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Unit1Another SchoolYear-What For教学目的了解作者及其背景知识;熟悉本文使用的写作手法;掌握委婉语;通过深刻理解文章内涵,培养学生社会洞察力和相关的讨论能力,同时掌握文中的核心语言点教学内容背景知识介绍作品赏析写作技巧语言理解教学重点文学作品的赏析;文学中的修辞手法一委婉语的使用构词法词缀教学方法多种教学法讲授、问答、讨论、模仿、练习等并用Warming-up:DiscussionDivide theclass intoseveral groupsand makethem havea discussion about theadvantages anddisadvantages of formal education atschool.Suggested Answers:Advantages:
1.a systematicmastery of the knowledgerequired by the publiceducation.
2.an accessto an atmosphere whichis full of competition
3.opportunities ofbeing togetherwith those with whomyou share the similarexperience
4.teachers areprofessionals in the fieldof education and canprovide withwhat weexpect fromthem;Disadvantages:
1.formaleducationpays muchattention tosimilarity ratherthan individuality;
2.thosewithspecial talentscannot exerttheir potentialityat aformal school;Background Information
1.William ShakespeareTragedies:⑴HamletJMacbeth,King LeaOthello;2*Antony andCleopatra1,fCoriolanus\fRomeo andJuliet,Julius Caesar1;3,Richard II,Richard IIP,Timon of Athens1;4,King John*,Titus Andronicus1,*Henry VP.Comedies:The Tempest,As YouLike It\;The WintersTaleThe Merchantof Venice,;Twelfth NightMuchAdo aboutNothing1,;CymbelineA MidsummerNights Dream1;The MerryWives ofWindsor1,The Tamingof theShrew,,Two Gentlemenof Verona,,;,AlFs WellThat EndsWell,A Comedyof Errors1,Pericles1,Loves LaboursLost,Two NobleKinsmen.Histories:Henry IV,Parts1and2,Henry V;Richard IP,,Richard IIP,Henry VIII,;;King JohnHenryVT,Parts2and3,Henry VP,Part
1.Serious Plays,or BitterComedies:Measure forMeasure,Troilus andCressida
1.
2.Bach1685-1750Bach,Johann Sebastian,was consideredby many of hispeers to be thesupreme masterofcounterpoint compositionaltechnique pittingnote againstnote ormelody againstmelody.Thisquality wasexpressly illustratedin hisfugal compositions.In thisexcerpt fromhis famousToccataand Fuguein DMinor,written in his earlyyears as a courtorganist,Bach expandson thetoccata short,intricately articulatedkeyboard movementform in an elaboratelyconstructed fugue.
3.HomerHomer,name traditionallyassigned to the authorof theIliad and the Odyssey,the twomajorepics ofGreek antiquity.Nothing isknown ofHomer as an individual,and in fact itis amatter ofcontroversywhether asingle personcan besaid tohave writtenboth theIliad and the Odyssey.Linguistic and historical evidence,however,suggests that the poemswere composedin the Greeksettlements on the westcoast ofAsia Minorsometime in the8th centuryBC.THE ILIADTheIliad isset in the finalyear of the TrojanWar,fought betweenthe Greeksand theinhabitantsof thecity ofTroy.The legendaryconflict formsthe backgroundfor thecentral plotof thestory:thewrath of the Greek hero Achilles.Insulted byhis commanderin chief,Agamemnon,the youngwarriorAchilles withdrawsfrom thewar,leaving hisfellow Greeksto sufferterrible defeatsat thehands of theTrojans.Achilles rejectsthe Greeks1attempts atreconciliation butfinally relentsto someextent,allowing hiscompanion Patroclusto leadhis troopsin hisplace.Patroclus isslain,and Achilles,filledwith furyand remorse,turns hiswrath againstthe Trojans,whose leader,Hector sonof KingPriam,he killsin singlecombat.The poemcloses asAchilles surrendersthe corpseof Hectorto Priamforburial,recognizing acertain kinshipwith the Trojan kingas theyboth facethe tragediesof mortalityandbereavement.THE ODYSSEYTheOdyssey describes the returnof theGreekheroOdysseus from the TrojanWar.The openingscenesdepict thedisorder thathas arisenin Odysseusshousehold duringhis longabsence:A band ofsuitors isliving offof hiswealth as they woohis wife,Penelope.The epicthen tellsof Odysseusstenyears oftraveling,during whichhe hasto facesuch dangersas theman-eating giantPolyphemus andsuchsubtler threatsas thegoddess Calypso,who offershim immortalityif hewill abandonhis questforhome.The secondhalf of the poembegins withOdysseus*s arrivalat hishome islandof Ithaca.Here,exercising infinitepatience andself-control,Odysseus teststhe loyaltyof hisservants;plots andcarriesout abloody revengeon Penelopessuitors;and isreunited with his son,his wife,andhis agedfather.
