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英语专项深度练习一一阅读理解
（七）Accompanying thedevelopments incomputing as a subjectfor studythere has been acorresponding growthinthe use of the computer as an aid to teachingacross thecurriculum.The governmentoffer ofhalf-pricecomputers ledto theinstallation of a largenumber ofschool microcomputersystems at a timewhen therewasvery littleeducational software.At the same timethere was an explosivedemand forintroductory courses,at firstfor secondaryteachers andlater,when theoffer wasextended toprimary schools,for primaryteachers.It wouldbe impossible,and inappropriate,to makeevery teacherinto acomputer programmingexpert.What the teacher needsto knowis howto connectup asystem.And howto loadand runprograms.Once theseskillshave beenacquired themuch moreimportant topicof theevaluation of.computer-based teachingmaterialscan beaddressed.The UnintelligentMachineOver thepast20years theamount ofcomputing poweravailable fora givensum ofmoney hasapproximatelydoubled everytwo years,and itlooks asif thistrend willcontinue in the foreseeablefuture.On theotherhand,the fundamentallogical designof computersis muchthe sameas at the beginningof thisperiod.Therevolution hasbeen oneof scaleand costrather thana changein the kinds ofthings whichcomputers cando.One mighthave expectedtherefore thatby nowwe wouldknow thebest wayin whichcomputers can be usedtohelp with the educationalprocess.In theearly sixties,programmed learningwas lookedon asthe pathway to mechanizethe learningprocess.But teachingmachines of the timewere inflexibleand unresponsive.It wassoon recognizedthat computersprovidea muchhigher levelof interactionwiththe student.Responses neednot berestricted tomultiple-choice buttonpushing,but caninvolve therecognition ofwords ornumbers relatedto thecontextof thesubject.In orderto presentinformation andquestions to the studentand toprovide forappropriate branching,depending on the responses,some formof programminglanguage isrequired.COURSEWRITER andlater PILOTare“author languages”which allowsomeone withouttechnical knowledgeofcomputing toprepare programsof thiskind.Text andgraphics can be displayed,responses analyzed,andappropriate actiontaken.A toolsuch asthis mightseem toput considerablepower in the handsof the teacher andyet such systemsare hardlyused atall inour schools.One reasonis that the preparationof coursematerial usingan authorlanguageis,like thatfor videodiscsystems,a verytime-consuming business.A figureof20to100hoursof preparationis quotedfor eachhour ofstudent timeat the computer.Such aninvestment isonly worthwhi1e if the materialcan beused bya largenumber ofstudents,and thatassumes that the necessaryresourcesin time and hardwareare actuallyavailable.There is a morefundamental reasonfor lack of progressin computer-based tutorialsystems andthis relatesto the fundamentallack of“intelligence“on thepart of the computer.It iseasy togenerate drillandpractice exerciseswhich testa students abilityto produceresponse.It isquite anothermatter toprovideuseful adviceiftheresponse iswrong.The human teacher hasa mentalmodel of the studentand canmakea reasonableestimate ofwhy aparticular wronganswer hasbeen produced.The longerthe teacherhas beenincontact withthat studentthe betterhe orshe is able tooffer constructiveadvice.The kindof systemdiscussedabove hasno suchmodel of thestudenton whichto makedecisions,nor doesit haveaccess to thelarge bodyof subjectknowledge which is heldby thehumanteacher.Its responsestherefore mustbe stereotypedandunintelligent.Further evidenceof thelackof machine intelligenceis thefailure tomake computer“understandnatural language.We talkabout“programming languages”for computers,but theseare notlanguagesin theordinary sense.They arejust systemsof codingwhich providea highlystylized wayof writingdownthe solutionsto particularsorts ofproblems.The tactthat programsin theselanguages,although madeuplargely ofEnglish wordsand somewell-known mathematicalsymbols,are unintelligibletothelayC f-ffW）reader indicatesthe gulfwhich stillexists betweenthekindof verbalinstructions which can begivento anotherhuman,and thecoded instructionsrequired by the computer.One experthas arguedthat theconstructionof anintelligent machineis alogical impossibility.Many researchersin this area woulddisputesuch aclaim,but sofar theycannot providethe essentialdemonstration tothe contrary.The developmentof“expert systems”，whichcanprovide adviceand informationon thebasis ofhumanexperience whichis fedinto them,is onestep in the