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高考英语根底语法考点整理
一、名词
1.特殊名词的复数:childchildren,manmen,womanwomen,footfeet,toothteeth,mousemice,sheepsheep,speciesspecies,stomachstomachs,deerdeer,goosegeese,oxoxen,ChineseChinese,JapaneseJapanese,phenomenonphenomena,meansmeans,seriesseries,crisiscrises,basisbases,GermanGermans,AustralianAustralians
2.不行数名词:advice,baggage,equipment,information,luggage,furniture,fun,weather,knowledge,jewelry,progress,traffic
3.可数不行数均可,但意思不同time时间,times时代water水,waters水域arm手臂,arms武器wood木材,woods森林good好处,goods货物work工作,works著作green绿色,greens蔬菜experience阅历,experiences经受paper纸,papers论文room空间,rooms房间sand沙,sands沙滩exercise熬炼,exercises练习trousers,clothes,socks,shorts,goods,thanks,congratulations,belongings,scissors,glasses,wages工资;riches贝才宝;surroundings环境;ashes灰尘;passes圆规
5.复数形式,单数意思的名词plastics,news,politics,physics,mathematics
6.复合名词的复数形式girlfriends,boystudents,womenteachers,menworkers,passersby,gobetweens,grownupspolice,cattle,clothes,goodssurprise,cold,pleasure,pity,failure,success,worry,honor,must,difficulty,youth,beauty,wonder,danger,interest
9.辅音字母+结尾复数加es的名词tomatotomatoes,potatopotatoes,heroheroes或为v〃之后再加es为复数形式的名词wifewives,lifelives,knifeknives,wolfwolves,selfselves,leafleaves,shelfshelves,thief thievespeople(民族,人)nature(自然,特性)man(男人,人类),youth(年轻人,青年男子,青春)congratulations庆贺have wordswith sb.同某人吵架in highspirits以很高热忱地give oneinrags衣衫破烂
二、动词时态和语态1三个一般一般现在时、一般过去式、一般将来时;2三个现在现在进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时;3三个过去过去进行时、过去完成时,过去完成进行时always,all thetime,forever,constantly,continuously等词连用,往往表赞扬、埋怨、生气或厌恶等心情He isalways thinkingof hisstudy.赞扬He isalways makingthe samemistakes.批判begin,e,go,leave,sail,start,arrive,return,dine,end,stop,depart,open,close,sail等,当其表一个按方案、支配下必将进行的动作或消失的状态时这时都有一个表示将来的时间状语要用一般现在时代替将来时I leavefor Daliannext Sunday.
4.在时间、真实条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时,有时也用现在进行时代替一般将来口寸,显得更确定When hees back,we11go shoppingtogether.1全堂的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中2表示状态的动词last,hold,benefit,contain,equal,fit,join,mean,last,look like,consist of等不能用于被动语态中3表示归属的动词如have,own,belong to等不能用于被动语态之中4表示“盼望、意图〃的动词如wish,want,hope,like,love,hate等不能用于被动语态之中5宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态,不能用被动语态6宾语是同源宾语、不定式、动名词等时,谓语动词不用被动语态1当feel,look,smell,taste,sound,remain等后面接形容词时⑵当break,burn,cook,cut,drive,eat,iron,keep,play,sell,last,open,shut,wear,wash,write,translate,print,run,read,operate等词带状语修饰语well,easily,poorly等时3当动词begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,run等表示“开头、结束、关、停、转、启动〃等意义时4当break out,take place,shut off,turn off,work out等表示“发生、关闭、制定〃等意思时5want,require,need,deserve后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义6be worthdoing用主动形式表示被动含义7在“be+形容词+to do〃中,常用于此结构的形容词有difficult,easy,hard,interesting,pleasant,nice,bitter,fit,dangerous,light,heavy,important等不定式的规律宾语是句子的主语,用主动表被动8某些不定式to blame,to seek,to let,to rent等与be连用时The houseis tolet.这房子要出租9常见的不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语有fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watch,agree with,arrive at/in,shake handswith,succeed in,suffer from,happen to,take partin,walk into,belong to等lbe seated坐着如He isseated ona bench.He seatshimself onabench.坐在凳子上2be hidden隐藏如He washidden behindthe door.He hidhimselfbehind thedoor.他藏在门后3be lost迷路如Unsaved changeswill belost.未保存的更改将丧失4be drunk喝醉如He mustbe drunk,or elsehe ismad.他准是醉了,不然就是疯了5be dressed穿着如The girlwas dressedin ared shortskirt.那女孩穿着——条红色的短裙留意be determined,be pleased,be graduatedfrom,befinished,be preparedfor,be occupiedin,get mabied等都属于被动形式表示主动意义的状况
8.主动变被动时,宾补成主补,作补语的不定式前需用to如He wasmade towork allday longby theboss.