4.VIRGIL,or VERGI70-19BC.The greatestof the Roman poets,Publius VergiliusMaro,was nota Romanby birth.His earlyhomewas ona farmin thevillage ofAndes,near Mantua.His fatherwas afarmer,prosperous enoughtogive hisson thebest education.The youngVirgil wassent toschool atCremona and then toMilan.At theage of17he wentto Rometo study.There helearned rhetoricand philosophyfrom thebestteachers of the day.Virgil studiedtheGreekpoets.He wrotehis Eclogues.These arepastoral poemsdescribing thebeautyof Italianscenes.At thesuggestion ofMaecenas hewrote amore serious work on the artoffarming andthe charmsof countrylife calledthe Georgies*.This establishedhis fameas theforemostpoet of his age.The yearafter theGeorgies waspublished,he beganhis greatepic,the Aeneid.He tookas hisherotheTrojanAeneas,supposed to be thefounder of theRomannation.The poem,published afterVirgifsdeath,exercised atremendous influenceupon Latinand laterChristian literature,prose as wellas poetry.Thus hisinfluence continuedthrough theMiddle Agesand intomodern times.
5.DANTE1265-
1321.One of the greatestpoets in the historyof worldliterature,Italian writerDante Alighiericomposedpoetry influencedby classicaland Christiantradition.Dantes greatestwork wasthe epicpoem Ladivina commedia1321;The DivineComedy,
1802.It includesthree sections:the InfernoHell,in whichthe greatclassical poetVirgil leadsDante ona tripthrough hell;the PurgatorioPurgatory,in whichVirgil leadsDante upthe mountainof purification;andthe ParadisoParadise,in whichDante travelsthrough heaven.This passagefromtheInfernorecited byan actorcomes at the beginningof theepic,when Danteloses hisway in the woods.The DivineComedywas probablybegun about1307;it wascompleted shortlybefore his death.The workis anallegoricalnarrative,in verseof greatprecision anddramatic force,of the poets imaginaryjourneythrough hell,purgatory,and heaven.In eachof thethree realmsthepoetmeets withmythological,historical,and contemporarypersonages.Each characteris symbolicof aparticular faultor virtue,either religiousor political;andthe punishmentor rewardsmeted outto thecharacters furtherillustrate thelarger meaningof theiractionsin theuniversal scheme.Dante isguided throughhell andpurgatory byVirgil,who is,to Dante,the symbolof reason.Thewoman Danteloved,Beatrice,whom heregards asboth amanifestation andan instrumentof thedivinewill,is hisguide throughparadise.
