识别和计算排放二氧化碳

6.Identifying andCalculating Emissions

1.Calculating DirectEmissions fromStationary CombustionFMis amanufacturing facilitywith two10MW generating units,one burningnatural gasandone coal-fired unit.FM alsohas acommercial officebuilding on-site thatis heatedwithdiesel.Last year,the companyconsumed20,000,000standard cubicmeter m3ofnatural gasand40,000metric tonsof coalin thegeneratingunits.FM also began the yearwith41900litres ofdiesel instorage and ended theyear with6000litres instorage;itcombusted therest of the diesel.Calculate the companys totalemissions ofcarbon dioxideCO2from stationarycombustion.Assume thefollowing emission factors:Natural gas:

1.9141kg CO2/m3Coal:Diesel:

2274.69kg CO2/metric ton

2.6533kg CO2/litreAnswer:Step1:Calculate annualdiesel usebv takinqinto accountpurchase,sale andinventory stock.Step1StationaryCombustion Example:Accountingfor ChangesinFuel DieselStocksAnnualDieselConsumption=DieselStockatStartofYear-DieselStockatEndofYearlitres litreslitres■41900litres-6000litres=35900litresStep2:Calculate C02emissions for each fuelusina respectiveemission factor.Add toobtaintotalCO2emissions forFM..StationaryCombustionExample:Calculating CO2EmissionsUsing EmissionFactoroDiep/FuelACO2Emissions=FuelConsumedxEmissionFactor+1,000metrictons metricunitkgCO^metricunitkg/metrictonNaturalGasCO Emissions=20,000,000x

1.9141+1000=38282metrictons2metrictons cubicmeterkgCO/cubicmeterkg/metrictonCoalCO Emissions=40,000x

2274.69+1000=

90987.6metrictons2metrictonsmetrictonskgCO/metrictonkg/metricton2DieselCO Emissions=35900x

2.6533+1,000=

95.25metrictons2metrictons litrekgCO/litrekg/metricton2TotalCO Emissions=38,282+

90987.6+

95.25=129,

364.85metrictons2metrictonsmetrictonsmetrictonsmetrictons

2.Calculating DirectEmissions fromMobile CombustionGOFASTVehicle Rentalis anindependent vehiclerenting companywith afleet of200passenger carsmodel year2000,25light dutytrucks model year2002,and twoheavyduty dieselpowered trucksmodel year

1998.GOFAST typicallypurchases itsfuel inbulk.Last year,thecompanypurchased900,000litres ofmotor gasolineand20,000litres ofdieselfuel.The companybeganthe yearwith75,000litres ofmotor gasolinein stock andended with40,000litres ofmotor gasolinein stock.The companyalsobegantheyearwith2000litres ofdiesel fuel in stockandendedwith4,000litres ofdieselfuelinstock.GOFAST alsokeepsodometer readingsforeachvehicle anddetermines totalmileage byvehicle typeas follows:9,700,000kilometer forpassenger cars;890,000kilometer forlight trucks;and130,000kilometer forheavy dutytrucks.Calculate GOFASTsemissions ofcarbon dioxideCO2,methane CH4and nitrousoxideN2O from mobile combustion.Assume thefollowing emission factors:Gasoline:

2.30kg CO2/litreDiesel:

2.6533kg CO2/litrePassenger cargasoline,model year-2000:

0.022494g N O/km;

0.027216g CH/km24Light Dutytrucks gasoline,model year-2002:

0.023488g NO/km;

0.030509g CH4/km HeavyDuty2trucks diesel,modelyear-1998:

0.002983g NO/km;

0.003169g CH4/km2Answer:Step1:Calculate annualdiesel andqasoline usebv accountinqfor purchaseandinventorystockat thebeainninq andend ofyear.Step1Accountingfor ChangesinFuel StocksFromBulkPurchasesAnnualConsumption=TotalAnnualFuelPurchases+AmountStoredatBeginningofYear-AmountStoredatEndofYearTotalGasolineConsumption900,000+75,000-40,000«935,000litres litres litres litres litresTotalDieselConsumption=20,000+2000-

4.000=18,000litreslitreslitreslitreslitresStep2:Calculate CO2emissions foreach fuelusina respectiveemissionfactor.Sum toobtain totalCO2emissions forGOFAST.Step2Calculating CO2EmissionsFromMobile CombustionCOEmissions=FuelUsemetric xEmissionFactor+1,0002tons metricunit kgCO/metricunitkg/metrictons2GasolineCO Emissions=935,000X

