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绝密★启用前年高考英语考前信息必刷卷202304上海专用上海高考英语试卷坚持以德为先,通过有关语篇与测试任务,增强考生关爱互助的意识,培养高尚的道德情操,震续伟大的红色基因年月上海高考英语听力试题涉及“关爱他人”,“轻便包装”,“尊重多样”等情景,本次试卷20227的听力题包含“职业规划”,“公益互助”,“校园欺凌”等热点话题,倡导互助博爱、包容理解,引导考生树立积极向上的价值观X.(考试时间分钟试卷满分分)150140注意事项答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息
1.请将答案正确填写在答题卡上
2.I.Listening Comprehension(分)Section A10Directions:In Section A,you will hear tenshort conversationsbetween twospeakers.At theend ofeach conversation,aquestion will be askedabout whatwas said.The conversations and the questions will be spokenonly once.After youheara conversation and thequestion aboutit,read thefour possibleanswers onyour paper,and decidewhich oneis the bestanswer to thequestionyou haveheard.
1.A.She ispretty but not richenough.B.She needsto learnbudget carefully.C.She musthave boughtan expensivebag.D.She shouldhave madea goodplan forspending.
2.A.A bankclerk.B.A shopassistant.C,An airhostess.D.A hotelreceptionist.C.kids acquirevocabulary inhearing lettergroupsD.pronunciation has nothing to do withmeaning ofwords
60.Which of the followingstatements isMark S.Seidenberg mostlikely to agree withA.Tell meand Iwill forget;show meand Iwill remember.B.Skilled readingis fastand automaticbut notdeliberative.C.Word recognitionskill should be developedin problemreasoning.D.Learning to make reasonableinferences is also away ofdecoding.
61.It can be inferredfrom the passage that.A.phonics approachhas beenproved to be successfulB,children dontshy awayfrom difficultiesin readingC.the tworeading approachesmight integratewith each otherD.reading andwriting aremuch moreimportant thanphonics
62.Which of the followingmight bethe besttitle of the passageA.An everlastingreading waramong criticsB.From print on the page to words in the mindC.A battlerestarts betweenphonics,whole languageD.Decoding andinferring confuseearly-reading teachersCPeoplewith arare geneticdisorder known as Prader-Willi syndromenever feelfull,and thisexcess hungercan lead(月胖症).to life-threatening obesityE Scientistsstudying theproblem have now found that thefist-shaped structure(小脑)一(饱knownas the cerebellumwhich hadnot previouslybeen linkedto hunger-is keyto regulatingsatiation食)in thosewith thiscondition.This findingis thelatest in a series of discoveriesrevealing that the cerebellum,long thoughtto beprimarily involvedin movement harmony,also plays a broadrole incognition,emotion andbehavior.Weve openedup awhole fieldofcerebellar controlof food intake,says AlbertChen,a neuroscientistat theScintillon Institutein California.The projectbegan with an accidentalobservation:Chen andhis teamnoticed theycould makemice stopeating by(神经元)()activating smallpockets ofneurons inregions knownas theanterior deepcerebellar nucleiaDCN,withinthe cerebellum.Fascinated,the researchersgathered datausing functionalMRI tocompare brainactivity in14people whohadPrader-Willi syndromewith activityin14unaffected peoplewhile eachtestee viewedimages offood-either(禁食)immediately followinga mealor afterfasting for at leastfour hours.New analysisof thesescans revealedthat activityin thesame regionsChens grouphad accuratelypointed outin mice,the aDCN,appeared to be significantlydisturbed in humans with Prader-Willi syndrome.In healthyindividuals,the aDCNweremore activein response to food images whilefasting thanjust aftera meal,butnosuch differencewas identifiableinparticipants with the disorder.The resultsuggested that the aDCNwere involvedin controllinghunger.Furtherexperiments onmice,conducted byresearchers fromseveral differentinstitutions,demonstrated thatactivating theanimals,aDCN neuronsdramatically reducedfood intakeby weakeninghow the brain5s pleasurecenter respondsto food.For yearsneuroscientists studyingappetite focusedmainly eitheron thehypothalamus,a brainarea involvedin(伏隔核).regulating energybalance,or onreward-processing centerssuch asthe nucleusaccumbens Butthis grouphasidentified anew feeding center in thebrain,says Elanor Hinton,a neuroscientistat theUniversity of Bristol inEnglandwho wasnot involvedwith thestudy.Tve beenworking inappetite researchfor thepast15years orso,and the cerebellumhas justnot beena targetJ Hintonsays.I thinkthis is going to be importantboth forPrader-Willi syndromeand,muchmore widely,to addressobesity in the generalpopulation.