6.ARISTOTLE384-322BC.One of the greatestthinkers of all time,an ancientGreek philosopher.His workinthenatural andsocialsciences greatlyinfluenced virtuallyevery areaof modernthinking.Aristotle was born in384BC inStagira,onthenorthwest coastof theAegean Sea.His fatherwasa friendandthephysician ofthe kingof Macedonia,andthelad spentmost ofhis boyhoodat thecourt.At17,he wentto Athensto study.He enrolledatthefamous Academydirected bythe philosopherPlato.Aristotle threwhimself wholeheartedlyinto Platospursuit oftruth andgoodness.Plato wassooncalling himthe mindofthe school.H Inlater yearshe renouncedsome ofPlatos theoriesand wentfarbeyond himin breadthof knowledgeAfterhisdeath,Aristotles writingswere scatteredor lost.In theearly MiddleAges theonly worksofhis knownin WesternEurope wereparts ofhis writingson logic.They becamethe basisof one ofthe threesubjects ofthe medievaltrivium-logic,grammar,and rhetoric.Early inthe13th centuryotherbooks reachedthe West.Some camefrom Constantinople;others werebrought bythe Arabsto Spain.Medieval scholarstranslated theminto Latin.The bestknown ofAristotles writingsthat havebeen preservedare Organon*treatises onlogic;Rhetoric;Poetics*;History ofAnimals*;Metaphysics;De Anima*on psychology;Nicomachean Ethics;Politics;and ConstitutionofAthens*.
7.Geoffrey ChaucerCalledthe FatheroftheEnglish LanguageaswellastheMorning Starof Song,GeoffreyChaucer,after sixcenturies,has retainedhis statusas oneofthethree orfour greatestEnglish poets.He wasthe firstto committo linesof universaland enduringappeal avivid interest in nature,books,and people.As many-sided asShakespeare,he didfor Englishnarrative whatShakespeare didfordrama.If helacks theprofundity ofShakespeare,he excelsin playfulnessof moodand simplicityofexpression.Though hislanguage oftenseems quaint,he wasessentially modern.Familiarity with thelanguage andwith theliterature ofhis contemporariespersuades themost skepticalthat he is nearertothe presentthan manywriters bornlong afterhe died.The CanterburyTalesThe Talesis acollection ofstories setwithin aframing storyof apilgrimage toCanterbury Cathedral,the shrineof SaintThomas aBecket.The poetjoins abandofpilgrims,vividly describedin theGeneralPrologue,who assembleattheTabard Innoutside Londonfor thejourney toCanterbury.Ranging instatus froma Knightto ahumble Plowman,they are a microcosmof14th-century Englishsociety.The CanterburyTales contains22verse talesand2prose talespresumably toldby pilgrimsto passthetime ontheir way to visita shrinein Canterbury,England.The talesrepresent nearlyevery varietyof medievalstory atits best.The specialgenius ofChaucer*swork,however,lies inthe dramaticinteraction betweenthe talesandtheframing story.Francois deLa Rochefoucauld1613-
80.Francois deLa Rochefoucauldwasbornto oneofthenoble familiesof Franceon Sept.15,1613,in Paris.His notionsof humanfaults andfoibles grewout of a lifeimmersed inthe politicalcrises ofhistime.The publiclife ofhis familywas conditionedbytheattitude ofthe monarchytoward thenobility—sometimes flattering,sometimes threatening.Having servedinthearmy periodicallyfrom1629to1646,La Rochefoucauldbecame oneoftheprominent leadersinthecivil warfrom1648to
1653.Wounded in1649and againin1652,he finallyretired fromthe strugglewith extensiveface andthroatwounds andwithhishealth ruined.The literaryreputation ofLa Rochefoucauldrests onone book:deflexions ousentences etmaximesmorales1,published in
