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年英语一考研真题2023Section IUse ofEnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best wordsfor eachnumbered blankand markA,B,C orD on the ANSWER SHEET.10pointsToday welive in a worldwhere GPSsystems,digital maps,and othernavigation appsareavailable onour smartphones.1of usjust walkstraight into the woodswithout a phone.Butphones2on batteries,and batteriescan diefaster thanwe realize.3you getlost withoutaphoneora compass,and you4cant findnorth,a fewtricks tohelp younavigate5to civilization,one ofwhich is tofollow theland...When youfind yourselfwell6a trail,but not in acompletely7area,you have to answertwoquestions:Which8is downhill,in thisparticular areaAnd whereis thenearest watersourceHumans overwhelminglylive invalleys,and onsupplies offresh water.9,if youhead downhill,and followany H2O youfind,you should10see signsof people.If youveexplored thearea before,keep aneye outfor familiarsights-you may be11howquickly identifyinga distinctiverock ortree canrestore yourbearings.Another12:Climb highand look for signsof humanhabitation.13,even indense forest,youshould be able to14gaps in the treeline dueto roads,train tracks,and otherpaths peoplecarve15the woods.Head toward these16to finda wayout.At night,scan thehorizon for17light sources,such asfires andstreetlights,then walktowardtheglow oflight pollution.18,assuming yourelost in an areahumans tend to frequent,lookfor the19we leaveon thelandscape.Trail blazes,tire tracks,and otherfeatures can20you tocivilization.
1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]A
112.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come
3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]Until
4.[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally
5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away
6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone
36.The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA.Dette businessrelutions withstatesB.put mostonline businessinadilemmaC.make moreonline shopperspay sales taxD.forces somestates tocut sales tax
37.It can be learnedfrom paragraphs2and3that theoverruled decisionsA.have ledto thedominance ofe-commerceB.have costconsumers a lot over the yearsC.were widelycriticized byonline purchasesD.were consideredup favorableby states
38.According toJustice AnthonyKennedy,the physicalpresence rulehasA.hindered economicdevelopmentB.brought prosperityto thecountryC.harmed fairmarket competitionD.boosted growthin statesrevenue
39.Who aremost likely to welcomethe Supreme Court rulingA.Internet entrepreneursB.Big-chair ownersC.Third-party sellersD.Small retailers
40.In dealingwith theSupremeCourtdecision Thursday,the authorA.gives afactual accountof itand discussesits consequencesB.describes thelong andcomplicated processof itsmakingC.presents itsmain pointswith conflictingviews on themD.cities somesaces relatedto itand analyzestheir implicationsPartBDirections:The followingparagraphs aregiven ina wrongorder.For Questions41-45,you arerequiredto reorganizethese paragraphsinto acoherent articleby choosingfrom thelist A-Gand fillingthem into the numberedboxes.Paragraph Cand Fhave beencorrectly placed.Mark youranswers onANSWER SHEET.10pointsA.These toolscan helpyou win every argument-notinthe unhelpfulsense ofbeating youropponentsbut inthe bettersense oflearning aboutthe issues that dividepeople.Learning whytheydisagree withus andlearning totalk andwork togetherwith them.If wereadjust ourview ofarguments-from averbal fightor tennisgame toa reasonedexchange throughwhich weall gainmutualrespect,and understanding-then wechange thevery natureof whatit meansto“win anargument.B.Of course,many discussionsare notso successful.Still,we needto becareful not to accuseopponentsof badarguments tooquickly.We needto learnhow toevaluate themproperly.A largepartof evaluationis callingout badarguments,but wealso needto admitgood argumentsbyopponents andto applythe samecritical standardsto ourselves.Humility requiresyou torecognizeweakness inyour ownarguments andsometimes alsoto acceptreasons on the oppositeside.C.None of these willbe easybut you can starteven ifothers refuseto.Next timeyou stateyourposition,formulate an argument forwhat youclaim andhonestly askyourself whetheryourargument is any good.Next timeyou talkwith someonewho takesa stand,ask them to giveyou areasonfor theirview.Spell outtheir argumentfully andcharitably.Assess itsstrength impartially.Raise