63.Before therecent study,scientists hadassumed that thecerebellum.A.helps controleveryday foodintakeB.playsaminor roleinmovementharmonyC.hasnothingtodowith appetiteregulationD.has adirect linkto behavioraldevelopment
64.According tothe projectconducted bythe researchers,.A.the healthy testees weremore likelyto overeatafter fastingB,food imagesincreased theappetite of the testees withPrader-Willi syndromeC・the aDCNin thehealthytesteesresponded tofood imagesmore activelyafter fastingD.the aDCNin thetesteeswithPrader-Willi syndromemade noresponsetofoodimages
65.What doesElanorHintonimply aboutfuture appetiteresearchA.It mayhelp in the earlydiagnosis ofPrader-Willi syndrome.B.It willhave broaderimplications for the treatmentof obesity.C.The potentialfeedingcenterinhumanbrain remainsto bediscovered.D.More studiesare neededto understand the linkbetween appetiteand reward-processing.
66.What doesthe passagemainly talkaboutA.How ourbrain controlsovereating.B.How theaDCN worksup ourappetite.C.How Prader-Willi syndromecan beprevented.D.How loweringfoodintakebenefits ouroverall health.(共题,每小题分,满分分)Section C428Directions:Complete the following passageby using the sentencesgiven below.Each sentencecan be used only once.Note that there aretwo moresentences than you need.Day of the DeadHeresone thingwe know:Dia de los Muertos,or Day of the Dead,is not a Mexicanversion ofHalloween.67Whereas Halloweenembraces terrorand mischiefon thelast nightof October,Day of theDead festivitiesunfold over the firsttwo daysof Novemberin anexplosion ofcolor andlife-affirming joy.Sure,the themeisdeath,but thepoint isto demonstratelove andrespect fordeceased familymembers.In townsand citiesthroughout(狂欢者)〃(穿上)Mexico,%ue/ers dofunky makeupand costumes,hold paradesand parties,sing anddance,and makeofferingsto lostloved ones.Day of the Deadoriginated severalthousand yearsago with the Aztec,Toltec,and otherNahua people,whoconsidered mourningthe deaddisrespectful.68The deadwere stillmembers of the community,keptalive inmemory andspirit-and duringDia de los Muertos,they temporarilyreturned toEarth.昆聚)Todays Dia delos Muertos celebrationis amas/zfG ofpre-Hispanic religiousrites andChristian feasts.It takesplaceon November1and2-All SaintsDay andAll SoulsDay on the Catholiccalendar-around thetime of the fallmaizeharvest.Cultural heritageis notjust monumentsand collectionsof objects.The UnitedNations Educational,Scientific and()Cultural OrganizationUNESCO saysthat culturalheritage alsoincludes livingexpressions ofculture——traditions—passed downfrom generationto generation.69Today Mexicansfrom allreligiousand ethnicbackgrounds celebrateDiadelosMuertos,but atits core,the holidayis areaffirmation ofIndigenous体土的)life.Day of theDeadis anextremely socialholiday thatspills intostreets andpublic squaresat allhours ofthe dayandnight.Dressing upas skeletonsis part ofthe fun.People of all ageshave theirfaces artfullypainted toresemble skulls,and,mimicking theCalavera Catrina,they donsuits andfancy dresses.70(无A.In2008,UNESCO recognizedthe importanceof DiadelosMuertos byadding theholiday toits listof Intangible形的)Cultural Heritageof Humanity.