1665.Generally calledthe Maximes,these moralreflections andmaxims areacollection ofcynical epigrams,or shortsayings,about humannature-a naturethat theauthor feltisdominated byself-interest.Typical ofhis point of viewarethefollowing sayings:HWe seldomfindsuch sensiblemen asthose whoagree withus;Virtues arelost inself-interest asrivers arelost inthesea;The surestway to be deceivedis tothink oneselfcleverer thanthe othersn;and nWealways likethosewho admireus;we do not alwayslike thosewhom weadmire.After convalescing,he settledin Pariswhere hebecame involvedwith acircle ofbrilliant andcultivatedpeople whodebated intellectualsubjects ofall kinds.As anexercise,they attemptedtoexpress theirthoughts withthe greatestbrevity.In sodoing theymade greatuse ofthe epigram,ormaxim,which createssurprise throughthe devicesof exaggerationand paradox.La Rochefoucauldsoongained masteryof thisdevice.The firstedition ofhis Maximescontains,infact,some longerselectionsalong withthe epigrams.Altogether heauthorized fiveeditions ofthe bookinhislifetime,the lastappearing in
1678.Two yearslater,onMarch17,1680,h edied inParis.Massachusetts Instituteof TechnologyMITMassachusetts Instituteof TechnologyMIT,oneofthe worldsleading researchuniversities,inCambridge,Massachusetts.In1865the schoolwas openedin Bostonby geologistWilliam BartonRogers,who becameits firstpresident.Throughout itshistory MIThas helda worldwidereputation forteaching andresearch.It wasamongthe firstschools touse thelaboratory methodof instruction,develop themodern professionofchemical engineering,and offercourses inaeronautical andelectrical engineeringand appliedphysics.Word Study
1.Verbal affixies-ize/ise:lto cause to be;to make;to becomemodernize/stabilize/realize/materialize/standardize/computerize/idealize/2to putinto statedplace hospitalize/centralize/socialize-fy tocausetobepurify/simplify/clarify/justify/notify/simplify/classify identify/terrify/qualify/terrify-en1to becomedarken/weaken/blacken/sadden2tobemade ofwooden/golden/woolen
2.body/faculty/staffbody
1.whole physicalstructure ofa humanbeing oran animal;main partofahuman bodydeadbody astrong body
2.main partof sththe body ofa shipthe body ofthetheater,the mainbodyofthe book
3.object heavenlybodies aforeign body
4.group ofpeople workingor actingasaunita bodyof troops,a bodyof supporters,a legislativebody,a governmentbodythe studentbody,the governingbody,theschoolbody,an electedbodyfaculty
5.anyofthe powersofthebodyor mindthefaculty ofthe sightmental faculties
6.department orgroup ofrelated departmentsinauniversitythe Facultyof Lawthe Facultyof Science
7.the wholeteaching staff in oneofthedepartments orinthewhole universityTheentire facultyoftheuniversity willattend themeeting.staff usu.sing
8.group ofassistants workingtogether ina business,etc responsibleto amanager ora personinauthoritythe hotelstaff theshop staffWeneed morestaffinthe office.I havea staffof ten
9.Those peopledoing administrativework校长及全体教师a headteacher andher staffTheschool staffare expectedto superviseschool meals.
3.testify/justify/verify/Certify提供证据,作证
1.testify declareasawitness,esp incourt;give evidenceTwo witnessestestifiedagainst herand onein herfavor.表明或证明某人或某事是正当的,有理
2.justify showthat sth/sb isright,reasonable orjust的或公正的You shouldntattempt tojustify yourselfTheyfound ithard tojustify theirsons givingup asecure well-paid job.证实,核查
3.verify tocheck;to make sure sthis trueor accurateThecomputer verifiedthe datawas loadedcorrectly.尤指书面证明
4.certify todeclare formally,esp inwriting oronaprinted documentHe certifieditwas hiswifes handwriting.
