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机房的开展历程与趋势伴有着上世纪中期计算机的产生,机房这一位词应运而生我国随着计算机技术的不断开展,与之配套的机房也在迅速开展,其开展大致可分为以下四个时期前期机房1960^1980年前期的机房是为*台计算机大、中、小型机专门建立的,并没有统一的标准,彻底是在摸索中建立的这时的机房惟独降温措施,但没有精细的温度控制,也没有测试和指标还采用的是风道送风,稳压器供电,缺乏对电力干扰1尖峰、浪涌的防范,也没有严格的除尘措施仅限于换鞋、穿白大褂由于是普通的双开门,所以有很大的缝隙恶劣的环境加之早期计算机的性能较差导致计算机系统稳定工作时间惟独几十分钟到几个小时,往往一天就要发生好几次故障有时坏1次却要修12天,可用性极差〜中期机房1980^1990年由于计算机系统的产生,浮现了专门为单个计算机系统设计的机房,有了专用的机柜〔大、中、小机柜,并且开场逐步制订标准,包括机房选址、面积等机房制冷也从集中冷却到采用恒温恒湿的专用空调机,机房设计上引进了防静电概念,使用了防静电地板在设备上也引进了UPS等设备消防系统方面采用自动与半自动的应用,具有大机房面积、宽设备运输通道,能够为单个指标发展测试和监控机房除尘方面采用新风系统和机房正压防灰尘所谓机房正压就是通过一个类似打气桶的设备向机房内部持续不断地输入新鲜、过滤好的空气,加大机房内部的气压,由于机房内外的压差,使机房内的空气通过密闭不严的窗户、门的缝隙向外泄气,从而到达防尘的效果这时候的计算机系统能稳定工作几天,并且已经开场引入模块化的概念后期机房1990^2000年IT设备逐渐小型化,效劳器逐步成为主体,多台计算机、效劳器联网,开场大量共用网络设备数据的存储介质水平逐渐提高,对数据发展了更严格的保护,也通过经历积累,从而制订了新的标准,并广泛使用恒温恒湿的专用空调供电系统的完善,采用了大量UPS,对防雷标准也发展了完善,并有了综合的监控系统,专门的机房装修设计这时候的IT系统稳定工作时间为几十天,可用性和可靠性均有了大幅提升但此时的效劳器还是每台配备一套显示器键盘鼠标,这就大大浪费了资源现代机房21世纪IT设备进一步小型化,所有设备都进入机架,机架成为机房IT设备的主体具有更合理的可用性设计,更高的实用性、先进性、灵便可扩展性、可管理性、可维护性,设备更加标准化并且加强了对数据保存环境的重视,对机房建立发展了更加严格的监测与监视IT设备的工作时间根本上是连续的,可保持24小时不关机这时候的系统能够稳定工作几个月或者时间更持久随着IT设备的开展,NCPI理念应运而生,并成为未来机房的开展趋势国内机房建立存在的常见问题随着机房的不断开展,一些问题逐渐暴露了出来首先是规划设计与运营管理落后,国内专家总结为〃一流设备〃、〃二流设计〃、〃三流管理〃之所以产生这种结论主要是国内对机房设施层面的重视缺乏其次是设计理念方面的问题,系统性、可用性不高,机房的整个系统在设计的时候应该均衡,不能*一局部太好,其他局部相对较差影响机房运行可用性的因素主要有供电系统、空调系统、监控系统、机架系统再者就是未重视扩展性的需求,最后使机柜内配电存在很大问题,到处都是插线板、电缆线,从而带来很大的安全隐患止匕外,与IT设备与机架化脱节为了美观采用不合理的设计,使得机柜内的配风存在问题,机房建成后普遍存在时常浮现局部热点的现象机房负压也是一个很严重的问题,由于设计、维护不合理,大多数机房在运行时对机房外部都是负压,造成机房内灰尘干净度严重超标对安全隐患的认识缺乏,是众多机房存在安全隐患的重要原因最后就是机房负压的问题,风量的分配由出风口风压、出风口面积等许多因素决定在冷风从地板出风口向上排出后的上升过程中,动压不断下降,从而引起位于机柜不同高度设备的配风量分布很不均匀当出口风速比拟小时,动压不够强,冷风不能被送到机柜上部的设备,上部设备过热,而加大出口风速,虽然能够解决机柜上部的送风问题,但会引起机柜下部位置的净压过低甚至产生负压(射流效应),从而使下部设备配风缺乏引起过热机房设计技术开展趋势计算机技术还在不断开展,作为计算机(LT设备)的〃家〃一机房,也在随之开展,NCPI理念逐渐被认同并成为未来机房开展的趋势针对上面存在的问题,以及日后开展要面临的问题,机房开展要通过高安全性、高可用性、高灵便性、机架化、节能性等方面的综合考虑向前迈进高安全性最主要的是雷击,据统计设备非自然损坏失占1030%其次是火灾,其〜中又以电池为主,机房中50%的火灾是由于电池起火引起的此外还有水灾,比方空调漏水等也是机房水灾的一大起因最后是非法进入,包括电脑的、人为的入侵这些都是在机房建立中需要考虑的安全问题高可用性提高平均无故障时间(MTBF),降低平均修复时间(MTTR),提高运维管理水平,把可用性提高到〃5个9〃的可用性水平,即年停机时间仅有5分钟,到达
99.999%o高灵便性要能够保证随需应变,扩展、升级容易,并且占地面积小机架化机架化有两个概念,一个是机架定位单元(RLU〕,这需要事先确定数据中心的主要标准中心可以支持多少设备,以及是否有能力来支持这些设备等这是根据数据中心每一个机架的运行需求得出的数字一个机架根据其主要要求(电源、冷却等〕有特定的RLU值,而这些数字可以与其它同样或者类似的要求一起使用在拥有各类设备的数据中心,RLU定义普通不止一个例如,在数据中心一个区域内的所有存储机架可以被视为RLU-A机架,而所有效劳器机架则为RLU-B机架此外就是〃机房模块〃的概念,正如美国可用性研究中心提出的〃IT微环境概念所提示的那样,机架机柜正在成为IT设备的〃新家〃,或者说,机柜内的微环境才是所谓的〃机房环境〃更有研究专家称〃机柜即机房〃在*种程度上,至少在机房的物理空间层面上,机柜确实可以理解为被〃切割成模块的机房〃节能性机房的密封、绝热、配风、气流组织,这些方面如果设计合理将会降低空调的使用本钱此外,因为UPS输入电流谐波成份应小于5%,所以UPS效率的提高能有效降低对电力的需求,从而到达节能的目的在NCPI领域,由于行业的特殊性,标准化存在着实际的艰难,因此长期以来缺乏监视的动力和变革兴趣但业内人士已逐渐认识到,必须防止一次性独特工程设计的低效及容易出错的复杂性,要透明地管理IT物理根抵设施的日常业务,才干建立起任何根抵设施所期望的高品质如今,业内人士已开场凭借自己的经历和商业判断力来推动行业朝着更稳定和更高效的标准化方向开展将标准化应用于NCPI的设计、部署和运营之中,以获得易于理解、可预测和高效的NCPI构造和功能由于标准化可显著地提高NCPI的商业价值,即可用性、适应性和总拥有本钱的改良,于是必然会成为NCPI技术开展中的一个具有战略意义的长期开展趋势The engine room of the Historyand TrendsAlongwith the puter generationof themid-century,the engine room of the termcame into being.As putertechnology continuesto evolve,China acpanyingthe engineroomis alsothe