时如The teachertold usthatnothing isdifficult ifyou putyour heartinto it.老师告诉我们世上无难事只怕有心人He saidthat lighttravels muchfaster thansound.他说光传播比声音传播快得多
2.否定转移1将think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式I dontthinkIknow you.我想我并不认识你I don，t believehewillcome.我相信他不回来注意若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移I hopeyou weren，t ill.我想你没有生病吧2将seem,appear等后的从句的否定转移到前面It doesntseem thatthey knowwhere to go.看来他们不知道往哪去It doesn，t appearthat wellhave asunny daytomorrow.看来我们明天不会碰上好天气三.表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等引导表语从句的that常可省略另外，常用的还有the reasonis that…和It isbecause等结构例如1The questionis whetherwecanmake goodpreparation insuch ashort time.2This iswhy wecan，t getthe supportofthe people.3But thefact remainsthat weare behindtheotherclasses.4The reasonhe islate forschool is that hemissed the early bus.四.同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句
1.同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如1The king，sdecisionthattheprisoner wouldbe setfree surprisedall the people.2The orderthat allthe soldiersshould staystill isgiven bythe general.
2.同位语从句与定语从句的区别1定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分主语或宾语，而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分2定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明例如1The newsthat hetold meisthat Tom would go abroadnext year.他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语2The newsthatTomwouldgoabroad istold byhim.汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分Key wordsandphrases
1.warning:n警告，warn:v警告，warn sbnot todosth;give sba warning
2.shift:v/n替换，转移，改变，转变，轮班
1.There hasbeenashift infashion fromformal tomore informaldress.
2.The windshifted fromeast tonorth.
3.She works the dayshift andherhusbandworksthenight shift.
3.speculate:v思索、推测，speculate on/upon/aboutsth,speculation:n,speculator:n
4.datum:n资料、数据，复数形式data;又如bacterium:细菌，bacteria;medium,media.
5.reliability:n可靠性,reliable:a可靠的，unreliable:a不可靠的
6.partial:a偏袒的，部分的，be partialto sb.
7.up-to-date:a最新的，outofdate:过时的，to date:至今
1.Will longdress gooutofdate nextyear
2.To date,we havenot receivedany repliesfromhim.
3.She alwayswears clothesthat areright upto date.
8.analyze:v分析,analysis:n,复数形式:analyses.
9.work on:从事…；对…有影响
1.The scientisthasbeenworking onenvironmental protectionformanyyears.
2.The sufferingsofthepoor workedon ourfeelings somuch thatwe gavethem allthe helpwecould.
10.set sthup:设立、建立、提出
1.A statuewas set up inthe centerofthe city.
2.Many countriesagreed tosetupan internationalorganization tokeep peace.
3.Einstein setup manyimportant theories.Analyze thedifficult sentences:
1.Scientists areworking onprogram to predict where and when an earthquake will occur.Pl翻译科学家们正致力于研究预报地震何时何地发生的计划分析Scientists areworkingonprogram是句子的主体部分，topredictwhere andwhen an earthquakewill occur是动词不定式做定语，修饰program.其中，whereandwhenanearthquakewilloccur是动词predict的宾语从句，注意疑问句的语序词组work on:从事…，对…有影响，如The sufferingsofthepoor workedon ourfeelings somuch thatwe gavethem allthe helpwe could.
2.They hope to developan earlywarning systemthat can be usedto forecastearthquakes sothatliving canbe saved.Pl翻译他们希望研究出一种早期警报系统，用来预报地震，以挽救人们的生命分析该句中that引导的定语从句修饰an earlywarning system,另外，sothat引导目的状语从句注意，情态动词的被动语态在这句话中的用法
3.Two ofthe biggestearthquakes that were ever recorded took place inChina andAlaska.P2翻译有记载的两次最大的地震发生在中国和阿拉斯加分析主语Two ofthe biggestearthquakes,谓语tookplace该句考点，形容词最高级,the biggest;thatwereeverrecorded是定语从句；were recorded表示“被记录”；词组take place发生、举行，请注意该词无被动语态如Great changeshave takenplace inBeijing inrecent years.