2.30+1,000=2,

150.52metrictons litrekgCO/litrekg/metrictonsmetrictonsCO22DieselCO Emissions=18,000X

2.6533+1,000=

47.762metrictons litrekgCO/litrekg/metrictonsmetrictonsCO22TotalCO Emissions-2,

150.5+

47.76=2,

198.262metrictons metrictons metrictonsmetrictonsCO2Step3:Identify thevehicle type,fuel,model vear,number ofvehicles,mileaae andcorrespondinaemissionfactorsfor N2O andCH

4.This informationis aiven.Step3Identifyvehicle type,fuel,model,numberof vehicles,mileageandemission factorNo.of VehiclesMileagekmVehicleTypeFuel ModelYear gCH4/km gN2O/kmPassengerCars MotorGasoline20002009,700,

0000.

02720.0225LightDutyTrucks MotorGasoline200225890,

0000.

03050.0235HeavyDutyDiesel19982130,

0000.

00320.0030TrucksStep4:Calculate CH4and N20emissions associatedwith eachvehicle type,and sumtoobtain totalCH4and N2O emissions.Step4i CalculatingN2O EmissionsFromMobile CombustionPassengerCarsN OEmissions=metric9700,000x

0.0225-rg1,000,000=

0.21832tons kmNO/km g/metricton metrictonNO22LightDutyTrucksN OEmissions=890,000x

0.0235+1,000,000=

0.02092metrictons km gN O/km g/metricton metrictonNO22HeavyDutyTrucksN OEmissions=130,000x

0.0030+1,000,000=

0.00042metrictons km gN O/kmg/metricton metrictonNO22TotalN OEmissions=

0.2183+

0.0209+

0.0004=

0.2396Pmetrictons metrictons metrictons metrictonsmetrictonsN O2Step4ii CalculatingCH4EmissionsFromMobileCombustion1,000,000PassengerCarsCH Emissions=metric9,700,000x

0.0272+g

0.26384tons kmCH*/km=metrictonCHg/metrictonLightDutyTrucksCH Emissions=

890.000x

0.0305+

1.000,000=

0.02714metrictons kmgCHJkm g/metricton metrictonCH4HeavyDutyTrucksCH Emissions=

130.000x

0.0032+

1.000,000=

0.00044metrictons kmgCH/kmg/metricton metrictonCH44TotalCH Emissions■

0.2638+

0.0271+

0.0004-

0.29134metrictonsmetrictonsmetrictonsmetrictonsmetrictonsCH4・Step5:Convert CH4and N2O emissionsto unitsof CO2eauivalent anddetermine totalemissions frommobilecombustion.Step5Converting toCO2-equivalents anddeterminingtotalemissionsCO Emissions=X1=2,

198.262metrictonsCO-e metrictonsCOGWP metrictonsCO-e222CH4Emissions=

0.2913X21=

6.117metrictonsCO-e metrictonsCHGWP metrictonsCO-e22N OEmissionsmetric=

0.2396X310=

74.2762tonsCO-e metrictonsNO GWPmetrictonsCOe2rTotalEmissions=82+CH4+N2O metric=2,

278.653metrictonsCC^e tonsCOa-e metrictonsCOs-e

3.Calculating IndirectEmissions fromElectricity Uselocation-based methodCost-lo isa discountretail clothingchain withone outletin SaoPaulo,Brazil.Cost-lo recordsitsannual electricitypurchases inmegawatt-hours MWhand for the lastyear,its electricityconsumptionwas1600MWh.Calculate location-based CO2emissions fromelectricity usefor Cost-lo.Assume thefollowing location-based,grid-average emissionfactor expressedin CO2,as NO andCH emission24rates arenot available:

0.57271CO2/MWh.Answer:Step1:Calculate totalemissions fromelectricity useusing annualconsumption andlocation-based emissionfactor.Stepl Calculating IndirectEmissionsfrom ElectricityUseCO2Emissions=

1.600x

0.5727=

916.32MWh tCO/MWhmetrictonsCO

224.CalculatingIndirectEmissions fromElectricity Usemarket-based methodCost-lo enteredinto acontract topurchase50%of itsenergy fromhydropower tocover itselectricityconsumption.The other50%of thesupply comesfrom theirutility,who suppliesCost-lo withasupplier-specific emissionfactor.Both of these contractualinstruments meetthe Scope2QualityCriteria forthe market-based method.Assume totalelectricity consumptionof800MWh.Calculate themarket-based CO2emissions fromelectricity usefor Cost-lo.Assume thefollowing supplier-specific emissionfactor expressedin CO2,as NO andCH emission rates arenot24available:

