还剩9页未读,继续阅读
本资源只提供10页预览,全部文档请下载后查看!喜欢就下载吧,查找使用更方便
文本内容:
《主要英语国家社会与文化》学习心得英语国家社会与文化入门ii名词解释题
1.americanindiansamericanindians,whoweremistakenlycalledbycolumbus,movedtotheamericasfromasiaabout25000yearsago.theydevelopedtheirownaboriginalculturesandsomeofthemsuchastheazte cs,theincasandthemayaswereveryadvancedwheneuropeansarrivedinthenewworld.but,asaresultofeuropeanconquest,theindianpopulationwasquicklyreducedandtheircultureswereruthlesslydestroyed.
2.thedeclarationofindependencethedeclarationofindependencewasmainlydraftedbythomasjeffersonandwasadoptedbythecongressonjuly4,1776,whenthepeopleof13englishcoloniesinnorthamericawerefightingfor theirfreedomandindependencefromthebritishcolonialrule.t hedocumentdeclaredthatallmenwereequalandthattheywereentbecausethereisnoparticularconceptofanoverarchingcanadianidentity..thisresemblesamosaicofdifferentcultureswhichoverlapbutdonotoverwhelmeachother.
23.“thefirstnnations”thefirstnationsarethenativetribesofaboriginalpeoplewholivedincanadabeforetheeuropeanexplorerssettled.theywereoufficiallyreferredtoas thefirstnationsbecausetheyaretheoriginalinhabitantsofthecountry,andbecausethereisnotonesinglegrouporculturetherearemanynations”,ortribes,whichhavedifferent1anguages,customsandbeliefs.
24.migrantworkersmanybigfarmshiretemporaryworkersonlyforaspecificchore--suchaspickingcrops.manyoftheseseasonalworkerstravelfromfarmtofarm,nstayingonlyuntilthecropssarepieked theyareknownasmigrantworkers.
25.samuelslaterinl793,samuelslaterbuiltthefirstfactoryintheunitedstatesacottonclothfactoryinpawtuckket,rhodeisland.hebuiltthefactoryfrommemory,becauseitwasacrimetocarryfactoryplantoutofengland.thesuccessofhisfactorystartedaprocessofchangethatturnedthenortheasternregionoftheunitedstatesintoanimportantmanufacturingcenterandhelpedthenationbecomeamajorcottonproduce r.itledtohavesomeunalienablerightssuchaslife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness,italsoexplainedthephilo sophyofgovernmentsthepowersofgovernmentscamefromtheconsentofthegovernedandthepurposeofgovernmemtswastosecuretherightsmentionedabove.thetheoryofpoliticsandtheguidingprinciplesoftheamericanrevolutionmainlycamefromjohnlocke.
3.ggeorgewashingtongeorgewashingtonwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheamericanrepublic,hewasthecommander-in-chiefofthecontinentalarmyinthewarofindependenceagainstthebritishcolonialruleandthefirstpresidentoftheunitedsta tes.
4.thomasJeffersonthomasjeffersonwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheamericanrepublichewasthechiefauthorofthedeclarationofindependenceandthethirdpresidentoftheunitedstates.
5.benjaminfranklinbenjaminfranklinwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheamericanrepublic,heparticipatedinwritingthedeclarationofindependenceandmakingtheu.s.constitution.
6.thearticlesofconfederationafterthewarof independencewaswon,thenewnationoftheunitedstateswasorganizedundertheagreementofthearticlesofconfederationwithaweaknationalgovernmentcalledthecongress.eachstatehaditsowngovernment,madeitsownlawsandhandleitsinternalaffairs,thestatesdidnotcooperatewiththecongressandwitheachother.thecongresshadnopowertoforceanystatetocontributemoneytothenationalgovernmentandthecongresscouldnottaxanycitizeneither.asaressult,thearticlesofconfederationfailed.
7.thebillofrightsthebillofrightsconsssistsofthefirstlOamendmentswhichwereaddedtotheconstitutioninl
791.thebillofrightswaspassedtoguaranteefreedomandindividualrightssuchasfreedomofspee ch,therighttoassembleinpublicplaces,therighttoownweaponsandsoon.
8.eliwhitneyeliwhitneyisanamericaninventorwhoinventedthecottongin,whichmaderemovingtheseedsfromthebollsofcottonmucheasier.healsobeganmanufacuringrifleswithmachinery,usinginterchanageablepart,thiscontributedtotheamerleansystemofmassproduction.
9.serviceindustriesserviceindustriesareindustriesthatsellaserviceratherthanmakeaproduct.serviceindustriesrangefrombankingtotelecommunicationstotheprovisionofmealsinresta urants.aasmoreandmorepeopleareemployediinserviceindustr iesintheus,itissometimedsaidthattheushasmovedintoa“post-industrialera
10.stockwhenstartingorexpandingbusiness,corporationsneedtoborrowmoney.theymayissuestocksforpeopletobuy.whenpeoplebuystock,theybecomepartownerofthecompany.ifthecompanymakesaprofi t,theyreceiveashareofit.likewise,ifthecompanylosesmoney,thestockholderswillnotmakeaprofitorthevalueoftheirshareswilldroptheylosemoney.thereforebuyingstockisarisk.