4.The nationsthat areactively involved in earthquakeprediction programsinclude Japan,…・.P4翻译积极参与地震预报研究的国家包括日本…分析该句考点,词组be involvedin sth参与…；或be actively involvedin sth积极地参与…如All thecountries inthe worldshouldbeactivelyinvolvedin protectingthe environment.
5.These networksare onthe alertfor warning signs thatshow the weakening of rock layersthatcan precedeanearthquake.P4翻译这些网络一直处于戒备状态，搜索着警告的迹象，这些迹象显示出在地震前可能发生岩层松动状况分析这句话的主干是These networksareonthe alertfor warningsigns,它后面是两个套在一起的定语从句，均是由that引导的，第一个修饰warningsigns；第二个修饰theweakeningofrocklayerso词组onthe alert:警戒、防备着…如Passengers onbuses shouldbe onthealertagainst pick-pockets.
6.They watch for changesinthewater leveland temperaturethat areassociated withmovement alongfaults.P4翻译他们密切注意与断层运动有关的水位和水温的变化分析词组watchfor密切注意…；be associatedwith同…有关系
7.Everyone agreesthat earthquakescannot bepredicted with any reliability.P6翻译人们都认为不可能可靠地预报地震分析that引导的是宾语从句，其中cannot be不可能，表示推测语气；withanyreliability带有任何可能性
8.While thisisasmall start,itisstillabeginning.p6翻译尽管这是一个小的开端，但毕竟只是处于初始阶段分析本句中的while意思是“尽管，虽然”，引导让步状语从句请看下面的句子，区分while含义
1.While I was walkingalong thestreet,I metan E.T.2,I likewatching TVwhile myhusband likesplaying chessinthespare time.
3.While hehas triesseveral times,he stillfails again.Grammar:倒装句英语中主语在前,谓语在后的语序称为自然语序由于语法、修辞的需要谓语置于主语之前，称为全部倒装；助动词、情态动词等移到主语之前而主要动词仍然在主语之后的，称作半倒装.全部倒装和半倒装的句子统称倒装句倒装句之全部倒装全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时常见的结构有1here,there,now,then,thus等副词置于句首，谓语动词常用be,come,go,lie,runThere goesthe bell.Then camethe chairman.Here isyour letter.2表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词In thefrontofthe classroomstands ourEnglish teacher.Ahead satan oldwoman.注意上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装Here hecomes.Away theywent.倒装句之部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does或did,并将其置于主语之前1句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,atno time,in noway,notuntil…等Never haveI seensuch aperformance.Nowhere willyou findthe answerto this question.Not until the child fell asleepdid themother leavethe room.当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装注意如否定词不在句首不倒装I havenever seensuchaperformance.The motherdidn，t leavethe roomuntilthechildfellasleep.典型例题1Why can，t Ismoke hereAt notime___________inthemeeting-roomA.is smokingpermitted B.smoking ispermittedC.smoking isit permittedD.does smokingpermit答案A.这是一个倒装问题当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构这些否定词包括no,little,hardly,seldom,never,not only,not until等本题的正常语序是Smoking ispermittedin themeeting-room atnotime.2Not untilthe earlyyears ofthe19th centurywhat heatis.A.man didknow B.man knowC.didn，tmanknow D.did manknow答案D.看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C,D中选一个改写为正常语序为，Man did not knowwhat heatis untilthe earlyyears ofthe19th.现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了，否则意思就变了以否定词开头作部分倒装如Not only*but also,Hardly/Scarcely,•when,No sooner***than
1.Not onlydid herefuse thegift,he alsoseverely criticizedthe sender.
2.Hardly had she gone out whena student came to visit her.