objectionsand listencarefully to their replies.D.Carnegie would be rightif arguments were fights,whichishow weoften thinkof them.Like physicalfights,verbal fightscan leaveboth sidesbloodied.Even whenyou win,you endupno betteroff.Your prospectswould bealmost asdismal ifargumentswereeven justcompetitions-like,say,tennis games.Paris ofopponents hitthe ballback andforth untilone winneremergesfrom allwho entered.Everybody elseloses.This kind of thinkingis whyso manypeopletry to avoid arguments,especially aboutpolitics andreligion.E.In his1936work Howto WinFriends and Influence People,Dale Carnegiewrote:“thereis only one way...to getthebest of anargument-and that is toavoid it.This aversionto argumentsis common,but itdependson amistaken viewof argumentsthat causesprofound problemsfor ourpersonal andsociallives-and inmany waysmisses thepoint of arguing inthe firstplace.F.These viewsof argumentsalso underminereason.If yousee aconversation as a fightorcompetition,youcanwin bycheating as long asyou dontget caught.You willbe happytoconvince peoplewith badarguments.You cancall theirviews stupid,or jokeabout howignorantthey are.None ofthese trickswill helpyou understandthem,their positionsor theissuesthatdivideyou,but theycan helpyou win-in oneway.G.There is a betterway towin arguments.Imagine thatyou favorincreasing theminimumwage inour state,and Ido not.If youyell,yes JandIyell.No Jneither ofus learnsanything.Weneither understandnor respecteach other,and wehave nobasis forcompromise orcooperation.Incontrast,suppose yougive areasonable argument:that full-time workersshould nothave tolive inpoverty.Then Icounter with another reasonableargument:that ahigher minimumwage willforcebusinesses toemploy fewerpeople forless time.Now wecan understandeach otherspositions andrecognizeour sharedvalues,since weboth careabout needyworkers.一一一一一41-42F4344C45PartCDirections:Read the following textcarefully andthen translatethe underlinedsegments intoChinese.Your translationshould bewritten neatlyon the ANSWER SHEET.10pointsIt wasonly afterI startedto writea weeklycolumn aboutthe medicaljournals,and begantoread scientificpapers frombeginning toend,that Irealised justhow badmuch ofthe medicalliteraturefrequently was.I cameto recognisevarious signsof abad paper:the kind of paperthatpurports toshow that people who eat morethan onekilo ofbroccoli aweek were
1.17times morelikelythan thosewhoeatless tosuffer latein lifefrom perniciousanaemia.46There is a greatdealof thiskind ofnonsense inthe medicaljournals which,when takenup bybroadcasters andthelay press,generates bothhealth scaresand short-lived dietaryenthusiasms.Why isso muchbad sciencepublished Arecent paper,titled“The NaturalSelection ofBad,Science publishedon theRoyal Societysopen sciencewebsite,attempts toanswer thisintriguingand importantquestion.It saysthat theproblem isnot merelythatpeopledo badscience,but thatour current systemof careeradvancement positivelyencourages it.What isimportant isnot truth,but publication,which hasbecome almostan endin itself.There has been akindofinflationaryprocess atwork:47nowadays anyoneapplying for a researchpost hasto havepublished twicethenumber ofpapers that would have been requiredfor thesame postonly10years ago.Never mindthequality,then,count the number.48Attempts havebeen madeto curbthis tendency,for example,by tryingto incorporatesomemeasure ofquality as well asquantity into the assessmentof anapplicants papers.This is thefamed citationindex,that isto saythenumber of timesa paperhasbeenquoted elsewherein thescientificliterature,the assumptionbeing thatan importantpaper willbe citedmore oftenthan oneofsmall account.49This would be reasonableif itwere notfor thefact thatscientists caneasilyarrange tocite themselvesin theirfuture publications,or getassociates todo sofor themin returnforsimilar favours.Boiling downan individuaPsoutput tosimple metrics,such asnumberofpublications orjournalimpacts,entails considerablesavings intime,energy andambiguity.Unfortunately,thelong-term costsof usingsimple quantitativemetrics toassess researchermerit arelikelyto be quitegreat.50If weare seriousabout ensuringthat ourscience isboth meaningfuland reproducible,we mustensure thatour institutionsencourage thatkindofscience.Section IIIWritingPart A
51.Directions:Suppse youare workingfor the“Aiding rurdPrimary Schoolproject ofyour university.Write anemail toanswer theinquiry froman internationalstudent volunteer,specifying detailsofthe project.Do notsign yourown nameat theend ofthe email.Use LiMing instead.pointsPart B
