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高中英语语法讲解定语从句
一、先行词、关系代词和关系副词
1.先行词antecedent就是被定语从句所修饰的名词在英语中,定语从句跟在被修饰词之后,所以被修饰词就是“先行”的词eg.The lovelygirl often helps the old lady.She lives next door to ourschool.-►The lovelygirl who livesnext doortoou〉school oftenhelps theold lady.-►The lovelygirl oftenhelps theold ladywholivesnextdoorto ourschool.The lovelygirl oftenhelps theold lady.You mether atschool yesterday.-►The lovelygirl whomyoumet atschool yesterdayoftenhelps theold lady.-►The lovelygirl oftenhelpstheoldladywhom youmet atschool yesterday.
2.连接定语从句,要用关系代词relative pronoun和关系副词relative adverb关系代词和关系副词与连接词不完全相同,因为它们除了连接主句和定语从句,还在定语从句中代替一定的成分eg.The bookwhich I bought yesterdayis veryinteresting.—The bookis veryinteresting.Iboughtthe bookyesterday.I havevisited the house whereAndersee wroteThe EmperoTs New Clothes.—I havevisited thehouse.Andersen wroteThe EmperorsNewClothes in thehouse.
二、关系代词
1.who的先行词是“人工在从句中代替主语eg.The studentwho studiesvery hardcome fromTibet.Do youknow the man whois talkingwith ourheadmasterThose whowant tosee the film starare waitingpatiently atthe gate.注意代替从句中的主语,who不能省略who的单复数由先行词决定但是要注意“one of+先行词”与“theonly one of+先行词”的情况eg.Tom是我们班喜欢打篮球的男生之一Tom isone of the boysin our class wholike toplay basketball.Jane是我们班唯一喜欢打篮球的女生Jane is the onlyone ofthe girlin our class wholikes toplay basketball.
2.whom的先行词是“人二在从句中代替宾语eg.The friendwhom wemet in the librarycan helpyou with the problem.The professorwhom youwill seelater comesfrom theUnited Kingdom.Do youremember theman whom we workedwith togetherlast yearwhom在从句中经常可以省略,但如果在介词后面,则不能省eg.Do youremember theman with whomwe worked togetherlast year
3.which的先行词是“物二在从句中可以代替主语或宾语eg.He ownsa storewhich opens24hours.I am looking forsome bookswhich dealwiththecustoms inSouth Africa.Jacky actsthe heroin thefilm whichwe sawyesterday.Can I have alook atthe bookwhich youborrowed thismorningHave youseen thepen in the museumwith whichthe presidentsigned thepeace treatywhich代替主语时,不能省略,代替宾语时则经常省略,但如果在介词后面,那么也不能省略which代替主语时,它的单复数由先行词决定which的先行词有时还可以是前面的整个句子,这时它总是看成单数,也不能省略eg.The bamboostems arehollow,which makesthem verylight.Jenny waslate again,which makesher teachervery angry.
4.that的先行词可以是“人”,也可以是“物”,在从句中可以代替主语或者宾语eg.The cutthe treesthat blockedthe view.Who is themanthat justleft from the meetingroomThe dressthat Jessiebought forme suitsme perfectly.that代替主语时,不能省略,代替宾语时则经常省略that不能用在介词之后在一些特定的先行词,如1)先行词是不定代词如anything,something,all等词,或由all,every,little,any,much,the very等词所修饰;2)先行词前有最高级形容词或序数词所修饰;3)先行词是由and连接的两个词,分别指“人”和“物”的情况下,一般多用thateg.Is thereanything that I cando hereThis is thevery presentthatIamlookingforward to.This is the hottestsummer that we havehad inthirty years.The secondbook that he wrotewas notas popularas thefirst one.He talkedabout the teachers andschools thathe hadvisited inBritain.
5.whose的先行词可以是“人”,也可以是“物,在从句中代替定语eg.The studentwhose pronunciationisthebest inourclasshas enteredfor thecompetition.—The studenthas enteredfor thecompetition.His pronunciationisthebest inourclass.She mentioneda bookwhose titlehas slipped my memory.-She mentioneda book.Its titlehas slippedmy memory.whose不能省略如果先行词是“物二我们也可以用sth.of which代替whoseeg.She mentioneda bookthe titleof whichslippedmy memory.—She mentioneda book.The titleofthebook slippedmymemory.
6.as的先行词是“such+名词二或者the same+名词”,在从句中代替主语或者宾语eg.Let childrenread suchbooks aswill makethem betterand wiser.-Let childrenread suchbooks.The bookswill makethem betterand wiser.I havemet withthe sameproblem asyou have.yYou havemet withthe problem.Ihavemet withthe sameproblem.as不能省略as的先行词有时还可以是一个句子,这个句子可以放在as之前,也可以放在as之后eg.He succeeded in passing the exam,as I had expected./As Ihad expected,he succeededin passingtheexam.—He succeededin passingthe exam.Ihadexpected thathe wouldsucceededinpassingtheexam.