3.No soonerhadshegoneoutthan astudentcametovisither.50,neither,nor作部分倒装表示‘也‘、‘也不’的句子要部分倒装Tom canspeak French.So canJack.If youwon，t go,neither willI.典型例题Do youknow Jimquarrelled withhis brother1don，tknow,.A.nor don，t I care B.nor doI careC.I don，t careneither D.I don，t care also答案B.nor为增补意思也不关心’，因此句子应倒装A错在用dont再次否定，C neither用法不对且缺乏连词D缺乏连词注意当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构意为的确如此Tom askedmetogotoplay footballand soI did.Its raininghard.So itis.only在句首要倒装的情况Only inthis waycan youlearn Englishwell.Only afterbeing askedthree timesdid hecome tothemeeting.如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装Only whenhe isseriously ill,does heever stayin bed.as,though引导的倒装句as/though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词，副词，分词，实义动词提前）注意1）句首名词不能带任何冠词2）句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前Try hardas hewill,he neverseems abletodotheworksatisfactorily.注意让步状语从句中，有though,although时，后面的主句不能有but,但是though和yet可连用其他部分倒装1）so…that句型中的so位于句首时，需倒装So frightenedwas hethat hedidnotdare tomove aninch.2）在某些表示祝愿的句型中May youall behappy.3）在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were,had,should等词，可将if省略，把were,had,should移到主语之前，采取部分倒装Were Iyou,I wouldtry itagain.典型例题1Not untiltheearlyyears ofthe19th centurywhat heatisA.man didknow B.man knewC.didn，tmanknow D.did manknow答案为D.否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构2Not untilI beganto workhow muchtime Ihad wasted.A.didn，t I realize B.did Irealize C.I didn，t realizeD.Irealize答案为B3Do youknow Tombought anew carI dontknow,.A.nor don，t Icare B.nor doIcareC.I don，t careneither D.I dontcarealso解析答案为B.句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示‘也不’由so,neither,nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现其中，so用于肯定句，而neither,nor用在否定句中自考英语二复习资料第二章重点单词、词组详讲
1.interview:n/v采访、面试；interviewer:n采访者；interviewee:n被采访者e.g.
1.Whos themost famousperson you，ve everinterviewed onTV
2.In aTV interviewlast night,she deniedshe hadany intentionof resigning.
2.criticism:n批评，评论;criticize:v批评；critical:a批评的、挑剔的、关键的；critic:n评论家，请填填看1He isa literary.2We areatatime inour history.3He can，t take.4The boywas byhis fatherfor beinglate forschool.Answers:critic,critical,criticism,criticized
3.indifference:n冷漠、漠不关心；indifferent:a冷漠的，反义词enthusiastic:热情的cf:different:a不同的，名词difference;反义词same.
4.inefficiency:n无效，由此联想得到efficient:a高效率的；efficiency:n inefficient:a低效率的
5.conservative:a保守的、保存的；conserve:v保存；conservation:n
6.apply to sb forsth:向某人申请某物e.g.The studentapplied tothe embassyfor avisa.
7.takethetrouble todosth:不辞劳苦、费力地做某事e.g.If youtook thetrouble tolisten towhat Iwas saying,youd knowwhat Iwas talkingabout.
8.put oneselfin somebody，s place:设身处地…If youput yourselfin yourmother，splace,youwillunderstand whyshe isso worriedabout you.
9.in hand:手头上有，进行中r vegot enoughmoney inhand tobuy anew car.