52.Directions:Write anessay of160—200words basedonthefollowing pictures.In youressay,you should1describe thepictures briefly,2interpret themeaning,and3give yourcomments.You shouldwrite neatlyontheANSWERSHEET.20points途中
7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[CJunchanged[D]unfamiliar
8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place
9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides
10.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[DJ eventually
11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[Clfrightened|D]confused
12.[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result
13.[A]Above all[B]In contrast[C]On average[D]For example
14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate
15.[A]from[B]through[C]beyond[D]under
16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks
17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited
18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]incidentally[D]Generally
19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings
20.[A]restrict[BJ adopt[CJ lead[D]exposeSection IIReading ComprehensionPartADirections:Read thefollowing fourtexts.Answer thequestions beloweach textby choosingA,B,Cor D.Mark youranswers ontheANSWERSHEET.40pointsText1Financial regulationsin Britainhave imposeda ratherunusual ruleonthebosses ofbig banks.Starting nextyear,any guaranteedbonus oftop executivescould bedelayed10years iftheir banksareunder investigationfor wrongdoing.The mainpurpose of this“clawback”rule isto holdbankersaccountable forharmful risk-taking andto restorepublic trustin financialinstitution.Yetofficials alsohope fora muchlarger benefit:more long term decision-making notonly bybanksbut alsobu allcorporations,to build a strongereconomy forfuture generations.“Short-termism“or thedesire forquick profits,has worsenedin publicly traded companies,says theBank ofEnglands topeconomist.Andrew Haldane.He quotesa giantofclassical economies,Alfred Marshall,in describingthis financialimpatience asacting likeChildrenwho pickthe plumsout oftheir puddingto eat them atonce ratherthan puttingthemaside to be eatenlast.The averagetime forholding astock inboth theUnited Statesand Britain,he notes,hasdropped fromseven yearsto sevenmonths in recent decades.Transient investors,who demandhighquarterly profitsfrom companies,can hindera firmsefforts toinvest inlong-term researchorto buildup customerloyalty.This hasbeen dubbedquarterly capitalism^.In addition,new digitaltechnologies haveallowed morerapid tradingof equities,quicker useofinformation,and thusshortens attentionspans infinancial markers,There seemsto beapredominance of short-term thinkingat theexpense of long-term investing/9said CommissionerDanielGallagher ofthe USSecurities andExchange Commissionin speechthis week.In theUS,the Sarbanes-Oxley Actof2023has pushedmost public companies todeferperformance bonusesfor seniorexecutives byabout ayear,slightly helpingreduce“short-termism.In itslatest surveyof CEOpay,The WallStreet Journalfinds thata substantialpartof executivepay isnow tiedto performance.Much morecould bedone toencourage long-termism Jsuch aschanges inthe taxcode andquickerdisclosure ofstock acquisitions.In France,shareholders whohold ontoa companyinvestmentfor atleast twoyears cansometimes earnmore votingrights ina company.Within companies,the rightcompensation designcan provideincentives forexecutives tothinkbeyond theirown timeat thecompany andon behalfof allstakeholders.Britains newrule isareminder tobankers thatsociety hasan interestin theirperformance,not justfor theshort termbutfor thelongterm.
21.According toParagraph1,one motivein imposingthe newrule isthe.A.enhance bankerssense ofresponsibilityB.help corporationsachieve largerprofitsC.buildanew systemof financialregulationD.guarantee thebonuses oftop executives
22.Alfred Marshallis quotedto indicate.A.the conditionsfor generatingquick profitsB.governments9impatience indecision-makingC.the solidstructure ofpubliclytradedcompaniesD.short-termisirT ineconomics activities
23.It isargued that the influenceof transientinvestment onpubliccompaniescan be.A.indirectB.adverseC.minimalD.temporary
24.The USand Franceexamples areused toillustrate.A.the obstaclesto preventingshort-termism”.B.the significanceoflong-term thinking.C.the approachesto promotinglong-termism”.D.the prevalenceofshort-term thinking.
