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阅读理解突破之说明文
一、考情分析近年全国高考说明文题量统计3202020212022・卷名新高考I卷211全国卷I（乙卷）122全国卷II（甲卷）211全国卷in122说明文类阅读理解在年新高考全国卷、年新高考全国卷中均有一篇，在年新高考全国2022I2021I2022卷中有两篇，且侧重人与社会这一主题语境新高考新动向，以说明文为主，多为指导性或者介绍性说明文H命题取向说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理，给人以知识的文体题材涉及科技、社会和文化生活等各个领域说明文的结构特点、新闻报道类总体——细节或过程说明
1、科普类社会现象或变化——细节（运作原理或原因阐述）——社会效应和相关启示
2、研究调查类引出话题——调查结果——调查过程（方法、步骤、人员等）——对现实的影响和未来的展3望、说明呈现类总体呈现——细节描述（中心句一般在段首）——总结4
二、技巧点拨、关键是抓住说明对象的本质特征阅读时也要注意说明的顺序，说明的顺序有时间顺序（如事物的发1展变化）、空间顺序（如建筑结构）、逻辑顺序（因果、现象与本质）、掌握说明文的说明方法举例子、作比较——举例子、作比较（对比说明相异、类比说明相似）、列2数字、作诠释、下定义、作引用、打比方等、把握文章的脉络和长难句的分析3
三、典题例析典题例1（2023春・重庆长寿•高三重庆市长寿中学校校考阶段练习）The skyturned orangeand thehospitals wereinchaos.Thousands ofIraqis cameto emergencyrooms complainingthat theycould notbreathe.Some hadto beput onrespirators.Schools closedand airportscancelled flights.Life cameto astop amida cloudof dust.Such sceneshave occurredalmost weeklyin Iraqsince April.In decadespast,two orthree bigsandstorms wereexpectedevery year.This spring,Iraq hasalready recordedat leasteight.Sandstorms havealways beena factof lifein theMiddle East,and arenow growingmore frequentlyand intensely.Scientists saydust storms are complexand poorlyunderstood,but theirmain causesare natural.In2015,some peopleblameda fiercesummer stormin theLevant onSyrias civilwar thinkingthat militaryvehicles travellingthrough fieldskickedup enoughdust toblanket theregion.Researchers atPrinceton Universitylater citeda moreordinary mixofunusual heat and strongwinds asits reason,not gunners.Still,people plainlycontribute to the problem.Demand forwater ismaking adry regioneven drier.A WorldBankstudy in2019found thathuman actions,such asover-exploiting riversand lakes,produce aquarter of the Middle Easfsdust.Iran hasdrained wetlandsfor farming.Turkish damson theTigris andEuphrates meandrier riverbedsdownstream.All of this meansmore dustneeds to be sweptup bythe wind.The decreaseof theregions forestsbecause offires andcuttingdown treesmeans thereis lessvegetation tohold itback.Syria,for example,has lostan estimated25%of itswoodland and since2001,most ofit tosummer fires.Climate changewill makethe problemworse.For thosewho workoutside,sandstorms makelife unbearable.Sandstorms bringtiny particlesthat traveldeep intothelungs.The WorldBank estimatesthat airpollution causes30,000premature deathsa yearin theMiddle East——andrising.Economic costswill mount,too.Workers stayat home.Crops areburied underdust.The UNputs thedirect economiccostin theMiddle Eastat$13bn ayear,with indirectcosts manytimes bigger.
1.What dothe scenesdescribed in Paragraph1showA.The seriousnessof sandstorms in Iraq.B.The highfrequency ofsandstormsinIraq.C.The stepstaken toaddress Iraqssandstorms.D.The Iraqisnegative responseto sandstorms.
2.How doesParagraph3mainly developA.By offeringanalyses.B.By givingan example.C.By providingresearch results.D.By challenginga generalview.
3.What doesthe underlinedpart Allof this in Paragraph4refer toA.A drierclimate.B.Water shortagein theMiddle East.C.The impactof humanactivities onwater resources.D.Decrease offorest areasacross theMiddleEast.
4.Whafs the authors attitudetowards theMiddleEasfssandstorm problemA.Puzzled.B.Worried.C.Doubtful D.Optimistic.典题例2春•湖北•高三统考阶段练习2023With almostall bigemployers in the UnitedStates nowusing artificialintelligenceAI andautomation in their hiring processes,the publicis consideringsome urgentquestions:How canyouprevent discriminationin hiringwhen amachine iskeeping thediscrimination Whatkind ofmethods mighthelpSome83%of employers,including99%of Fortune500companies,now usesome formof automatedtools aspart oftheirhiringprocess,said theEqual EmploymentOpportunity CommissionsEEOC chairCharlotte Burrowsat ahearingon Tuesday.She saideveryone needsto speakup onthe debateover thesetechnologies.The risksare simplytoo hightoleave thistopic justto theexperts.Last year,the EEOCissued someguidance aroundthe useof cutting-edge hiringtools,noting manyof their简历shortcomings.The agencyfound thatresume scannersthat prioritizekeywords andprograms thatevaluate acandidatesfacial expressionsand speech patterns invideo interviewscan creatediscrimination.Take,for example,cavideo interviewthat analyzesan applicantsspeech patternsto determinetheir ability to solveproblems.A personwith aspeechproblem mightscore lowand automaticallybe screenedout.The problemwill befor theEEOC toroot outdiscrimination-or stopit fromtaking place.The EEOCis consideringthe mostappropriate waysto handlethe problem.Ifs agreedthat inspectionsare necessarytoensure thatthe softwareused bycompanies avoidsintentional orunintentional discrimination.But whowould conductthoseinspections is a morechallenging question.Each optionpresents risks,Burrows pointedout.A thirdparty mayturna blindeye toits clients,while agovernment-led inspectioncould potentiallystop innovation.In previousremarks,Burrows hasnoted thegreat potentialthat AIdecision-making toolshave to improve thelives ofAmericans,but onlywhen usedproperly.We mustwork toensure thatthese newtechnologies donot becomea high-techpathway todiscrimination/9she said.
