还剩2页未读,继续阅读
文本内容:
不定式教案I.不定式句法功能
1.作主语The catsaid,“To take roller coasteris terrible.不定式短语作主语时,可以直接放在句首,但在很多情况下,尤其是在疑问句和感叹句中,往往放在谓语之后,而用先行代词it作形式主语一The catsaid,It sterrible to take rollercoaster.wHow longdid ittake you to take roller coasterHowterrible itis totakerollercoaster不定式作主语常见句型a Tt is+adj.easy,important,difficult…+不定式It is+n.a pity,a pleasure,ones duty,a shame+不定式eg.It smy dutyto teachyou howto bea studentof MiddleSchool.b Ittakes/needs/requires+some timehours,months,days,patience…+不定式eg.It requirespatienceto bea goodteacher.
2.作表语当句子的主语是aim,idea,policy,question,suggestion,wish,task,duty,job,purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时,后面可以用不定式做表语,用以说明主语所包含,容eg.Our mostimportant tasknow isto makea plan.注作表语的不定式都带to,但当主语部分有实义动词do时,to可以省略eg.The onlything wecan donow iswait andsee.
3.作宾语The catsaid“Remember nottotakeit nexttime!”.a可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多,常见的有agree,afford,tend,ask,decide,determine,expect,fail,hope,learn,intend,manage,offer,plan,promise,refuse,want,wish等I don,t want like Ifm speakingill ofanybody,but themanagerJ splan isunfair.A.to soundB.to besoundedC.soundingD.to havesounded当不定式短语比宾补长时,往往将不定式放到宾补后,而用先行代词it作形式宾语,常用动词有feel,think,find,believe,consider,make等The catfelt itterrible totakerollercoaster.b不定式一般不作介词的宾语,只有少数介词如but,except等后面可以跟不定式作宾语一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都带to,如果but或except所在句子里的谓语动词都是实义动词do,does,did时,通常省略toEg.We haveno choicebut towait.Cf.We cando nothingbut wait.
4.宾语补足语在svoc句型中,许多动词都可以按不定式作宾语补足语a通常作宾语补语的不定式要带to,常用于以下动词之后ask,tell,advise,allow,enable,expect,force,get,like,order,teach,want,invite,wish,beg等You shouldget themto helpyou.但在谓语动词believe,find,think,feel,consider,suppose,imagine,prove等后面跟to be…作宾补,不跟to do…eg.They believehim to be honest.b以下两类动词后跟不定式作宾补时不能带t
①一些表示“致使”意义的动词,如let,have,make等
②一些表示感觉的动词,如:hear,feel,see,watch,notice等Don tlet thechildren troubleyou.I heardsomeone openthe door.但当这两类动词为被动态时,不定式就成了主补作主补的不定式必须加上toHis fathermade himgoto bed early.—He wasmade to go to bedearlyby hisfather.
5.作定语不定式可以在句子充当后置定语,修饰名词以下几类情况常用不定式作定语
①能带不定式作宾语的动词,其同源名词可以带不定式作定语常见的有attempt,decision,promise,plan等eg.He hasn,t kepthis promiseto writeto hisparents regularly.
②常与不定式搭配的形容词,其同源名词一般可以用不定式作定语常见的有ability,determination,anxiety,eagerness等eg.His eagernessto finish his homeworkwas quiteclear.
③序数词形容词最高级或被nly,last,next等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语She wasthe onlyperson tosurvive afterthe earthquake.Tips不定式在作定语时,有时与被修饰的名词有意义上的主谓关系、同位关系、动宾关系,如果该不定式是不及物动词,它后面需要加上适当介词Eg.He,s alwaysthe firstto comeand thelast to leave.主谓关系I veno time to listento yourexcuse.同位关系She hasa meetingto attend.(动宾关系=attend ameeting)ThereJ s nothing toworry about.(动宾关系=worry aboutnothing).作状语不定式可以作状语,表示目的、结果、原因、条件等
①to…,in orderto…,so as to…(不能放在句首)作目的状语Al1these gifts must be mailedimmediately intime forChristmas.A.in orderto havereceived B.in orderto receiveC.so as to bereceived D.so asto bereceiving
②在so…asto,such….asto,only to…结构中不定式作结果状语,其中only to…用于表示意想不到的结果He hurriedto thestation onlyto findthe trainhad gone.
③enough to,too…to结构eg.The boyisn told enoughtogo to school.=The boyis tooyoung togotoschool.
④形容词(happy,glad,lucky,fortunate,surprised,angry,anxious,ready,quick,slow,cruel,clever等)+不定式结构eg.I mglad tomeet you.The questionis differentto answer.He ishard to get alongwith.
6.作插入语,用来说明说话人的态度、看法、对整个句子进行解释,如to befrank(坦白地说),tobe sure(确实)等Eg.To tellyou thetruth,I hateyou.
7.作同位语eg.The orderto startthe generalattack sooncame.不定式的复合结构,以it为形式主语或形式宾语引导的复合结构,如果其前的形容词是指行为的性质就用for sb.to do sth.这种复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等Ttisnecessary for metolearn Englishwell.如果该形容词是指行为的性质,同时又指行为的人,则用f sb.to dosth.这种句式中的常用形容词有right,wrong,brave,careful,careless,clever,wise,stupid,cruel,fool ish,good,honest,kind,nice,silly等eg.It svery kindof youto cometo seeme.连接代(副)词+不定式(包括whether,what,which,whom,where,when,how,不包括why),在句中起名词的作用,通常跟在诸如tell,know,show,decide,learn,wonder,explain等动词后作宾、主语或表语Eg.No onecan tellme whereto findJohn.When tothe examis stillunknown.The problemis howtogetenough money.不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式
①不定式的进行式由tobe+V-ing构成,用来表示谓语动词动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行Eg.Some studentspretendedto bereading Englishwhen theteacher camein.