25.Which ofthefollowingwouldbethe besttitle for the textA.Failure ofQuarterly CapitalismB.Patience asa CorporateVirtueC.Decisiveness Requiredof TopExecutivesD.Frustration ofRisk-taking BankersText2Grade inflation-the gradualincrease inaverage GPAsgrade-point averagesover thepast fewdecades-is oftenconsidered aproduct ofa consumerera inhigher education,in whichstudents aretreatedlike customersto bepleased.But another,related force-a policyoften burieddeep incoursecatalogs called“grade forgiveness^—is helpingraise GPAs.Grade forgivenessallows students to retake a coursein whichthey receiveda lowgrade,andthe mostrecent gradeorthehighest gradeistheonlyonethat countsin calculatingastudenfs overallGPA.The useofthislittle-known practicehas acceleratedinrecentyears,as collegescontinue todotheir utmostto keepstudents inschool andpaying tuition and improve their graduation rates.When thispractice firststarted decadesago,it wasusually limitedto freshmen,to givethem asecondchance totakeaclass in their firstyear if they struggledintheirtransition to college-levelcourses.But nowmost collegessave formany selectivecampuses,allow allundergraduates,andeven graduatestudents,to gettheir lowgrades forgiven.College officialstendtoemphasize thatthe goalof grade forgiveness isless aboutthe gradeitselfand moreabout encouragingstudentstoretake coursescritical totheir degreeprogram and」graduation withoutincurring abig penalty.Untimely saidJack Miner,Ohio StateUniversitysregistrar,“we seestudents achievemore successbecause theyretake acourse anddo betterinsubsequent contentsor masterthe contentthat allowsthemtograduate ontime.”That said,there isa wayin whichgrade forgivenesssatisfies collegesown needsaswell.Forpublic institutions,state fundsare sometimestied partlytotheirsuccess onmetrics suchasgraduation ratesand studentretention-so bettergrades can,by boostingfigures likethose,mean一more money.And anythingthat raisesGPAs willlikely makestudents who,attheend oftheday,are payingthe bill—feel theyvegotten abetter valuefor theirtuition dollars,which isanotherbig concernfor colleges.Indeed,grade forgivenessis justanother waythat universitiesare respondingto consumers5expectations fbrhigher education.Since students and parentsexpect acollege degreeto leada job,it isinthebest interestofaschool toturn outgraduates whoare asqualified aspossible—or atleastappear tobe.On this,studentsandcolleges9incentives seemtobealigned.
26.What iscommonly regardedas thecause ofgrade inflationA.The changeof coursecatalogs.B.Studentsindifference toGPAS.C.Colleges neglectof GPAS.D.The influenceof consumerculture.
27.What wasthe originalpurpose ofgrade forgivenessA.To helpfreshmen adapttocollegelearning.B.To maintaincolleges9graduationrates.C.To preparegraduates fora challengingfuture.D.To increaseuniversities9income fromtuition.
28.According toParagraph5,grade forgivenessenable collegesto.A.obtain morefinancial supportB.boost theirstudent enrollmentsC.improvetheirteaching qualityD.meet localgovernments9needs
29.What doesthe phrase“tobealignedLine5,Para.6most probablymeanA.To counterbalanceeach other.B.To complementeach other.C.To beidentical witheach other.D.To becontradictory toeach other.
30.The authorexamines thepractice ofgradeforgivenessby.A.assessing itsfeasibilityB.analyzing thecauses behinditC.comparing differentviews onitD.listing itslong-run effectsText3This yearmarks exactlytwo countriessince thepublication ofFrankenstein;or,The ModernPrometheus,by MaryShelley.Even beforethe inventionoftheelectric lightbulb,the authorproduceda remarkablework ofspeculative fictionthat wouldforeshadow manyethical questionstobe raisedby technologiesyet tocome.Today therapid growthof artificial intelligence ATraises fundamentalquestions:^What isintelligence,identify,orconsciousness Whatmakes humanshumans”What is being calledartificial generalintelligence,machines thatwould imitatethe wayhumansthink,continues toevade scientists.Yet humansremain fascinatedby the idea ofrobotsthat wouldlook,move,and respondlike humans,similar tothose recentlydepicted onpopularsci-fi TVseries suchas“Westworld andHumans”.Just howpeople thinkis stillfar toocomplex tobe understood,let alonereproduced,saysDavid Eagleman,a StanfordUniversity neuroscientist.We arejust ina situationwhere thereareno goodtheories explainingwhat consciousnesssactually isand howyou couldever buildamachine toget there.”But thatdoesnt meancrucial ethical issues involvingAI arentat hand.The cominguse ofautonomousvehicles,for example,poses thornyethical questions.Human driverssometimes mustmakesplit-second decisions.Their reactionsmaybea complexcombination ofinstant reflexes,input frompast drivingexperiences,and whattheir eyesand earstell themin thatmoment.AI“vision”today isnot nearlyas sophisticatedas thatof humans.And toanticipate everyimaginabledriving situationisadifficult programmingproblem.Whenever decisionsare basedon massesof data,“you quicklyget intoalotof ethicalquestions/5notes TanKiat How,chief executiveofaSingapore-based agencythatishelping thegovernmentdevelop avoluntary codefortheethical useof ALAlong withSingapore,othergovernments andmega-corporations arebeginning toestablish theirown guidelines.Britain issettingup adata ethicscenter.India releasedits AIethics strategythis spring.On June7Google pledgednot to“design ordeploy AI”thatwouldcause overallharm Jor todevelopAi-directed weaponsor useAI forsurveillance thatwould violateinternational norms.Italso pledgednottodeploy AIwhose usewould violateinternational lawsor humanrights.While the statement isvague,it representsone startingpoint.So doestheideathat decisionsmadeby AIsystems shouldbe explainable,transparent,and fair.To putit anotherway:How canwe makesure thatthe thinkingof intelligentmachinesreflects humanityshighest valuesOnly thenwill theybe usefulservants andnot Frankensteinsout-of-control monster.