11.mattinlutherling,jrmartinlutherking,jr.,anatlanta-bornbapt istmini ster,wastheleaderofthesouthernchristianleadershipconferenceduringthecivilrightsmovementofthe1960s.topromotehisphilosophyofnonviolentprotestagainstsegregationandotherkinddsofsocialinjustice,kingorganizedaseriesof“marches”.kingdeliveredhisfamou s“ihaveadream“speech.duetohisstrongbeliefinnonviolentpeacefulprotest,kingwasawardedthenobelpeaceprizeinl
964.hewasassassinatedinthecityofmemphisinapri
11968.
12.countercultureinthewakeofthefreespeechmovementandthenewleftappearedaphenomenonthathistorianscalledthe counterculture.theeounterculturerejectedcapitalismanddotheramericanprincip les.theyhadmoralsdifferentfromthosetaughtbytheirparents・somegroupsofyouthtriedtoconstruetdifferentwaysoflife,thecountercultureexertedagreatinfluenceuponpeople^sattitudestowardsocialmores,marriage,career,andsuccess.
13.nowwiththepublicationofthefemininemystiqueinl963,bettyfriedanbecamethechiefspokespersonofthewomen^sliberationmovement,inherbook,shecomparedtheamericanfamily,ortheamericansocietyasawhole,utoa comfortableconcentrationcamp,wherewomenwerediscriminatedagainstandoppressed.inl996,shehelpedtofoundthenationalorganizationforwomen now.areformorganizat ion,nowbattlefor equalrightsinparnershipwithmen.
14.white-collarcrimeswhite-col larcrimesarethosecommittedbyhigherincomegroups suchasthecrimesoffraud,falseadvertising,corporatepricefixing,bribery,embezzlement,industrialpollution,taxevasionandsoon.yetthestatisticsprovidedbythefbitendt一ooverrlookwhite-collarcrimes,infact,whitecollarcrimesareoftenignoredbylawenforcementagencies,somesociologistsaarguethatthehigherclassesmayactuallyhaveahigherrateofcrimethanthelowerclasses.
15.theabuseofpowerbygovernmentpeoplebelievethatpublicorganizationsintheunitedstatessometimesworkinconcerttoadvancetheirowninterestsratherthanthoseofthepeople.governmentinamericaiswidelydistrustedforthelackofanswerabi1ity.americanswereconvincedthatthejohnsonandnixonadministrationsweredeliberatelyandsystematicallylyingtothepeopleinthewaragainstvietnamandinthewatergatescandal,thefbiandtheciaareresponsibleforthousandsofillegalacts.alltheseactsshowtheabuseofpowerbygovern ment.
16.richardnixonnrichardbuxibwastheformerpresidentoftheunitedstates iintheearlyl970s,hewasinvolvedinthewatergatescandal,forwhichhewasforcedtoresignfromthepresidency.
17.theprairiestheprairieprovincesofalberta,saskatchewanandmanitobalieeastoftherockies.theprairiesareflatandfeaturelessandhaveaharshcontinentalclimate,theyarecalledthebreadbasketofcanadabecausssethelandiswell-suitedtofarming,andwheatisoneofthebiggestagriculturalcropsinthisarea.thepraairiesarealsorichinenergyresources.
18.centralcanadacentralcanada,ontarioandquebec,arethepartsofthecountrythatwerefirstsettled.theyaretheindustrialheartlandofthecountryandarealsothemostdenselypopulatedprovincees.theyhavethelargestcitiesliketorontoandmontreal.
19.thecanadiancharterofrightsandfreedomsthecanadiancharterofrightsandfreedoms,whichwasintroducedinl982,expressedtheideathaatanyethnic,racialandreligiousgroupswhichwantedtoretaintheirculturalidentitywouldbesupportedbythefederalgovernment.thispromisewasfurtherstrengthenedandexplainedinthel988multiculturalismact.
20.structuresofgovernmeentCanada ssystermofgovernmentisbasedonthebritishsystemofpar1iamentarydemocracy.likebritain,canadaisamonarchy.theofficialheadofstateisthequeen,butsheisrepresentedbyanofficialcalledagovernorgeneralasshedoesn tliveincanada.canadaisafederationwithtenprovincesandtwoterritories.thegovernmentofthecountryisreferredtoas“thefederalgovernment”,todistinguishitfromthelowerlevelgovernmentofeachprovinc e.
21.immigrationactl976theimmigrationactl976encouragedasianimmigration,offeringpassportstothosewithcapitalandentrepreneurialsk ills,would-beimmigrantswithmorethan$250000cdn toinvestinbusinessesthatwillcreatejobsandwealthwerwelcomedtosettleincanada.thiscreatedanewcategoryof entrepreneurialimmigrants^.
22.thecanadianmosaiccanadaisanationofimmigrants,whencanadaisdescribedasamos aic,itmeaansthateachiftheimmigrantgroupsdonothavetothrowofftheirolddcustoms,languagesandtradi ti ons,。