rapiddevelopment,its developmentcan bebroadly dividedinto thefollowingfour periods:Engine room of the early I960to1980The earlyengine roomfora puterin theminiputer specializinginthe construction,there is no uniformstandard,groping construction.Room onlywhen thecooling measures,but there isnoprecise temperaturecontrol,there isno testand indicators.Also usesductair regulatorpower supply,lack ofprevention ofelectrical interferencespikes,surges,thereisno strictmeasures ofdust.Limited tochanging hisshoes,wearinga whitelab coat.Ordinary doubledoors,so therearebig gaps.Theharsh environmentandpoorperformance of theearlyputer causethe putersystem isstable onlya fewdozenminutes toseveral hours,often oneday goingto happenseveral timesa fault.Sometimesbad timeshave to repair one to twodays,the availability of verypoor.The mid-engine room19801990〜Due to the generationof putersystems,designed specificallyfor asingle putersystemof the engine room,with adedicated cabinetlarge,medium andsmall cabinets,and beganto formulatestandards,including roomlocation,area,etc..Room coolingfromconcentrate iscooled toa constant temperature and humidity dedicatedair-conditioning,room design,the introductionof theconcept of anti-static,the useofanti-static flooring.UPS and other equipmentwas alsointroduced onthe device.The useof automaticand semi-automatic firesystem applications,with a large engineroomarea,a widechannel oftransport equipment,testing andmonitoring intoa singleinde*.The engine room dustfresh airsystem and engine room positive pressureand dust.The so-called engine roompositivepressure througha similarboost themorale of thebarrel of the deviceto the engine roominternal continuousinfusion offresh,filterthe goodair,increasing theinternal pressure of the engine room,engine roompressuredifferential insideand outside,so thatthe airin the engine roomthrough confinedstrictlywindows,door gapout to be discouraged,in orderto achievethe effectofdust.This time theputersystem stablefor afew days,and havebegun tointroducethe conceptof modular.Engine roomof thelate1990to2000IT equipmentgradually miniaturized,the serverhas graduallybee the main,multiple puters,servers,networking,large number of sharednetwork equipment.Gradually improve the level of datastorage media,the morestringent dataprotection,through experience,so asto formulatenew standards,ande*tensive useof specialair-conditioning ofconstanttemperatureandhumidity.The improvementof power supplysystem,alargenumberof the UPS,improved lightningprotection standards,and haveaprehensive monitoringsystem,a specializedroom decorationdesign.At thistime,the ITsystem isstable workinghours fordozens ofdays,the availabilityandreliability aresignificantly improved.But thistimetheserver oreach equippedwitha monitorkeyboard andmouse,which greatlywasted resources.Modern engine room21centuryIT equipmentto furtherminiaturization ofall devicesinto the rack,the rackto bee themain engine roomofIT equipment.Usability design,more practical,advanced,flexible scalability,manageability,maintainability,equipment