10.turn down:调小，降低，拒绝Turn down the TV,forthebaby issleeping.He turneddown the job becausethe payisn，t goodenough.课文难句分析
1.The keywords hereare preparation and confidence,which willcarry youfar.p2译这里的关键词是准备和自信，它们将使你前程远大°分析which willcarry youfar非限定性定语从句,修饰preparationandconfidenceo另外请注意key关键的；preparation是prepare的名词；confidence:n信心Confident:a有信心的；self-confidence:自信心
2.Find outall you can about the jobyou areapplying for andthe origination you hope to work for.p4译了解你所申请的工作和你希望为之工作的组织分析you areapplying for定语，修饰the job;you hope to work for定语修饰theorigination词组apply tosb forsth向某人申请什么
3.It showsan unattractiveindifference to your employer and to your job.p6译它表明你对雇主和你的工作的态度冷漠，不感兴趣分析it主语；shows谓语；an unattractiveindifference宾语；to youremployerandtoyourjob间接宾语Show sthtosb=show sbsth.另外，请注意indifference:冷漠，漠视
4.He wantssomebody who is hard-working witha pleasantpersonality anda realinterest inthe job.p7分析whoishard-workingwitha pleasantpersonality anda realinterest inthejob全部都是定语，修饰somebody注意介词with表示带有；have interestinsth对…有兴趣
5.Anything that you find out aboutthe prospective employer canbe usedtoyouradvantage duringthe interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts aboutthepeople who youhopetoworkfor.p8译你找到的任何有关未来雇主的信息在面试中都能为你所用，以表示你费了心思去掌握一些关于你希望为其工作的人的事实分析从这个句子的长度大家也能看出这是一个复杂句主体结构为anything canbe usedto youradvantage,thatyoufindoutabouttheprospectiveemployer是定语从句；during theinterview状语；toshowthatyou havebotheredtomastersome factsaboutthepeoplewho youhopetowork for是目的状语；whoyouhopetoworkfor是另外一个定语从句修饰thepeople.词组toyouradvantage:对你有利；workforsb为某人工作
6.Do not be afraid to ask for clarificationof somethingthat hasbeen said duringtheinterviewif youwant tobe surewhat wasimplied,but do be polite.plO译面试中如果你想确切地知道某些话的含义，不要害怕请对方解释清楚，但一定要有礼貌分析基本句型notbeafraidtodosth;不要害怕去做某事；askforclarification要求澄清；thathas beensaidduringtheinterview定语，修饰something;what wasimplied宾语；do bepolite:其中do为了强调，如dobecareful!I dolove you!He doeslie tous!
7.Have the letter inviting you for an interviewready toshow in case there is any difficulty incommunication.pl6译拿着邀请你面试的通知书，以防万一交谈出现困难时显示分析这是一个祈使句Have动词，拿着；theletter宾语；invitingyouforaninterview现在分词做定语；ready toshow》犬语；incasethereisanydifficultyin communication条件状语从句；词组thereissome difficultyinsth/doingsth在・,•方面有困难如We have some difficultyspeaking Englishfluently.
8.There islittle likelihoodthat apanel offive wantstogo through theprocess ofall shakinghandswith youin turn.p20译由五个人构成的专门小组几乎不可能轮流与你握手分析这句话的重点在于thatapanel offive antstogothrough theprocess ofall shakinghandswith youin turn是一个同位语从句，是对little likelihood的解释其中likelihood:n可能性，相当于possibility;gothrough经历；in turn:轮流
9.Would youmind rephrasingthe question,please p23译您介意换个说法来问这个问题吗？分析考点mind doingsth.如Would youmind turningdowntheTV语法介绍as的相关用法as是一个乍一看简单，但实际在英语中用法很复杂的小词从词类上讲，可以用作介词、副词、连词以及关系代词；从语法功能角度来看，可以构成介词宾语，引导原因状语从句，时间状语从句，方式状语从句，让步状语从句，比较状语从句和定语从句此外as还出现在很多固定搭配中，如as if,as though,as longas,asto,as for,so asto,etc.请看下列例句，并请分析出as的具体用法
1.I workas anEnglish teacherinamiddle school.
2.Run asfast as youcan.
3.Young ashe is,he knowsmorethanI.
4.Just as Iwasleaving,the telephonerang.
5.Please doasIhave toldyou.
6.As Iam theoldest childin myfamily,I musttakecareoftheother children.
7.Such peopleasyouhave describedare rarenow|自考英语二复习资料第三章
1.astronomer:n天文学家；astronomy:n天文学
2.explode:v爆炸，由此联想explosive:a爆炸性的/n炸药；explosion:n爆炸
1.When thebomb,many peoplewere seriouslywounded.
2.The unexpectedfrightened thelittlegirl.
3.It mightbe possibleto convertenergy intoheat.Answers:exploded,explosion,explosive
3.density:n密度；联想产生dense:a密度大的，反义词sparse;densely:ad高密度地；densely-populated人口稠密的；sparsely-populated人口稀疏的
1.The fogkept thetravelers fromfinding thecorrect direction.
