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根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去;非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整在以上几个单元我们已经学习了限制性定语从句,现在把两种从句作对比学习
一、限制性定语从句关系代词既可代表事物也可代表人,只代表事物,它们在从句中作主语
1.that which或宾语在从句中作宾语时常可省略I wasthe onlyperson inour officethat wasinvited to the palaceba-II Thepresent thatwhichl receivedlast weekwas frommy siste-r This is abook which is aboutspacerocket technology关系代词和引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,
2.who whom whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语如This is the manwho helpedme•The doctorwhom youare lookingfor isin theroom•是关系代词,修饰名词,作定语,相当于和的所有格,
3.whose whowhom既可以修饰人又可以修饰物如Do youknow thestudent whosename isWang FeiWe livedin aroom whosewindow openstothewest.是关系副词,用来引导表示地点的定语从句,在从句中作状语如
4.where where川At lastwe arrivedat asmall vage whereweII workfor aweek.是关系副词,引导定语从句表示时间,在从句中作状语
5.when注意5表示时间的作先行词,其定语从句引导词有四种the timethe day,the moment情况省略如1when,2in/on which3that4By the time youarrive inLondon,we willhave stayedthere fortwo weeks.I stillremember the day Imet her.Each timehe goesto businesstrip,he bringsa lotof livingnecessities.是关系副词,引导定语从句表示原因,在从句中作状语
6.why关系副词可以用“介词+关系代词”结构代替,但有两点要注意
7.when,where,why)在“介词+关系代词”结构中,不能用°关系代词指物用指人时用,1that which,whom不用;且和在这个结构中不能省略如who whichwhom(正确)The planein which we flewto Canada is very comfortable.错(误)The planein thatwe flewin toCanadaisverycomfortable.)在使用介词+关系代词引导的定语从句时,含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用2如:等如不look for,look after,take careof“This isthe watchwhich/that I am lookingfor.“可以改为“This isthe watchfor which Iamlooking.n
二、非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立引导的非限定性定语从句,可用来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部
1.which分如,She hearda terriblenois ewhich brought her heart into her mouth•,David studieshard andis readyto helpother swhichis whathis parentsexpec•t在非限制性定语从句中,不能用,而用代表人,用或代表
2.that who,whom whichas事物关系代词作定语时用如whoseoHe lovedhis parentsdeeply,both ofwhom arevery kindto him.In thebasket thereare quitemany apples,which havegone bad.限There areforty students inour classin all,most ofwhom arefrom bigcitieHis mother,who loveshim verymuch,is strictwith him.China,which wasfounded in1949,is becomingmore andmore powerful.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句有时表达的意义不同,试分析下面两个句子的差别他方当医生His brotherwho isnow adoctor always encourages him to go to college.B的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学(他还有其他的哥哥)His brother,who isnow adoctor,alwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.他的哥哥是当医生的,常鼓励他要考上大学他只有一个哥哥和引导非限制性定语从句
3.as which和引导非限制性定语从句,有相同之处也有不同之处具体情况是as which和都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,代表前面整个句子1As whichHemarried her,as/which wasnatural.He washonest,as/which wecan see.As weknow,smoking isharmful toones health.The sunheats theearth,whichisvery importantto us.As weknow,smoking isharmful toone*s health.As isknow,smoking isharmful toone shealth.引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个2as主句;引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后whichAs isknown toall,China is a developingcountry.He isfrom thesouth,as wecan seefrom hisaccent.John,as youknow,isafamous writer.He hasbeen toParis morethan severaltimes,whichIdon tbelieve.