0.70t CO/MWh2Answer:Step1:Apply thecontract-specific emissionrate of0t CO2/MWh tohalf theoverall・consumption400MWh,and thesupplier specificemissionrateof.71CO2/MWh totheother halfofthepowerStep1CalculatingIndirect EmissionsfromElectricityUseCOEmissions2=400x0+400x

0.70=280MWhtCOMWh MWhtCO2fMWh metrictonsCO2CALCULATING EMISSIONSUSING GHGPROTOCOL TOOLSCalculationtools publiclyavailable andthe GHGProtocol websitecan makecalculating emissionseasier.The toolshave beenreviewed byindustry expertsand areregularly updated.〃http:

5.Using GHGProtocol toolsto calculateemissions fromemployee businesstravelChicago Accountingis based in theUnited States.Chicago Accountingsstaff makesregularbusiness tripsto clientoffices.To completeall business trips in the reporting year,company-ownedcars allof whichwere purchasednew in2007consumed a total of14,755gallons ofgasoline,andemployees traveledatotalof330,500miles ondomestic commercialairline flights.Calculate ChicagoAccountings emissions from businesstrips in the reportingyear.Hint:Use the GHG ProtocolsGHG emissions from transportor mobilesources toolAnswer:Step1:Open theGHG emissions from transportor mobilesources tool.Step2:Click on“Enter Activity Dataor openthe ActivityData worksheetbv clickingon the“ActivityData“tab atthe bottomof yourscreen.Step3:Fill inthe followinainformation inthe requiredfields:Activity Datao品PassengerCar-Gasoline/usClientvisits USRoad Scope1FuelUse Gasoline-14755Petrol Galloncompany-Year2005-ownedcars presentClientvisitsPassengerAir-Passengerdomestic USAircraft Scope3Distancee.g.3305001Domestic MileflightsPublicTransportStep4:Open theSummary worksheetby clickingon the“Summary”tab atthe bottomofvour screen.Find totalScope1and Scope3emissions.Chicaqo Accountinqsemissionsfrombusinesstripsinthereportin vear:Scope1from companv-owned cars:

130.8231COzeScope3from non-companv ownedplanes:91,203t CCheNote:CH4and N2O emissionsfrom air travel arenot accountedfor intheGHG ProtocolsutatS ecruoSnoitpircseDnoigeRfoedoMtropsnarTlivitcAfoepyTataD epyTelciheVecnatsiDdellevarTthgieWssorGregnessaPfo#ecnatsiDfotinUdesUleuFtnuomAleuFleuFfotinUtnuomAtransport tool.Emission factorsare unavailablefor Chkand N2O fromairtravelas theyrepresentan extremelysmall proportionoftheclimate impactof aviation.

6.Using GHGProtocol toolsto calculateemissionsfrompurchased electricitylocation-based methodOffice Associates,Inc.,basedinNew York,shares a200,000square footbuilding withBusinessAnalysts,Inc.Both firmsown100,000square-feet ofthe buildingand splitthe electricitybill fifty-fifty.To calculateits emissions,OfficeAssociatesgathered datafrom thebuildings electricitybill.Thebuildings totalelectricity usageforthereportingyear,2005,was1,900,250kWh.Calculate OfficeAssociates*emissionsfrompurchased electricityin

2005.Hint:Use theGHGProtocolsGHG emissionsfrom PurchasedElectricity,Heat orSteam tool.Answer:Step1:Open theGHG emissionsfrom PurchasedElectricitv,Heat orSfeam tool.Step2:Open theSpreadsheet worksheetby clickinqon the“Spreadsheet“tab atthe bottomofvour screen.Step3:Fill inthe followinainformation inthe requiredfields:Facility informationConsumption data%ofelectricityFacility usedby theRegion ifdescriptionfacility Countryavailable YearFuel mixAmount UnitsOfficeUnited NPCCBuilding50States NYC/Westchester20051900250kWhStep4:Find totalemissions inthe”CO2e tonnes“columnOffice Associatesemissionsfrompurchased electricityinthereportinq year:Scope2:

352.49t CChe。