②不定式完成式由thave+V-ed构成,用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前Eg.Is BobstillperformingI mafraid not.He is saidthe stagealready ashe hasbecome anofficial.A.to haveleftB.to leaveC.to havebeenD.to beleft答案是A
③不定式的被动式分为一般式被动to beV-ing和完成式被动to havebeen V-ed当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式要用被动语态Eg.It is an honourformeto beinvited tothe party.The bookissaidto havebeen translatedinto manylanguages.All thesegiftsmustbemailedimmediately intime forChristmas.A.in orderto havereceivedB.in orderto receiveC.so asto bereceivedD.so asto bereceiving动名词
1.动名词的句法功能动名词由动词加ing构成,与现在分词的形式相同动名词主要起名词作用,在句中担任主语、表语、宾语和定语
①作主语,可以直接放在句首,也可以用先行代词it作为形式主语,而把动名词后置eg.Seeing isbelieving.(眼见为实)Saying iseasier thandoing.Collecting stampsisagood hobby.(单个动名词短语作主语时,动词用单数)动名词作主语还有以下两个习惯表答法It isno use(good)+动名词做某事没有用Eg.It sno usecrying overspilt milk.(覆水难收)There isno+动名词(=It isimpossible todosth.)Eg.There isno knowingwhat mayhappen.(未来的事无法知道)
②作表语通常是说明主语的内容,注意它与谓语动词进行时的区别eg.His hobbyis collecting stamps.(此句为SVC结构)可改为Collecting stampsis hishobby.Cf.He is collectingstamps,(iscollecting是谓语动词进行时,此句为SVO结构)不能改为Collecting stampsis he.
③作宾语A.作及物动词的宾语(enjoy,mind,finish,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,escape,pratise,suggest,keep(on),miss)got well-prepared forthe jobinterview,for hecouldn,t riskthe goodopportunity.A.to loseB.losingC.tobelostD.being lost答案为B有些动词(attempt,begin,continue,hate,like,love)后面既可以接不定式作宾语,也可以接动名词作宾语,意义差别不大通常认为用动名词泛指一般的倾向性,用不定式则表示特定或具体某一种动作Eg.I likeswimming butI don,tliketo swimin winter.动词prefer后面接不定式作宾语时,句子结构与按动名词作宾语是不一样eg.I preferto driverather thantobedriven.I preferdriving toriding.有些动词,如forget,remember,regret等,后面接动名词表示的动作先于谓语动词动作,不定式表示的动作后于谓语动词Eg.When askedby police,he saidthat heremembered athe party,but not.A.to arrive,leaving B.to arrive,to leaveC.arriving,leaving D.arriving,toleave在下列句型中动名词作真正宾语动词+it形式宾语+宾补+动名词真正宾语eg.I thinkit nousetelling them.We thinkit nogood invitingto him.B.作介词的宾语Eg.The presidentspoke atthe businessmeeting fornearly anhour hisnotes.A.bringing upB.referring toC.looking forD.trying onbeused todoing习惯于做;look forwardtodoing盼望做;devote ones1ife todoing致力于做;spent timein doing花时间做;befond of doing喜爱做;be goodat doing擅长做;be proudofdoing为做…而自豪;be tiredofdoing对做…感到厌倦;feel likedoing欲想做;go ondoing继续做原来的事;keep ondoing不停地做;what aboutdoing做…怎么样;think ofdoing考虑做;be interestedin doing对做…感兴趣;have somedifficulty/trouble in doing做某事有困难;be busyindoing忙于做;insteadof doing做…而不做…eg.Everybody inthe villagelikes Jackbecause heis goodat telling andjokes.A.turning upB.putting upC.making upD.showing up答案为C
④作定语动名词可作前置定语,表示所修饰的词的用途或目的,可用for改写;而现在分词作定语时,可用定语从句改写swimming poolwaiting roomwalking sticka sleeping car=a carfor sleepingasleepingchild=a childwho issleeping
⑤作同位语eg.That sthe queens full-time job,laying eggs.这就是蚁后的专职工作产卵
2.动名词的逻辑主语
①人称代词做逻辑主语时应用所有格,即形容词性物主代词Eg.Do youminding mysmoking here
②逻辑主语是不定代词或指示代词时,很少用所有格,而用普通格Eg.He wasawakened bysomeone knockingthe door.There*snoneed forthat beingdone.
③逻辑主语是名词时,用所有格,但是如果名词为无生命物体时,则用普通格Eg.Marys laughingmade Tomangry.There isno hopingof thefactory makingprofit.
④在口语中,动名词如果不在句首,可以用名词普通格或人称代词宾格作逻辑主语Eg.I reallycan tunderstand herlike that.A.you treatB.youtotreat C.why treatD.you treating.动名词的完成式、一般式被动和完成式被动Eg.After havingfinishhiswork,he wenthome.He attendedthe meetingwithout beingasked.She nevertold meabout herhaving beeninterviewed bythe police.。