(祭坛).B.Some familiesplace theirdead lovedones favoritemeal on the altarC.Though related,the twoannual eventsdiffer greatlyin traditionsand tone.D.Many revelerswear shellsor othernoisemakers tofuel theexcitement-and alsopossibly torouse thedead andkeepthem closeduring thefun.E.Today,the calaveraCatrina,or elegantskull,is theDayofthe Deadsmost ubiquitoussymbol.(前西班牙时期的)F.For thesepre-Hispanic cultures,death was a naturalphase inlifes longcontinuum.(满分分)IV SummaryWriting10()Directions:Read the following passage.Summarize themain ideaand themain pointsofthe passagein nomore than60words.Use yourown wordsas faras possible.Why LaughterYoga MakesYou Smile“Friends,I musttell you,laughter yogais nota comedy.Dr MadanKataria,the creatorof laughter yoga,an exercise(故programme involvingprolonged laughter,said.Laughter yoga,a combinationof breathingexercises anddeliberate意的)laughter,came fromhumble beginnings,but hasmushroomed intoa globalmovement.Hundreds ofclubs,usuallyfree to attend,havenowbeen establishedacross Asia,Europe andNorth America.“I hadread somuch aboutthe benefitsof laughter,and howacting outemotions,especially throughfacial expressions,can createthem,“Kataria tellsme.But herealised hewouldnt oftensee peoplelaughing inMumbai.“The ideastruck me:why notstart alaughter clubLaughter reducesstress,“Kataria goeson,following someyogic postures,it makesyour(免疫)immune systemstronger andkeeps yourmind positive!”Five peopleattended Katanasfirst meet-up inMumbaiin
1995.He initiallyasked participantsto telljokes toforce laughter,but asattendances grewKataria learnedthat laughingforno reasonat allwas thebest method.C4We startedjust fakinglaughter,“he says.And thenpeople startedlaughing fbrreal.It wasinfectious;we couldntstop.”(遏制)Laughter yogaaddresses adeep-seated needto laughthat isbeing stifled.Young childrencan laughhundredsof timesa day.But aswe getolder,thefunbegins to stop-our brainslearn howto adaptour emotionsin tunewiththeneeds(同理of others.We developempathy Butso arewe toldtostoplaughing andbe seriousabout life.Theres oftena sensethatif yourelaughing,youre notproperly learning,or working,or focusing,or payingrespect.Sometimes this is justified,but notalways.Perhaps thatis therecipe for the growingpopularity oflaughteryoga.共题,共分V Translation415Directions:Translate the following sentencesinto English,usingthe words givenin thebrackets.外面天气真冷,要是现在能喝到一碗老妈煮的热汤,一定能立即提升我的心情
72.sure虽然我不是一个专业的导游,但我组织并带领住在外地的同学参观我所在的城市,并得到了很好的反
73.馈(介词+关系代词)热播电视连续剧《狂飙》()想要阐明的是正义绝不会向邪恶低头,不法分子也终会自食恶
74.The Knockout果()convey
75.博物馆要求所有参观者须和古董及其他贵重展品保持一定距离(demand)(满分分)VI GuidedWriting25Directions:Write anEnglish composition in120-150words according totheinstructions givenbelow inChinese.目前,教育部办公厅印发了《关于加强中小学生手机管理工作的通知》通知明确学生不得将手机带入校园,若确有将手机带入校园需求的,须经学生家长同意、书面提出申请申请一旦获批,学生进校后应将手机交由学校统一保管,禁止带入课堂请你谈一谈这一通知的颁布反映了怎样的社会现状,以及这一规定将起到怎样的作用
3.A.Deliver thenotebook toCathy.B.Look fbrCathys notebook.C.Ask Cathyto explain the chemistrynotes.D.Ask Cathyforthe mans notebook.
4.A.His projectcouldnt continuedue tothe government.B.He didntneed anysupport fromthe government.C.His projectsfinancial problemhas beensolved.D.He hasalready stoppedhis projecthalfway.
5.A.Both of them drinktoo muchcoffee.B,The womandoesnt likecoffee atall.C.They helpeachotherstop drinkingcoffee.D.The manis uninterestedin thewomans story.