注意当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用whichTom wasalways latefor school,which madehis teacherangry.・・・是固定结构,意思是“和一样....”女口3the sameassuch…asI havegot intothe sametrouble as he has.I havenever heardsuch astory ashe tells.He isnot sucha foolashelooks.This isthe samebook asI lostlast week.注意当先行次由修饰时,偶尔也用引导定语从句,但是和由所引the samethat as导的定语从句意思不同如She worethe samedress thatshe woreat Marys wedding.她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的一条裙子She worethe samedress asher youngsister wore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子语法专项练习单项填空
1.The soldierran tothe building,and_flew aflag.A.on thetop ofwhich B.on thetop ofwhomC.on thetop ofit D.which
2.When thesame man_murdered theold ladyentered thehotel oncemore,the waiterimmediatelyphoned thepolice.A.as B.that C.which D.whom
3.He wore,—was verycommon atthe time,a blackjacket.A.that B.which C.it D.what
4.Was itin theroom Mr.Johnson livedthe exhibitionwas heldA.that;that B.where;that C.where;where D.that;where
5._,the populationof Chinaisthelargest inthe world.A.It isknown that B.As iswell knownC.Which iswell knownD.We allknow that
6.This isthe veryreason_he gave me.A.that B.why C.for which D.which
7.He arrivedin New York in1949,—,some timelater,he becamea writer.A.when B.where C.that D.which
8.Theyre talkingabout thenewly openedmarket,—you getall youneed.A.in which;which B.where;that C.where;which D.which;that
9.She hearda terriblenoise,_broughtherheartintohermouth.A.it B.which C.this D.that
10.I saidnothing,made herangry.A.which B.what C./D.that
11.I shallnever forgetthe timethe blacksand whiteswere fightingside byside.A.whenB.that C./D.A,B andC
12.He hasthree sons,—are doctors.A.two ofwhom B.both ofwhom C.all ofthem D.each ofthem
13.He toreup myphoto,and_made meangry.A.thatB.what C.whichD.who
14.I stillremember thesitting-room mymother andI satin last year.A.where B.in whichC.that D.to which
15.The daywe looked forward to—.A.come B.coming C.having comeD.has come答案由于的存在,这是并列句,而不是非限制性定语从句,排除
1..C andA.这里修饰其后只能用能代表人的关系代词引导定
2.B thesame man,that语从句;是宾格,这里引导词要在从句中作主语,故不能用whom引导一个非限制性定语从句,所代表的是整个主句的意
3.B whichwhich思,为了强调从句而提前了识别强调句型不难,但极有可能在第一个空填而误选其实被
4.B thatD强调的部分还含有一个定语从句,修饰room.只有引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句之前,排除;若去掉句
5.B asC中的逗号,项则可构成含有主语从句的复合句,项则可构成含有宾语从句的A D复合句强干扰项是这里不选,是因为定语从句缺的是宾语,故用关系
6.A B.why代词试比较先行词that.Thisisthe reasonwhy hegavemeso muchmoney已被一类的词修饰过了,其后定语从句不用引导,故亦排除very whichD.强干扰项是.想当然地认为定语从句先行词是时间,事实上,这个非
7.B A限制性定语从句所修饰的先行词是地点被介词结构分隔了NewYork,引导非限制性定语从句,在该定语从句中,不定代词又带
8.B whereall引导的限制性定语从句that从句子结构看,这是个主从复合句,故不用和引导非限制性
9.B itthis;定语从句不用that.如果只想当然地认为是不定代词,其后的定语从句要用
10.A0nothing that引导,就错了这里是一个非限制性定语从句,应该用引导,并且Which which所代表的是整个主句的意思英语中少数几个与时间有关的名词,
11.D如作先行词,所带定语从句的引导词可用代替也thetime,the day,the moment thatwhen,可以省略如果看出这是个定语从句,、很容易排除中的
12.A oC DBoth ofwhomwhom指两个,数量是;指三人,数量是2/2two ofwhom,whom2/
3.强干扰项是因为有这是并列句,不是非限制性定语从句这里是指
13.Ao C,and,that示代词,作主语如果错误地把后面的介词理解为可能误选、.事实上,访与前
14.C0in inlastyear,A B边的关系代词引导定语从句是名词词组作时间状语,不加冠词that Lastyear
15.D这里u that/whichwelookedforwardto是修饰theday的定语从句;的宾语是省略了的引导词t。