三、关系副词
1.when的先行词是表示时间的名词,如time,day,year,century等,when在从句中代替时间状语eg.I willnever forgetthe day when I first came to school.—I willnever forgetthe day.I firstcame toschool on that day.when一般不能省略定语从句中,when可以用“介词+which”代替eg.I willnever forgetthe dayon whichIfirstcametoschool.The weekwhen weworked in the countryside is unforgettable.=The weekin which/during whichweworkedinthecountrysideisunforgettable.注意表示时间的名词后面并不都是用when引导的定语从句,也可以是由which或that引导的定语从句试分析I stillremember the daywhenhe arrivedin Shanghai.-I stillremember theday.He arrivedin Shanghaionthatday.I stillremember theday which/thatwespent together inthe lab.—I stillremember theday.We spentthedaytogetherinthelab.
2.where的先行词是表示地点的名词,如place,room,house,school,factory等,where在从句中代替地点状语eg.This isthe village where Lincoln was born.-Thisisthe village.Lincolnwasborn inthe village.where一般不能省略定语从句中,where可以用“介词+which”代替eg.Is therea shopnear herewhere I can buy postcards=Is therea shopnear herein whichI canbuypostcards注意表示地点的名词后面并不一定都是用where引导的定语从句,也可以是由which或that引导的定语从句试分析We willvisit the factory wherehis fatherworks.—We willvisit thefactory.His fatherworks inthefactory.We willvisit thefactory which/that wasbuilt100years ago.—We willvisit thefactory.It wasbuilt100years ago.
3.why的先行词是reasoneg.Please tellme the reason whyhe is absent today.The principalwanted toknow the reason why theteacherbecame soangry.why一般不省略reason为先行词的时候,也可能是由which或that引导的从句试分析I justcant believethereasonwhytheboy failedagain.I justcant believethereasonwhich/thathegave me.
四、限制性和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句跟主句的关系比较密切,如果缺少,对方将不明白你要表达的确切的意思,它跟主句之间不用逗号隔开,中文翻译的时候,常把从句放在名词之前非限制性定语从句只出现在书面,一般情况下,没有这个定语从句,对方也不会误解,或者说,这类定语从句只是一种补充说明,它与主句之间要用逗号隔开,翻译成中文时,常为两个句子非限制性定语从句经常是用在先行词是专有名词的时候,或先行词表示的“人”或物是独一无二的非限制性定语从句不能用that连接eg.The manwho wrotethis essayis ajournalist.Frank,who wrotethis essay,is ajournalist.The earth,which moves round the sun,is aplanet.A heavenlybody whichmovesroundthesunisaplanet.He livedall hislife ina smallvillagewhere he wasborn.He livedmore thana decadein Europe,wherehecould bein closecontact withother famouspainters.My brotherwho worksin BeijingUniversity will come to visit us.My brother,who worksin BeijingUniversity,willcometovisitus.I met Mary,who wasmy desk-mate inthe primaryschool.1metMarywho wasmy desk-mate inthe primaryschool.考研真题试析Hes gothimself intoa dangeroussituation heis likelyto losecontrol overthe plane.A.where B.which C.whileD.why选A这是一个带有定语从句的复合句关系副词where在定语从句中代替状语,相当于inthesituation,整个句子解释为“他使自己陷入一个危险的状况,在这种状况中,他很可能失去对飞机的控制”Alec askedthe policemanhe workedto contacthim wheneverthere wasan accident.A.with himB.who C.with whomD.whom选C句子中的with whomhe worked是定语从句,修饰policeman在从句中,关系代词whom代替先行词opoliceman作介词with的宾语本句的意思是“艾立克请跟他一起工作的那个警察无论何时有事故都要和他联系,Icanthink ofmany casesstudents obviouslyknew alot ofEnglish wordsand expressionsbut couldntwritea goodessay.A.why B.which C.as D.where选D我们选用where,因为在定语从句中,关系副词where代替的是地点状语inthecases(意思为’在这些例子中)本题可以用in which代替where,句子也正确American womenusually identifytheir bestfriend assomeone theycan talkfrequently.A.who B.as C.about which D.withwhom选D因为从句所修饰的先行词是“人”,同时从句中的动词talk是不及物动词,要表达“和某人谈话”,必须用talk with这一词组,所以选用DA fastfood restaurantistheplace Justas thename suggests,eating isperformed quickly.A.which B.where C.there D.what选B因为在本句中,先行词是place,同时我们还可以看到后面的从句eating isperformed quickly缺主语,或宾语,所以用关系副词whereo整个句子的意思是快餐店,正如它的名字所示,就是一个很快的餐的地方If ashop haschairs womencan parktheir men,women willspend moretime inthe shop.A.that B.which C.when D.where选D因为先行词chairs,在从句中是女人让男人呆的地方,所以选用关系副词whereoThe UnitedStates ismade upof fiftystates,oneofis separatedfromtheothers bythe PacificOcean.A.themB.those C.which D.whose选C从整个句子来分析,这是一个有两个主谓结构的复合句因为在英语中,逗号不能连接两个分句,所以A,B两个选项都不行另夕卜,在从句中缺少主语,所以只能用关系代词which,不可以用whoseoIn anhour,we cantravel toplaces would have takenour ancestorsdays toreach.A.where B.when C.whichD.what选C这个定语从句的先行词虽然是places,但是它在定语从句中是作为wouldhavetaken的主语,所以要用关系代词which全句的意思是“只用了一个小时,我们就能到达我们的祖先要花几天的时间才能到的地方JHis moviewon severalawards atthefilmfestival,was beyondhis wildestdream.A.which B.that C.where D.it选A后半句的从句的先行词是前面的整个句子,所以只有关系代词which可以用在这里。