6.A.He waslooking forwardto seeingthe elephants.B・He gothome toolate tosee theTV special.C.He fellasleep in the middleoftheTV program.D.He enjoyedwatching theanimal performance.
7.A.An amateurwriter.B.A spaceman.C.A pilot.D.A scientist.
8.A.She istired ofdriving inheavy traffic.B.She enjoysit becauseshe isgood atdriving.C.She doesntmind itastheroad conditionsare good.D.She isquite unhappyto haveto drivesuch along way.
9.A.The talkshavent startedyet.B.They havecome toa generalagreement.C.The talkshavent achievedmuch.D.The talksbroke downand wentno further.
10.A.The manshould buya differentmeal ticketevery month.B.Buying themeal ticketwont savethe manany money.C.It isbetter forthemanto payfor eachmeal separately.D.The priceof ameal may vary frommonth tomonth.(分)Section B15Directions:In Section B,you willhear twoshort passagesand alonger conversation,and youwill beasked severalquestionson eachof them.The passageandtheconversation will be readtwice,but thequestions willbe spokenonlyonce.When youhear aquestion,read thefour possibleanswers onyour paperand decidewhich oneis thebest answerto thequestionyou haveheard.Questions11through13are based on thefollowing passage.
11.A.Because of their commoninterest.B.Because oftheir sharedskills.C.Because oftheir workingexperiences.D.Because oftheir sameeducation.
12.A.By contactingtheir relatives.B.By communicatingwith them.C,By doinghousework forthem.D.By settingup thevolunteer program.
13.A.It improveselderly peopleshealth.B.It collectssome datafor research.C.It callsfor complexskills.D.It meetsthe requirementfor graduation.Questions14through16are basedon thefollowing passage.
14.A.He hasaccumulated know-how.B.He contributesa lotmore value.C.He learnsfrom pastmistakes andsuccesses.D.He is able tosave troubledprojects andlead themto success.
15.A.To geta raise.B.To geta promotion.C.To becomea fireman.D.To bethe teamleader.
16.A.Because heis eagerto continuehis roleasafireman.B.Because heis thego-to guywho alwaysgets calledto putout fires.C.Because hebrings moretechnical know-know toeach project.D.Because heis theone whogets calledto kick-start troubledprojects.Questions17through20are basedonthefollowing conversation.
17.A.The screenis lessbright thanbefore.B.The displaydoesnt showany features.C.The bikecannot bestarted whenplugged.D.The computercannot controlthe speed.
18.A.The costis coveredby insurance.B.The manhas topay more than$75C.The costfor labouris thehighest.D.Part replacingcomes atan extracost.
19.A.On themorning ofNovember23nd.B.On theafternoon of December8th.C,On theafternoon ofNovember23nd.D.On themorning ofDecember8th
20.A.Inquiry aboutthe repairofaproduct.B.Complain tothe managerabout aproblem.C.Negotiation aboutthe servicefees.D.Making apurchase ofan LCDscreen.题,每小题分,满分分IL Grammarand vocabulary20120Section ADirections:After readingthe passagebelow,fill in the blankstomakethepassagecoherent andgrammatically correct.For theblanks witha given word,fill ineach blankwiththeproper formofthegivenword;fortheother blanks,use onewordthat bestfits eachblank.The three-day torchrelay forthe BeijingOlympics,shortened considerablybecause ofconcerns aboutthecoronavirus,started Wednesdaywith2180-year-old formerspeed-skater carryingthe flame.The relayopened atthe OlympicsForeign Park.Luo Zhihuan,the countrysfirst internationallycompetitivespeed-skater,22run thefirst leg.The torchwillbecarried throughthe threeOlympics zones,starting withdowntown Beijing23heading toYangqingdistrict andfinally Zhangjiakouin neighboringHebei Province.The Beijing Games havealready beenimpacted ona scalesimilar tothat experiencedby Tokyoduring lastyearsSummer Olympics.China saysonly selectedspectators willbe allowedtoattendevents,and Olympicathletes,officials,staff andjournalists arerequired to stay withina bubblethat keepsthem fromcontact withthe generalpublic.24Beijing,with its20million residents,has experiencedonly ahandful ofCOVID-19cases andreported justtwonew oneson Wednesday,in keepingwith Chinaszero tolerance,,approach tothe pandemic,strict rulesrequirelock-downs andmass testingwhen anyreal orsuspected case25discover.The truncatedprogram seemedto havelittle effecton Luo,who afterreceiving the torch fromVice PremierHanZheng saidit wasthe realizationof decades-long aspiration.Ive neverparticipated in the Winter Olympics,so Ihad hopedour country26host theWinterOlympicsand Ihad thedreamfor nearly60years,“said Luo,wearing ared andwhite jacket27mark withNo.