directionofmachineintelligence.However,suchsystemsarelimited toknowledge in a tightlydefined domain,and cannotoperate outsidethisarea.Nevertheless,there maywell besomething herefor education.The Computerin theClassroomWhere doesthis leavethe computerasatool fortheteacherClearly teachersmust exploitits strengthsratherthan complainabout itsweakness.However dullmuch drilland practicematerial mayseem,childrenwill oftenwork atit fora considerabletime withoutlosing concentration.Rote learning（硬记硬背）is rightlyout offavor inmost educationalcontexts,but thereare certainthings whichit isconvenientto beable torecall instantly,and thecomputer canhelp usto rememberthem.The schoolpupil soonlearnsthat thecomputer nevergets tired,never losesits temper,will alwaysrespond almostinstantaneously toanyinput,and doesnot displaythe pupils ignoranceto otherpeople,and thesefactors help to provideamicro-environment withinwhich thepupil isstable andsecure.The introduction of computersinto primaryschools hasconcentrated theminds ofeducators on the use ofthe machineas anaid totheteacher,without thedistraction of computer studiesasasubject in its ownright.The computeris verygood atstoring andrearranging information,and theintroductionofsimpledatabase manipulationpackages hasallowed teachersto presentpupils withthe opportunityto collectinformationwhichisof interestto them,to structureit appropriately,and tostore iton thecomputer.From thefiles thusproduced variousreports can be generated.These packagescan beused ina varietyofareas ofstudy,from historyto science,and anintroduction tothem isnow animportant partof teachereducationin the use ofcomputers.Computers canalso simulate（|模拟）various dynamicsituations,anda numberofpackages exploitthis ability.Even theadventure games,which aresold foramusement tohome computerusers,canbeturned toadvantage ifthe problem-solving aspectsare emphasizedand thepupilsactivityis appropriatelystructured.
1.A computerhas itslimitations in theuseasanaidtoteaching.
2.It is likely thatcomputers willtake theplace ofhuman teachers in thefuture.
3.With theuseofmany computersin schools,thecomputercourses werein greatdemand.
4.Computers aremore reliablethan human teachersinmany respects.
5.If focusingon problem-solving,pupils canget moreamusement fromthecomputergames.
6.There isan argumentover thepossibility ofmaking computersas intelligentas humanteachers.
7.The morefundamental factorthat affectscomputer aidedteaching isthat itis time-consuming topreparecourse materials.
8.Coursewriter andPilot are
9.For constructiveadvice,students willhave torely on
10.The advantageofcomputers capabilityof storinginformation hasbeen displayedbytheuseof.答案I.Y
2.NG
3.Y
4.Y
5.N
6.N
7.N
8.computer languages
9.humanteachers
10.database manipulationpackagesAccording tothelatest researchin theUnited Statesof America,men and women talksuch differentlanguagesthat itislikepeople fromtwo differentcultures tryingto communicate.Professor DeborahTannen ofGeorgetownUniversity,has noticedthe differenceinthestyle ofboy sand girls conversationsfrom anearlyage.She saysthat little girls conversation is less definite thanboysand expressesmore doubts.Little boysuse conversationto establish status with their listeners.These differencescontinue intoadult life,she says.In publicconversations,men talkmost and interruptother speakersmore.In privateconversations,men andwomen speakin equalamounts一although theysay thingsina differentstyle.Professor Tannenbelieves that,for woman,private talkingisaway to establish andtestintimacy.For men,private talkingisawaytoexplore thepower structureofa relationship.Teaching isone jobwhere thedifferences betweenmen sandwomens waysof talkingshow.When aman teachesawoman,says Professor Tannen,he wantsto showthat hehas moreknowledge,and hencemore powerin conversation.When awoman teachesanother woman,however,she is more likelytotake asharing approachand toencourage herstudent tojoin in.But ProfessorTannen doesnot believe that women are naturally more helpful.She sayswomen feelthey achievepowerby beingable tohelp others.Although theresearch suggestsmen talkandinterruptpeople more thanwomen,ProfessorTannensays,women actuallyencourage thisto happenbecause theybelieve it will lead tomore intimacyand help to establisharelationship.Some scientistswho arestudying speechthink thatthe brain is pre-programmed forlanguage.As weare usuallytaughtto speakby women,it seemslikely thatthe brainmust havea sexualbias（倾向性）initsprogramming,otherwise malespeech patternswould notarise atall.