2.The businessarea ofthecityis populated.
3.This liquidhas amuch greaterthan water.Answers:dense,densely,density
4.shrink:v收缩、退缩、缩水1,As aresultofcareless washing,the jackethas shrunktoachild，s size.
2.The girlshrinks atthe sightofblood.
5.measurement:n衡量、测量；由此联想measure:n措施/v衡量、测量；measurable:a可衡量的，可测量的
1.We musttake toprotect ourenvironment.
2.We havecome withindistance ofsuccess.
3.Clocks giveus aof time.
4.There therainfall isnot ininches butin feet.Answers:measures,measurable,measurement,measured
6.implication:n含义、暗不；imply:v暗不
7.basis:n基础、根据,由此可以联想得到base:n底部；v以…为底，为根据；basic:a基础的，根本的；basically:ad根本上来说,
1.If youwant toimprove yourEnglish,you musthave asolid___________.
2.The furnitureof outdorm isreally:two beds,two chairsand tables.
3.The chargesare falsefor theyare noton provenfacts.
4.Since nobetter plancanbeworked out,we haveto adoptthe workableone.Answers:basis,basic,based,basically
8.observatory:n天文台；由此可以联想得到observe:v观察；observation:n观察；observer:n观察家
9.convincing:a有说服力的，使人信服的；convince:v使人信服；convinced:a感到有说服力的，常见搭配convince sbofsth;convince sbthat
1.He gaveus aconvincing speech.
2.He convincedmefhis sincerity.
10.operate:v运转、操作、动手术；operation:n手术，操作；operator:操作者
11.research into对…进行研究She isresearching intopossible curesfor AIDS.
12.swallow up:吞没、耗尽Many smallbusinesses havebeen swallowedup bylarge companies.
13.apply tosb/sth适用于某人/某事，请对比apply tosb forsth向某人申请某事；apply Ato B将A应用于B
1.You shouldapply whatyouhavelearned toyour work.
2.I appliedto himforanewjob.
3.The studymethod doesn，t applyto everyoneAnalyzetheimportantsentencesamongthetext
1.Well,its difficultto answerthis question,since theterms wewould normallyuse todescribea scientific phenomenon areinadequate here,pl译哦，这个问题很难回答，因为我们通常用来描述一种科学现象的现有术语在这里不够用句子分析it是形式主语，to answerthisquestion是句子主语；since引导原因状语从句，we wouldnormallyusetodescribe ascientificphenomenon是定语从句，修饰terms;inadequate:不充分的，不合格的
2.Astronomers andscientists thinkthata black holeisaregion ofspace nota thinginto whichmatterhas fallenand from which nothingcan escapenoteven light,pl译天文学家和科学家认为黑洞是一个空间区域，而不是一个物体，物质会掉进黑洞而没有物体可以从中逃脱出来，即使是光也不行句子分析:into which和fromwhich引导两个定语从句,介词into和fall搭配;from和escape搭配这种介词+which的定语从句的形式请多注意
3.The theoryisthatsome starsexplode whentheir densityincreases toa particular point.p2译关于黑洞形成的理论就是一些星球的密度增长到某个特定的点就会爆炸句子分析这是一个主系表结构句that用来引导表语从句，不可省略其中又包含一个when引导的时间状语从句toaparticularpoint是达到某一个特定的点的含义
4.But ifthe starisverylarge muchbigger thanour sunthis processof shrinkingmay beso intensethatablackhole results.p2译但如果星球很大比我们的太阳还要大得多，其收缩过程可能很剧烈，以致于产生了黑洞句子分析这是一个if引导的条件状语从句，so…that表示如此…以致，是结果状语从句如rmso tiredthat Ican evensleep onmy wayhome.
6.It isonly recentlythat astronomershave begunspecific researchinto blackholes.p31inel3—14译只是近来科学家才开始对黑洞进行具体的研究句子分析本句的核心结构为itis…that的强调句型，强调时间状语only recently词组research intosth对…进行研究
7.The mostconvincing evidenceof blackholes comesfrom researchintobinarystarsystems.。
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