1.Today mydream hascometrue...How happyI am!^^The openingoftheBeijingGamescomes onlydays afterthe startofthe Lunar NewYear holiday,Chinas biggestannualcelebration28millions traditionallytravel totheir hometownsfor familyreunions.For the second straightyear,thegovernment hasadvised29living awayfrom hometostayput,and trainand planetravel has been curtailed.Participants in thetorchrelay haveundergone healthscreenings andhave beencarefully monitored,()30start fromtwo weeksbefore theevent.Section BDirections:Complete thefollowing passageby usingthe words in thebox.Each wordcan onlybeusedonce.Note thatthereis oneword morethanyouneed.A.access B.annoyances C.appealing D.customer-focused E.enoimouslyF.expansion G.fueled H.in-person I.marched J.reinventing K.respectivelyOne Medical(收购)On Thursday,Amazon announcedits firstmajor acquisitionunder Mr.Jassys occupationas C.E.O.,spending$
3.9billion forOne Medical,a chainof primarycare clinicsaround thecountry.The dealisasign of Amazonshealth careambitions.As thecompany has31from onebusiness toanother—including books,CDs,electronics,dog foodandclothes-it hashad tolook inless obviousspots tofind opportunitiesthat canprovide meaningful
32.Health carehasbeen33to Amazonexecutives whobelieve it is anextremely largemarket,filled withinefficienciesand generallylacking thekind of34approach thatAmazon tries to takewith itsbusinesses.“We thinkhealth careis highonthe listof experiencesthat need35J NeilLindsay,the seniorvice presidentofAmazonHealth Services,said inastatement announcingthe deal.He alsolisted someofthe36of modernhealth care:booking appointments,sitting inwaitingrooms,even findinga parkingspot.Amazon wantstobethe frontdoof,through whichcustomers37health care.That One Medical seesabout fivetimesas manyvirtual visitsas38appointments mostlikely madeit attractiveto Amazon.The companyalso hassomethingAmazon values39:data.OneMedicalbuilt itsown electronicmedical recordssystem,and ithas15years worthof medicaland health-system data.While individualpatient recordsare generallyprotectedunder federalhealth privacylaws,the bigdata skillthat has40Amazons successcanbepowerful inhealth care一for predictingcosts,targeting interventionsand developingproducts andtreatments.(满分分)Ill ReadingComprehension45(共题,每小题分,满分分)SectionA15115Directions:For eachblank inthefollowingpassage there are fourwords or phrases marked A,B,C andD.Fill ineachblank withthe wordorphrasethat bestfits thecontext.()During theinitial stagesof instructedL2thesecondlanguage acquisitionstudents learn a couplethousand,mainlyhigh frequencywords.Functional languageproficiency,however,41mastery ofa considerablylargenumber ofwords.It is therefore42attheintermediate andadvanced stagesof languageacquisition tolearnalargevocabulary ina short period of time.There isnot enoughtime to43the naturallargely incidentalLI thefirst language、word acquisitionprocess.Incidental acquisitionofthe words is only possibleup toa point,44on accountoftheirlowfrequency,they donot45often enoughintheL2learning material.演Acquisition ofnew wordsfrom authenticL2reading textsby meansof strategiessuch ascontextual deduction绎is alsonota46foranumber ofreasons.There appearstobeno47to intentionallearning ofa greatmany newwordsin双a relativelyshortperiodoftime.The wordstobelearned maybe48in isolationor incontext.Presentation inbilingual语的word listsseems an49shortcut becauseit takesless timethan contextualpresentation andyields excellentshort term、results.Long termmemory,50is oftendisappointingso contextualpresentation seemsadvisable.Any suggestionson howto usethis ineducational contextsshouldbebasedona systematic51ofthetwo mostimportantaspects oftheL2word learningproblem,this isto say,selecting therelevant vocabularywhich andhow manywords and creatingthebestconditions forthe acquisitionprocess.This articlesets outto52a computerassisted word acquisition programmeCAVOCA whichtriestodo exactlythis:the programmeoperationalisescurrent theoreticalthinking aboutwordacquisition,and its53are basedonasystematic listof thevocabularyrelevant forthe targetgroup.To54its frequency,the programmewas55inanumber ofexperimental settingswithapaired associatedmethod oflearning newwords.The experimentalresultssuggest thatan approachcombining thetwo methodsis mostadvisable.