31.Mary Shelleysnovel Frankensteinis mentionedbecause itA.fascinates AIscientists allovertheworld.B.has remainedpopular foraslongas200years.C.involves someconcerns raisedby AItoday.D.has sparkedserious ethicalcontroversies.
32.In DavidEaglemans opinion,ourcurrentknowledge ofconsciousnessA.helps explainartificialintelligence.B.canbemisleading torobot making.C.inspires popularsci-fi TVseries.D.is toolimited forus toreproduce it.
33.The solutiontotheethicalissuesbrought byautonomous vehiclesA.can hardlyever befound.B.is stillbeyond ourcapacity.C.causes littlepublic concern.D.has arousedmuch curiosity.
34.The authorsattitude towardGoogles pledgeis oneofA.affirmation.B.skepticism.C.contempt.D.respect.
35.Which ofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitle forthe textA.Als Future:In theHands ofTech GiantsB.Frankenstein,the NovelPredicting theAge of AIC.The ConscienceofAI:Complex ButInevitableD.AI ShallBe KillersOnce Outof ControlText4States willbeableto forcemore peopleto paysales taxwhen theymake online purchasesunder aSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythat willleave shopperswith lighterwallets butisabigfinancial winfor states.The SupremeCourfs opinionThursday overruleda pairof decades-old decisionsthat statessaidcost thembillions ofdollars inlost revenueannually.The decisionsmade itmore difficultforstates to collect sales tax oncertain onlinepurchases.The casesthe courtoverturned saidthat ifa businesswas shippinga customerspurchase toastate wherethe businessdidnt havea physicalpresence suchasawarehouse oroffice,the businessdidnthavetocollect salestax fbrthe state.Customers weregenerally responsiblefbr payingthesales taxtothestate themselvesiftheywerent chargedit,but mostdidnt realizethey owedit andfewpaid.Justice AnthonyKennedy wrotethattheprevious decisionswere flawed.Each yearthephysical presencerule becomesfurther removedfrom economicreality andresults insignificantrevenue lossestotheStates/5he wroteinanopinion joinedby fourother justices.Kennedy wrotethatthe rulelimited statesability toseek long-term prosperityand hasprevented marketparticipantsfrom competingonaneven playing field.”The rulingisavictory forbig chainswithapresence inmany states,since theyusually collectsalestax ononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivals willbe charging salestaxwhere theyhadntbefore.Big chainshavebeencollecting salestax nationwidebecause theytypically havephysicalstores inwhatever statea purchaseisbeingshipped to.Amazon,with itsnetwork ofwarehouses,also collectssalestaxineverystate thatcharges it,though third-party sellerswho usethe sitedonthave to.Until now,many sellersthat havea physicalpresence inonly asingle stateorafew stateshavebeen abletoavoidchargingsalestaxes whenthey shipto addressesoutside thosestates.Sellers thatuse eBayand Etsy,which provideplatforms forsmaller sellers,also haventbeencollecting salestax nationwide.Under the ruling Thursday,states canpass lawsrequiringout-of-state sellerstocollectthe statessalestaxfrom customersand sendit tothestate.Retail tradegroups praisedtheruling,saying itlevels theplayingfieldfor localand onlinebusinesses.The losers,said retailanalyst NeilSaunders,are online-only retailers,especiallysmaller ones.Those retailersmay faceheadaches complyingwith variousstate salestax laws.TheSmall BusinessEntrepreneurship Counciladvocacy groupsaid ina astatement,“Smallbusinesses andinternet entrepreneursare notwell servedat allby thisdecision.”。