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选修课文要点再现1Unit5Unit5Working theLand Getto knowan agriculturalscientists造福全人类的先驱者P50A Pioneerfor AllPeopleYuan Longping,knownthe fatherof hybrid rice,is oneof Chinasmost famousscientist.Yet,heconsidersheto be/asa farmerbecause hecontinualworksthe landin hisresearch.Indeed,his slimbutstrong bodyis justlikethat=the bodiesof millionsof Chinesefarmers,tohe hasdevoted hislife,devote/dcdicatc oneslife to..•袁隆平,被誉为“杂交水稻之父”,是中国最著名的科学家之一然而,他认为自己是个农民,因为他不断地在田间耕作,进行科学研究确实,他瘦削但结实的身躯看起来和他为之奉献了一生的千百万中国农民一样最让他担心Yuan Longpingbearin1930in Beijing.His parentswanted himpursuea careerin scienceor medicine.However,的事情是was thatfarmers oftenhad poorharvests andsometimes evenhad seriousshortage offoodto eat.tackle thiscrisis,hechoose tostudy agricultureand receivedan educationat SouthwestAgricultural Collegein Chongqing.袁隆平年出生于北京他的父母希望他从事科学或医学方面的工作然而,最让他担心的是,农民经常歉收,有1930时甚至严重缺乏食物为了应对这一危机,他选择了学习农业,并在重庆的西南农学院接受教育Aftergraduate in1953,he workeda researcher.Yuan Longpingrealised thatlarger fieldswere notthesolution.Instead,farmers neededboostyields in the fieldsthey had.How thiscould be done was a challengequestion at the time.Yuan convincethat theanswer couldbe foundinthecreation ofhybrid rice.A hybridis aervss betweentwo ormore varietiesofa species.One characteristicof hybridsis thatthey usuallyattain ahigheryield conventionalcrops.However,whether itwaspossibledevelopa hybridof self-pollinating plantssuch asrice wasmatter ofgreat debate.The commonassumption thenwas itcould notbedone.Through intenseeffort,Yuan overcomeenormous technicaldifficulties developthe firsthybridrice that couldbe usedforfarming in
1974.This hybridenabled farmersexpand theiroutput greatly.年毕业后,他从事研究工作袁隆平意识到,解决问题的办法并不是扩大农田面积,而是农民们需要提高他们已有1953土地上农作物的产量如何做到这一点在当时是一个具有挑战性的问题袁隆平坚信,可以在杂交水稻的培育中找到答案杂交植物是一个物种的两个或多个变种之间的杂交杂交作物的一个特点是它们的产量通常比常规作物高然而,是否有可能培育出如水稻等自花授粉植物的杂交种,这是一个充满争议的问题人们普遍认为这是不可能做到的通过不懈的努力,袁隆平克服了巨大的技术难题,于年研制出了第一批可用于农业生产的杂交水稻这种杂交植物使农1974民能够大幅度增加他们的水稻产量Today,is estimatedthat about60percent ofdomestic riceconsumein Chinais comprisedof cropsgeneratefrom Yuans hybridstrains,and hisstrains haveallowed Chinasfarmersproduce around200million tonsof riceper year.Yuans innovationhashelped feednot justChina,but many other countriesthat dependrice as well,such asIndia andVietnam.Because hisinvaluablecontributions,.在国内夕卜Yuan Longpinghas receivednumerous awaidsboth in China abroad据估算,现在中国国内消费的稻米有大约来自袁隆平的杂交水稻品种形成的作物,这些品种形成的作物让中国农60%民每年能够生产出大约两亿吨稻米袁隆平的创新不仅帮助养活了中国,也养活了许多其他依赖大米的国家,如印度和越南因为他做出了不可估量的贡献袁隆平在国内外获得了无数奖项give thatYuanshybridshave madehim quitewealthy,one mightthink hewould retireto alife ofleisure.However,this isfarfrom thecase.Deep down,Yuan isstill verymuch afarmer atheart.As aman ofthe soil,he careslittlecelebrity ormoney.Instead,he makeslarge donationssupport agriculturalresearch.考虑到杂交水稻使袁隆平变得相当富有,人们可能认为他会退休享受闲适的生活然而,事实远非如此实际上,袁隆平在内心深处仍然是一位农民作为一个土生土长的人,他不太在乎名利相反,他大量捐款支持农业科学研究高impresses peoplemost aboutYuan Longpingis hisongoing abilityto fulfillhis dreams.Long ago,he envisionedrice plants达sorghum,with eachear ofrice asbig asa broom,and eachgrain ofrice ashuge asa peanut.He succeededproduce akind of国内夕卜.ricethatcould feedmore peopleHis latestvision fbrseawater rice“has alsobecome reality,and potentiallyopenedupnearly onemillion squarekilometres ofsalty landinChinafor riceproduction.Despite hisyears年事已高,内心仍然年轻,富有远见,Yuan Longpingand everyoneis waitingto seehe willdream upnext.