41.A.inquires B.requires C,receives D.inspires
42.A.difficult B.easy C.possible D.necessary
43.A.copy B.focus C.find D.clean
44.A.however B.moreover C.because D.nevertheless
45.A.disturb B.seem C.occur D.disappear
46.A.solution B.approach C.problem D.wonder
47.A.official B.annual C.objective D.alternative
48.A.predicted B.presented C.postponed D.preferred
49.A.available B.outstanding C.attractive D.evident
50.A.by meansofB.moreover C.in spiteofD.however
51.A.focus B.analysis C.object D.target
52.A.describe B.grasp C.link D.force
53.A.conclusions B.appointments C・aspects D.contents
54.A.react B.establish C・memorize D.leave
55.A.enhanced B.invented C,contrasted D.behaved(共题,每小题分,满分分)SectionB11222Directions:Read thefollowing threepassages.Each passageis followedby severalquestions orunfinished statements.For eachofthemtherearefour choicesmarkedA,B,C andD.Choose theone thatfits bestaccordingtothe informationgiveninthepassage youhave justread.AHot Air Balloon SydneyFor2,Weekend FlightINCLUDESFULL GOURMET BREAKFAST•Hot Air Balloon Flight for2there willbe othersinthe balloon basketwith youItem:HO12955TA•NOTHING MORETO PAYON THEDAY!YOUR FULLGOURMETBREAKFASTIS INCLUDEDLocation:Windsor SydneyINTHE PRICEOurPrice:$299•Travel withthe TourismAward winnerswith over20years ofexperienceper personfor groupsof2•Float overbeautiful HawkesburyValley•Colour flightcertificateExperience thewonder ofa Hot Air Balloon Flight for2people.Rising beforedawn,you canjoin thecrew inunpackingand preparingthe balloonfor flight-which isa spectaclein itselft.After anexciting launch,youll driftwith thewindsilently overthe parklands,homes andhills ofthe Hawkesburyregion ofSydney.Hot Air Ballooning beginsinthecool,still hoursoftheearly morning,when the air ismore stable.The launch site,determined bythe weatheronthemorning,willbein oraround thebeautiful HawkesburyValley.The adventurebegins byinflating theballoonusing agiant portablefan.Once theballoon startsto takeshape theburner islit,heating theair inside.The hot air insideis lighterthan thecool airoutside andthisiswhat createsthe liftand whyit iscalled aHot AirBalloon.Passengers arewelcome toassist thepilot andcrew withinflatingthehotairballoon atthe launchsite,which onlytakesabout20minutes.The Hot AirBalloon Flightfor2is bothpicturesque andpeaceful.You hearvery littlesound fromthe awakeningworldbelow.The silenceisonlybroken withblasts fromthe propaneburner heatingtheairin yourballoon tokeep youcruisingacross theskies.Watch asthe sunbursts fromthe horizonand paintsthe skypink ina spectacularmorning sunrise.To topoff themorning youHcelebrate witha fullgourmet breakfast.This adventureis for2people.There willbeother peopleintheballoon basketwith you.Hot AirBalloon flightstake place at sunrise.The exacttime ofyour Hot AirBalloonflight experiencewill varybasedupon thetime ofyear andwillbesent toyou uponbooking.