ismore standardized.And tostrengthen theimportance of the datato preservethe environment,more stringentmonitoringand supervisionof the engine roomconstruction.The workinghours of theIT equipmentis basicallycontinuous,can bemaintained24hours shutdown.At thistime,the systemcan stabilizemonths ormore lasting.With the development ofIT equipment,the the NCPI conceptcameintobeing,and bee the developmenttrend of the futureofthe engine room.Domestic roombuilding FAQsWiththe continuousdevelopment of theengine room,some of the problemsgraduallyexposed.The firstis backwardplanning designand operationsmanagement,national expertssummedup as^first-class equipment,second-class design,flow management
77.The reasonforthis conclusionis themain domesticfocus onthe levelof roomfacilities.Followed byaspects of the designconcept,system,availability is not high,theengine roomoftheentire systemshould bebalanced in the designtime,not apart ofthegood,the otherparts ofthe relativelypoor.Factors affectingthe availabilityoftheengineroom runningthemainpowersupplysystem,air-conditioning systems,monitoring systems,rack systems.Furthermore,isnotthe emphasison scalabilityrequirements,and finallythe distributionin the cabinet thereis abig problemeverywhere,strip,cable,and thusa greatdeal ofsecurity risks.In addition,out oftouch withtheIT equipmentand rack.For aestheticuse ofunreasonabledesign,air distributionproblems within the cabinet,theengineroom afterthepletion ofwidespread recurrentphenomenon oflocal hotspots.Engine roomnegativepressure isa veryserious problem,the design,maintenance isunreasonable,most oftheengineroomin therun-time engineroom externalnegative pressurecaused bydustin theengineroomcleanliness seriouslyoverweight.Lack ofawareness ofsecurity risks,many engineroom thereare securityrisks.The finalstep is the negativepressureoftheengineroom,the distributionofair flowis determinedby manyfactors ofthe outletpressure,the outletarea.Riseafter thecold airoutlet fromthe floorupward dischargeprocess,the dynamicpressureis falling,causing the cabinets ofdifferent heightsdevices withair flowdistributionis veryuneven.Dynamic pressurewhen theoutlet velocityis relativelysmall,not strong,cold windcan notbe sentto theupper partoftheequipment ofthe cabinet,the upperpartoftheequipment fromoverheating,while increasingthe exportof windspeed,although wecan solvethe problemofthecabinet theupper air,but willcause anetpressure ofthecabinetlower positionlow oreven negativepressure jeteffect,sothat thelower partoftheequipment withthe windcaused bylack ofoverheating.Room designtechnology trendsputertechnology isstill evolving,as theputer IT equipment〃home〃-theengine room,but alsofollow thedevelopment ofthe theNCPI conceptgradually toberecognized andbeethefuture trendof development oftheengineroom.The problemsforthe above,as wellas thefuture developmentoftheproblems tobe faced,the roomdevelopmentto moveforward throughthe highsecurity,high availability,highflexibility,Rack-optimized,energy-saving andother considerations.High