9.短语动词变被动语态时,勿丢掉后面的介词如The childrenwere takengood careof byher.Yourpronunciation andspelling shouldbe paidattention to.
12.with+宾语+不定式〃结构中,下等不定式用主动式表被动被动语态时,只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be+过去分词With nothing to do,I feelbored.
三、非谓语动词
1.非谓语动词的各种形式:一般式完成式进行式不定式主动to doto havedone to be doing被动to be done tohave beendone tohave beendoinging形式主动doing havingdone被动being donehaving beendone过去分词done被动
2.非谓语动词的否认形式在非谓语动词前加not,never.即not/never to do,not/neverdoing不定式的复合结构for/of sb.to dosth.动名词复合结构代词宾格或名词全部格+doing(ing形式作主语时,用代词主格或名词全部格+doing)分词结构代词主格或名词+doing/done(句中作状语表时间、缘由、伴随、让步、方式等)
(1)判定是否用非谓语形式方法看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词;
(2)找非谓语动词的规律主语方法非谓语动词的规律主语一般是句子的主语;
(3)推断主被动关系方法非谓语动词与其规律主语的主动还是被动关系;
(4)推断时间关系方法分析句子,看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时之前且表被动关系常用done之后且表主动关系常用to do同时且表主动关系常用doing.
5.不定式符号to的保存问题有时为了防止重复,可以用to来代替前面的不定式,这种状况消失在以下动词之后expect,hope,wish,mean,prefer,care,forget,want,try;或消失在be glad/happy,would like/love等的后面假如在省略的不定式结构中含有be,have,have been这些词要保存
6.在there be结构中,当说话人考虑的是必需有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式;假如说话人强调的事情本身必需被完成,那么用被动形式如There isa lotof worktodo.(Someone has to dothework.)There isa lotof workto be done.(The workhastobedone.)留意下面两个句子的含义的不同There isnothing todo.(无事可做,感到特别乏味)There isnothingtobedone.(某东西坏了,无法使之恢复正常)动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语,但在以下句型中常用动名词作主语It is/was no use/good+doing sth.It is/was notany use/good+doing sth.It is/was oflittle use/good+doing sth.如It is/was useless如It isnousecrying overspilt milk.覆水难收留意:假设主语和表语都是非谓语动词,应保持形式上的全都如Seeing isbelieving.To seeisto believe.眼见为实
8.分词作状语分词作状语时,分词的规律主语必需与句子的主语保持全都,可以表时间、缘由、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等如Hearing thenews,they gotexcited.(时间)Be carefulwhile/when crossingthestreet.(时间)Having beenbitten bya snake,she wasfrightened atit.(缘由)Given achance,I cansurprise theworld.(条件)The cupdropped tothe ground,breaking intopieces.(结果)Having beentold manytimes,he stillrepeated thesame mistake.(让步)The teachercame intothe lab,followed bysome students.(伴随状况)有些分词短语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作成分常见的有,Generallyspeaking…一般说来Frankly speaking…坦白地说Judging from…依据来推断Considering…考虑到To tellyou thetruth…说实话;在seem/appear(好像,好似),prove/turn out(被证明是),remain(仍旧是,尚待)等连系动词后,可用不定式作表语如He seemed(tobe)very happy.
11.动词不定式在介词but,other than后面时,假如介词之前有行为动词do的某种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,否那么就要带to另外在can t choose but,can,t helpbut,cant but后面的不定式也要省略to如We coulddo nothingbut/other thanwait.We haveno choicebut towait.I cantchoosebut laugh.