4.say/speak/talk/tell/converse其宾语通常是所说的话的内容,或用以表达出直接引语
1.sayHe hasntsaid thatheisleaving.「,He saidGood nightand wentto bed.用途较广,可指说或说话,还可指发言或演讲,通常是一人讲大家听
2.speakThe babyis learningto speak.Please dontspeak with your mouthfulloffood.rd liketo speakwith youabout myidea.We haveinvited herto speakon Americanpolitics.还可用来指会说或能够用某种语言说话He speaksseveral languages.通常用来指两人或两人以上相互交谈,含着有谈话对象的意思,往往只调侃或闲聊
3.talkWe satinthebar andtalked forhours强调一人提供信息,其他人接受信息
4.tellShe toldhim tohurry up.She toldme nothingabout herself.谈话交谈,更正式
5.converseIt isa pleasureto converse withyou.It isdifficult toconversewithpeople whodo notspeak yourlanguage
5.rather/fairly/quite/pretty几个副词均可以表示“适度地”,“在某种程度上”,或“不很”之意,常用于改变所修饰的形容词或副词的分量
1.rather既可与褒义词连用也可与贬义词连用与褒义词连用时,听起来令人心情愉悦;a.rather goodplay ratherpoor work与贬义词或中性词连用时,表示不赞成或不满意b.rather hotrather small可与比较级或连用c.tooThe houseis ratherbigger thanwe thought.Those shoesare rathertoo small.与,连用时,可置于之前d.a/an+adj.+na/ana rathernice daya ratherpretty woman词义最弱,多与褒义词连用
2.fairly fairlytidy/friendly和一样,在与,连用时,可置于之前
3.quite rathera/an+adj.+na/anA quitenice guya quitepromising future词义最强也最通俗,但词义的强弱受语调影响较大
4.pretty a.A prettysimple questiona prettyugly ma和一样既可与褒义词连用也可与贬义词连用与褒义词连用时,听起来b.rather令人心情愉悦;
6.sensitive/sensible
1.sensible reasonable;having orshowing goodsensea sensibleperson asensible suggestion
2.sensitive easilyhurt,damaged,affected,offended,upseta sensitivenerve heat-sensitive asensitive girlsensitive tocriticismWriting Technique20minutes委婉语Euphemism,,Euphemism,or languagepollution ordouble speakas somecall it,is oftenintended toobscurejump the fence passgo to the electricchairaway go totherestinpeacebathroom seniorladies roomcitizencorrection sanitaryengineercenter domestichelpor hidethe realsituation.meat technologistsubstandard housingHeisabit slowfor hisage.Text Analysis
1.StructurePart Ipara.1-8describesthe writers encounterwith oneofhisstudent.Part IIpara.9-14restates whatthewriterstill believestobethe purposeofauniversity:putting itsstudentsin touchwiththebest civilizationsthe humanrace hascreated.
2.Difficult Sentences
1.New asI wastothefaculty,I couldhave toldthis specimena numberof things.Though Iwas anew teacher,I knewI couldtell himwhat auniversity wasfor,but Icouldnt.specimen:a personwho isunusual insome way.Here itrefers tothe studentwho challengestheteacher.
2.You willsee toit that the cyanidestays out oftheaspirin,thatthebull doesntjump thefence,orthat yourclient doesntgo tothe electricchair asa resultof yourincompetence.You haveto takeresponsibility forthe workyou do.If youreapharmacist,you shouldmake surethataspirin isnot mixedwith poisonouschemicals.As anengineer,you shouldntget thingsout ofcontrol.If youbecome alawyer,you shouldmakesurean innocentperson isnot sentenced to deathbecauseyou lackadequate legalknowledge andskill todefend yourclient.see toit that:to makesure thatthebull jumpsthefence:to maketrouble;to makeoutofcontrol.gotothe electricchair:tobesentencedtodeath
3.They willbe yourincome,and mayit alwayssuffice.may:in formalEnglish,may isused toexpress ahope orwishMay youhappy newyear.May youa happyholiday.May peacefinally prevail.May ourcountry beprosperous andour peoplehappy.4You areon yourway tobeing thatnew speciesof mechanizedsavage,the push-button Neanderthal.You willsoon becomean uneducated,ignorant personwho can only work machines andoperatemechanical equipment.
1.on oneswayto:onthepointofexperiencing orachieving
2.new speciesof mechanizedsavage:new typesof humanswho areintellectually simpleandnot developedand who canonlyworkmachines
3.The push-button Neanderthal:an uneducated,ignorant personwhocanonly use/operatemachines bypushing thebuttons.。