袁隆平给人印象最深的是他不断实现梦想的能力很久以前,他设想水稻高至高粱,稻穗大如扫帚,而每粒稻谷大如花生他成功地种植出一种可以养活国内外更多人口的水稻他对“海水稻”的最新设想也已成为现实,并可能在中国开辟近万平方公里的盐碱地,用于水稻生产尽管年事已高,袁隆平的内心仍然年轻,富有远见,每个人都在等着100看他下一步的梦想Using LanguageP55化学与有机农业的比较Chemical VersusOrganic FarmingChemicalpesticides andartificial fertilisersbein widespreadusein farmingsince themiddle ofthe20th century.When theywerefirst introduced,many farmerswelcomed themasagreat wayfightcrop diseaseand increaseproduction.Over time,however,whatsome scientistshave foundis theirlong-term usecan sometimesharm boththeland andpeoples9health.自世纪中口兀臻,化学衷羽口人工肥料在农业中得到了广泛的应用刚开始使用的时候,很多农民都很欢迎,认为20这是防治作物病害和提高产量的好办法但随着时间的推移,一些科学家发现,长期使用它们有时会损害土地和人们的健康For example,pesticides candamage theland bykillnot onlyharmbacteria andinsects,but alsohelp ones.Inadd,thesechemicals canstay inthe soiland undergroundwater sourcesfor along time.This affectsthe cropsgrowon theland and,in tumtheanimalsand humansdigestthem.Many peopleworry thatthese chemicalsmay makethem illand evencause cancer.In fact,some pesticideslike DDThavebeen prohibitedin mostcountries becausethe damagethey causepeople and the environment.As forchemicalfertilizers,cropsgrow withthemusually growto fastto berich innutrition.They maylook beautifulon theoutside,but insidethere isusually morewater thanessential minerals,and theyoften haveless flavouraswell.例如,农药不仅会杀死有害的细菌和昆虫,还会杀死有益的细菌和昆虫,从而破坏土地此外,这些化学物质会在土壤和地下水源中停留很长时间,这会影响到土地上种植的作物,进而影响到消化这些作物的动物和人类很多人担心这些化学物质会让他们生病,甚至致癌事实上,一些杀虫剂,如由于对人和环境的破坏,大多数国家已经禁止使用DDT,至于化肥,使用化肥种植的农作物通常生长过快,营养不丰富但里面通常含有更多的水分而不是必需的矿物质,而且它们的味道往往也较差Asalternative,some farmershave switchedorganic farming,and manycustomers haveturned toorganic foodwhenthey shopatthelocal grocery.Organic farmingis simplefarming withoutusing anychemicals.Organic farmersfocus没有疾病keeping theirsoil richand throughnatural means.For example,many organicfarmers usenatural wastefrom animalsas更力□富含不fertiliser.This makesthe soilin theirfields minerals.It alsokeeps theair,soil,water,and cropsfree chemicals含.作为一种选择,一些农户已经改用有机耕作,许多顾客在当地杂货店购物时也转而选择有机食品有机耕作就是不使用任何化学品的简单耕作有机农户专注于通过自然手段保持土壤肥沃和没有疾病例如,许多有机农民使用动物的天然废物作为肥料这使得他们田地里的土壤含有更丰富的矿物质它还能使空气、土壤、水和农作物不含化学物质Organic farmersalso usemanyothermethods toproduce richsoil.They oftenchange thekind ofcropgrow ineach fieldevery year.For instance,they maygrow cornor wheatin afield oneyear,and thengrow beansthere thenext year.Why differentcrops are因为grown is they putimportant mineralsback intothe ground,make itready againfor thenext batchofcrops.Organic farmersalsoplant diversecrops thatuse differentdepths ofsoil tohelp keepit rich.For example,peanuts growon thegrounds surface,butmany othervegetables putdown deeproots.The goalof usingdifferent organicfarming methodsisgrow goodfood whileavoiddamage theenvironment orpeoples health.有机农民还使用许多其他方法来培养肥沃的土壤他们经常改变每年在每块田里种植的作物种类例如,他们可能会在某块田里种植玉米或小麦,然后在第二年种植豆类为什么要种植不同的农作物,是因为他们把重要的矿物质释放回地里,让它再次为下一批农作物做好准备有机耕种的农民还种植多样化的作物,利用不同深度的土壤来帮助保持土壤的肥沃例如,花生生长在地表,但许多其他蔬菜却把根扎得很深使用不同的有机耕作方法的目的是种植好的食物,同时避免对环境或人们的健康造成损害Some peoplewould preferto stopthe useof man-made chemicalsin agricultureentire.What keepsthem fromdoing soisthefactchemical farmingserves thehigh demandfor foodaround world.Organicfarming isnowhere nearablemeet thatneed.Therefore,there isstill along wayto finda suitsolution thatputs sufficientfood onthedinner tablewhilekeep peopleandtheenvironment ashealthas possible.有些人希望在农业中完全停止使用人造化学品阻止他们这样做的原因是,化学农业服务于全世界对食物的高需求有机农业远远不能满足这种需求因此,要找到一个合适的解决方案,既能让餐桌上有足够的食物,又能让人们和环境尽可能地保持健康,还有很长的路要走。