四、形容词far,late,old,bad,ill,many,much,good,well,littlefew,a few,many,a great/good many,a largenumberof•••little,a little,much,a largeamount of,agreat/good dealof…a lotof,lots of,plenty of,a largequantity of,large quantitiesof
5.be veryimportant=be ofgreat importanceabroad国外的,afraid可怕的,ahead向前的,alike相像的,alive在世的,asleep睡着的,awake醒着的,fond喜爱的enough充分的,included包括的,present出席的,left剩下的,involved有关的,abroad国外的,afraid可怕的,ahead向前的,alike相像的,alive在世的,asleep睡着的,awake醒着的,deep深的,long长的,high高的,thick厚的,old老的,thin薄的,wide宽的,narrow窄的,juniorfriendly manlyhourly ugly,lovelywoman1y brotherlydaily likelysisterlywifely weeklylivelyradely husbandly,yearly lonelytimelymonthly sicklyquarterlyhomelyearly worldlysilly年少的,senior年长的
五、副词wide宽的,widely广泛地deep dear可爱,dearly特别深的,deeply深刻地high高late迟,lately最近的,highly高度地direct直接地,bad坏,badly特别directly立即close亲近的,low低的,lowly卑贱地closely紧密地near四周,fine很好地,finely微小地easynearly几乎hard难,hardly几当心,easily简单地sharp恰好,乎不most大多数,mostly主要sharply急剧地pretty相当,地prettily美丽地particularparticularly特殊的,beautifulbeautifully美丽的,possiblepossibly可能的,truetruly真实的,funfully满的,scientificscientifically科学的,easyeasily简单的,goodwell好的alive,asleep,aloud,awake,foreign,main,final,junior,plete,double,square,correct,enough,fearless,alone,total,empty,right,wrong,impossible,favourite,excellent,last,perfect,whole,superior(优越),inferior(较劣的),unique(唯——的),wooden(木制的),senior(高级的)
1.不定代词:all anothernothingany,none somebody,onesomeboth eitheranybody/oneanyneither nobodylittleotherno one等fewsomething,anything
六、代词
6.替代词it,one,ones thatthose
3.习惯接oneself的动词:abandon放弃content使满意hurt损害devote奉献lose…in使沉溺于absent...from缺席dress穿衣pride upon以骄傲amuse消遣enjoy享受shave刮胡子apply应用excuse借口suggest建议carry携带feel感觉value...on重视•mit提交forget遗忘concern关注help关心conduct表现
7.相互代词each other,one another
8.指示代词this,that,these,those,such,same
9.复合不定代词被形容词所修饰时,形容词须放在它们的后面如nothing wrong没有毛病10whatever,whoever,whichever等词可引导名词性从句,也可引导表示让步的状语从句11this和that有时作状语用,表示〃程度〃,意谓〃这么〃和〃那么〃如this thick这么厚,that much那么多
9.少数前有冠词的代词a littletheother,the others,a few,“疑问词+不定式〃结构的动词learn学习doubt疑心advise建议explain解释persuade说月answer答复find找到艮pray祈祷ask问forget遗忘promise承诺beg恳求guess猜remember记得consider考虑hear听到remind提示convince说月艮imagine想see看至U showdecide打算know知道显示suggest建议understand理解write写teach教tell want想要warn警wonder想知道告知think认告为wire拍电报
七、从句当从句的结构与意义都完整,说话人语气坚决用that,有疑问用whether/if当从句的结构完整,意义不完整,缺状语用where,when,why,how,缺定语用whose或which当从句的结构不完整,缺主宾表,说事用what,说人用who,whom形容词性从句定语从句
2.当从句的结构不完整,缺主宾表,说事用that/which,说人用that/who/whom当从句的结构完整,意义不完整,缺状语用wherein/on+which,when in/on/at/during+which,whyfor+which当从句的结构不完整,缺定语用whose二of which/whom+the+n.=the+n.+of which/whom.副容词性从句状语从句3时间状语when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,by thetime,as soonas,hardly*when,nosooner***than,the moment,the second,the minute,immediately,directly,instantly地点状语where,wherever缘由状语because,as,since,now that条件状语if,unless,once,in case,as longas,on conditionthat目的状语so that,in orderthat,for fearthat结果状语so**-that,such*--that比才以状语than,as as,not so/as***as,themore***the more・・・方式状语as if,as though,as让步状语though,although,even if,even though,as,no matterwhat,whatever,no matterwho,whoever,no matterwhich,whichever,no matterhow,however,no matterwhen,whenever。