56.Why doesHot AirBallooning beginbefore dawnA.Tourists needntqueue forthe flight.B・The airat thattime iscooler andmore stable.C.Tourists cansee thespectacular sunriseinthe sky.D.Travelers haveto startthe adventurewith theirstomach empty.
57.Which ofthefollowingisthecorrect orderofthe Hot AirBalloon Flight©Inflate theballoon
②Heat theair inside
③Drift overthe Hawkesburyregion
④The balloonrises intothesky
⑤Light theburnerA.
⑤②④①③B.
②⑤①④③D.
①⑤②④③C.
①④⑤②③
58.Which ofthefollowingstatement isTRUEA.HotAirBallooning takesplaceata fixedtime earlyinthemorning,but thelaunchsitemayvary.B.Passengers oftheHotAirBallooningshouldnt doanything exceptenjoy thespectacular view.C.During theHotAirBalloonFlightyou,llhearawakening soundsfrom below,besides theair blasts.D.A personwho hasexperienced theHotAirBalloonFlightcan geta colorcertificate.BThe readingwars,“one ofthe mostconfusing anddisabling conflictsinthehistory ofeducation,went onheatedly inthe1980sandthen peacecame.Advocates of phonics learningby beingtaught thesound ofeach lettergroup seemedtodefeat advocatesof wholelanguage learningby usingcues likecontext andbeing exposedto)much goodliterature.Recent eventssuggest theconflict ofcomplicated conceptsis farfrom over.Teachers,parents andexperts appeartoagree thatphonics iscrucial,but whatisgoingoninclassrooms isnot inagreement withwhat researchstudies sayisrequired,which hasaroused anational debateoverthemeaning oftheword“phonics.”Lucy M.Calkins,a professorat ColumbiaUniversitys TeachersCollege anda much-respected experton howtoteach reading,has drawnattention withan eight-page essay.Here ispartofher argument:The importantthing isto teachkidsthat theyneednt freezewhen theycome toa hardword,nor skippast it.The importantthing isto teachthem thattheyhave resources to drawupon,and touse thoseresourcestodevelop endurance.To Calkinsscritics,itiscruel andwasteful toencourage6-year-olds tolook forclues ifthey dontimmediately knowthecorrect sounds.They shouldwork ondecoding——knowing thepronunciation ofevery lettergroup—until theymasterit,say thecritics,backed bymuch research.Calkinss approachisaslow,unreliable way to readwordsandan inefficientwaytodevelop wordrecognition skillJMark S.Seidenberg,a psychologistattheUniversity ofWisconsin,said ina blogpost.“Dr.Calkins treatswordrecognition asa reasoningproblem-like solvinga puzzle.She iscommitted tothe educationalprinciple thatchildren learnbestby discoveringhow systemswork ratherthan beingtold.”一Many othersshare hisview.Children shouldlearn todecode i.e.,go fromprintonthepagetowordsinthemind—not byclever guessworkand inference,but bylearning todecode JDaniel Willingham,a psychologistattheUniversityof Virginia,told me.He saidthe inferencesCalkins applaudsarecognitively(认矢口地)demanding,and readersdonthave muchendurance forit....It disturbsthe flowof whatyoure reading,and doinga lotof itgets frustrating.MYet arecent surveyfoundthatonly22percent of670early-reading teachersare usingthe approachofphonicsandwhat theymean byphonics isoften nomorethanmarking upa worksheet.Both sidesagree thatchildren needto acquirethe vocabularyand backgroundinformation thatgives meaningtowords.But first,they haveto pronouncethem correctlyto connectthewordsthey havelearned tospeak.Calkins saidin heressay:Much ofwhat thephonics peopleare sayingis praiseworthy,“but itwould bea mistaketoteach phonicsattheexpense ofreading andwriting.”The twosides appeartoagreewith heron that.
59.Critics ofphonics holdthe opinionthat.A.children shouldbetaught touse contextB・teaching phonicsis bothboring anduseless。