security:The mostimportant isstruck bylightning,according tostatisticaldevice unnaturaldamage lossaccounted for10to30percent.Followed byfire,especiallybattery-based,50%of firesintheengineroombattery fire.In additionto flooding,such asair leakageandotherengineroomflood amajor causesof Finally,illegal access,puter,human intrusion.These aretobeconsidered inthe machineroom constructionsafetyissues.High Availability:increase theaverage timebetween failuresMTBF andreducemean timetorepairMTTR,improvetheoperation andmaintenance managementlevel,the availabilityto〃5〃levels ofavailability,only fiveminutes ofthe immediacyofdowntime,
99.999%.Flexibility tobe ableto guaranteeon demand,expansion,upgrade,easy,and smallfootprint.The rack:the rackofthetwo concepts,one istheracklocation unitsRLU,whichneed todetermine in advance themain standardfordata center:center supportequipment,and abilityto supportthese devices,etc..This isthe figuresderived inaccordancewith theoperational requirementsofthedata centerrack.A rackaccording toits mainrequirementspower,cooling,etc.have specificRLU value,and thesefigures can beused inconjunction withother sameor similarrequirements.In thedata centerhasall kindsof equipment,RLU definedgenerally morethan one.For example,inaregionwithin thedata centerstorage rackcanberegarded asRLU-A racks,and allserver racks,pared withRLU-B racks.The otheristheengineroommodule concept,as theavailability ofU.S.researchcenter ofthe〃IT microenvironment77concept suggestedby therack cabinetis beingtheITequipmentnew home”,or say,the micro-environment withinthecabinetbeforeis theso-called“room environment.More expertssay acabinet thatis,the engineroom.〃In away,at leastintheengineroomofthelevelofphysical space,the cabinetcanindeed beunderstood astobecut intothe modulesengineroom”.Energy efficiency:theengineroom sealing,insulation,air distribution,airdistribution,these areasif properlydesigned willreduce thecost ofair conditioninguse.In addition,because the UPS inputcurrent harmonicponents shouldbe lessthan5%,theUPSefficiency caneffectively reducethe demandfor electricity,so astoachieve thepurpose ofenergy saving.In thetheNCPIfield,due tothe particularityofthe industry,standardization,thereare practicaldifficulties,so a long timethe lackof supervisionof powerand changesininterest.But theindustry hasetorealize theneed toavoid inefficientanderror-prone ple*ityofone-time uniqueengineering design,transparent managementofthe dailybusiness ofIT physicalinfrastructure,in orderto establishthe desiredhighquality ofany infrastructure.Today,theindustryhas begunby virtueof theirexperience andbusiness judgmenttodrive theindustry towardsthedevelopmentofamore stableand moreefficient,standardized direction.Standardization appliedtothedesign,deployment andoperationsoftheNCPI,the easyto understand,predictable andefficient NCPIstructureand function.The standardizationof NCPIbusiness value,usability,adaptability,andtotal costof ownershipimprovements,which NCPIdevelopmentofstrategic significancewillinevitably beealong-term trends.。