1.In theopinion ofthe writer,women encouragemen totalk becauseA.it willlead tomore intimacyand help toestablisha relationshipB.it willhelptoestablishstatuswiththeirlistenersC.it willhelptoexpress moreclearlyD.itwillhelptocommunicate better
2.There areinlittle girls,conversation thanin boysA.fewer doubtsB.more demandsC.more doubtsD.fewer uncertainties
3.Some scientistsbelievethatbrainispre-programmed forlanguage.The word“pre programmedmeans.A.programmed alreadyB.programmed beforeone isbornC.programmed earlyD.programmed bywomen
4.In privateconversation,women speakA.thesamethings as men B.less thanmenC.morethanmen D.as muchasmen
5.The themeof thisarticle isA.womenarenaturallymorehelpfulB.men andwomen talkdifferent languagesC.men talkmost andinterrupt otherspeakers moreD.littlegirlsconversationislessdefinite答案
1.A
2.C
3.B
4.D
5.BIn thelast twohundred yearsthere havebeen greatchanges inthe methodof productionof goods.This isnowalso trueofthe building industry;for mechanizationhasbeen introduced.System buildingcan save bothtime andmoney.The principleof system building isthatthe building ismade froma setof standardunits.These areeither madeatthebuilding-site orata factory.Some designers,in fact,are standardizingthedimensions ofrooms.They aremade inmultipies ofa singlefixed length,usually ten centimeters.This iscalleda modular（标准件的）system,and itmeans thatmanufactures canproduce standardizedfittingsat alower cost.The mostimportant factabout systembuilding isits speed.A ten-storey flat,for example,canbecompleted infour months.There areseveral newmethods of systembuilding.One isthe panel method.Tn thiscase,the constructioncompanysometimes erectsafactoryonthesite.The walls and floorsofthebuilding,called panels,arecast ina horizontalor verticalposition.Conduits forelectrical wiresand sleevesfor pipesare cast inthe panelswhen they are beingmade.The mouldsfor makingthese castingsare situatedall aroundthebuilding.After the concrete panels are cast,theyareallowed toset andharden fora week.Next theyare liftedbya towercrane onto anysection ofthebuilding.There thepanels arecemented togetherat theirjoints andthefloor coveringis laid.After thepanels havebeen cementedtogether,the cranelifts acase intothe area.It containsall thefittingsto beinstalled,such aswash-basins,radiators andpipes.Finishing tradesmen,such asplumbers,plasterers,painters andelectricians,follow behindto completethe work.In somebuilding developments,in somecountries,whole flatswith internalfeatures liketheir bathrooms,bedrooms andconnecting stairs,and weighingas muchas twentytons,are carriedtothebuilding-siteready-made.A giantoverhead craneis usedto liftthem intoposition.In thefuture,this methodmay becomemorewidespread.
1.The maindifference betweenpanelmethodand themethod discussedinthelast paragraphis.A.the latteruses ready-made internalfeaturesB.panelsarecastina levelpositionC.the formeris usedto buildwallsandfloors whilethe latterto constructbathrooms orbedroomsD.the formerismoreexpensive thanthe latter
2.Which ofthese statementsis TRUEof systembuildingA.It employsmore men.B.It isdifficult anddangerous.C.It cansavebothtimeandmoney.D.It meansless mechanization.
3.Accordingtothe passage,the principleofsystembuilding isthat________________.A.construction methodsare saferB.buildings aremade froma setof standardizedunitsC.similar buildingscanbeproducedD.all unitsare producedonthesite
4.The usualfixed lengthinthemodular systemis.A.twenty centimetersB.ten millimetersC.fifty centimetersD.tencentimeters
5.What liftstheconcretepanels ontothe buildingA.Cranes.B.Man-power.C.Pulleys.D.Hydraulic jacks.答案
1.A2,C
3.B
4.D
5.AThe economy oftheUnited Statesafter1952was theeconomyofa well-fed,almost fullyemployed people.Despite_1_alarms,the countryescaped anypostwar depressionand livedina_2_of boom.An economicsurveyof theyear1955,a typicalyear ofthe1950s,may betypical as_3_the rapideconomic growthofthedecade.The nationaloutput was_4_at10percent abovethat of19541955output wasestimated at392billion dollarsThe productionof manufactureswas about40percent morethan it had5intheyears immediatelyfollowingWorld War1The countrys businessspent about30billion dollarsfor newfactories andmachinery.Nationalincome_6for spendingwas almosta thirdgreater thanithadbeenin
1950.Consumers spentabout256billiondollars;that isabout700million dollarsa day,or abouttwenty-five milliondollars everyhour,all roundthe_7—Sixty-five millionpeople heldjobs andonly alittle morethan twomillion wantedjobs butcouldnot findthem.Only agriculture^8_that itwas notsharing inthe boom.To someobservers thiswas asadreflection ofthe mid-1920s.As farmersshare oftheir products_9_，marketing costsrose.But therewere,among theobservers ofthe nationaleconomy,a fewwho werenot asconfident asthe majority.Thosefew seemedto fearthattheboom couldnot lastlong andwould_10_leadtothe opposite一depression.A.eventually B.averaged C.gradually D.stateE.valued F.form G.declined H.occasional
1.casual J.argued K.descended L.complainedM.clock N.available
0.illustrating答案:I.H
2.D
3.
04.E
5.B
6.N
7.M
8.L
9.G
10.A。
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