5.What doesBurrows suggest,people doA.Make theirown voiceheard.B.Follow theexperts9suggestions.C.Stop usingAI inhiring processes.D.Watch debatesabout technologies.
6.How mightprograms invideo interviewsselect employeesA.By scanningkeywords.B.By evaluatingresumes.C.By analyzingpersonalities.D.By interpretingspeechpatterns.
7.What isa possibleconsequence ofthird-party inspectionsA.High expense.B.Unfair results.C.Age discrimination.D.Innovation interruption.
8.What isBurrowss attitudeto AIdecision-making toolsA.Favorable.B.Disapproving.C.Objective.D.Doubtful.典题例3（•广东深圳•统考——模）2023From cottagessurrounded byimpressive gardensto daysspent exploringsandybeaches anddeep woodsfilled withwildlife,in My Family and Other Animals,English writerGerald Durrellprovided avividaccount of his familystime onthe Greekisland ofCorfu in the1930s.Come for the arrestingdescriptions ofCorfu landscapesand stayfor DurrelPslaugh-out-loud talesofhisunusual（怀日的）family.This book,Durrell wrotehumorously in the introduction,was intendedtobea nostalgicI accountofnatural history,but in the firstfew pages,I madethn mistakeof introducingmy family.”Durrell,later knownfor hiszoo keepingand thepreservation ofwildlife,was justa childduring hisfamilys five-yearstay inCorfu.He is10-year-old Gerryin the book——curious,passionate aboutanimals anda detailedstoryteller ofhisstrange family:his imaginativeelder brotherLarry withhis literaryambitions,lovestruck sisterMargo,sporty brotherLeslieand hisever-calm,loving mother.Durreirs attentionto detailis whatmakes thebook sowinning,with everysight,sound andsmell of the islandbroughtto life.One minuteyoull belaughing asLarrys cleverliterary friendswalk down to thedaffodil-yellow cottage,the nextyoull becatching yourbreath asDurrell describesswimming atnight in the IonianSea:Lying onmy backin thesilkywater,staring atthe sky,only movingmy handsand feetslightly,I waslooking atthe MilkyWay stretchinglike asilkscarf acrossthe skyand wonderinghow manystars itcontained.MyFamilyandOtherAnimals isquite difficultto classify,being one part travel,onepartautobiography,one partnaturalhistory,and onepart comedy,with athread ofdescriptive languagerunning throughout that sometimesraises itnearlyto poetry.As areal delightto read,its theperfect literaryescapism fbrany adultor olderteenager whois currentlywalkingdown atough roadin life.
9.Which wordbest describesDurrelPs lifein CorfuA.Risky.B.Busy.C.Tough.D.Diverse.
10.What doesthe underlinedsentence meanin paragraph2A.I introducedmy familyby mistake.B.I shouldnthave introducedmy family.C.I couldnthelp introducingmy family.D.I gavewrong informationabout myfamily.
11.What areparagraph4and5mainly aboutA.The bookswriting feature.B.DurrelPs richimagination.C.Some interestingplots of thebook.D.Some vividdescriptions ofthe island.
12.What is the purposeofthistextA.To sharean experience.B,To recommenda book.C.To introducea writingstyle.D.To describean unusualplace.
四、课堂精练（江苏省苏锡常镇四市高三教学情况调研）2023A humanheart isso muchmore thanan organ.No onesays they（胰月泉）（肾脏）left theirpancreas inSan Francisco,for example,or thattwo kidneysbeat asone.Yet mostof usbelievethat twohearts can beat asone,and thatthe heartreveals ourreal emotions.Now theressome evidencethat suchfolkwisdomis true.When peoplelisten tothe samestory-each aloneintheirown home-their heart rates riseand falltogether,accordingto a new studypublished lastmonth in Cell Reports.Professor LucasPerra,a seniorauthor ofthe study,said,Its thestorythat drivesthe heart.^^（司步）This findingcorresponds witha mountainof researchshowing thatour brainssynchronize Iwhen weinteractin the same locationor participateinthe same activity.The new study goesone stepfurther;it testswhether our heart ratesbecomesynchronized whiletaking inthe samenarrative-even thoughwere notinthe same roomnor evenlistening atthesame timeas otherlisteners.Marcel Proustwrote atthe turnofthe20th century,the heartdoes notData tellsus muchthe same:the heartsconnectiontothe brain isso tightthat when we hearthe samestory,ourheartrates synchronize.Subjects inthe same groupproduced synchronizedheartratepatterns thatrose andfell atroughly the same timesduring thenarrative.（关联）The resultsare“heartwarming,“said Prof.Perra.Heart ratcorrelation betweensubjects doesnot requirethemto actuallybe interacting,or evenbe inthesameplace.Its notthe interactionbetween peoplebut thestory itselfthatdoes thetrick.”The point,he said,is thatwhenwelisten tothesameradio programor watcha Netflixshow,our heartsbeat together,showing thatwere notalone.
1.What doesthe underlinedexpression folkwisdom^^refer tointhefirst paragraphA.Kidneys beatlike hearts.B.Hearts areimportant organs.C.A humanheart conveysfeelings.D.Organs haveclose linkswith emotions.
2.What canwe learnfrom the newstudyinCellReportsA.People likelistening tothesamestory inseparate places.B.Human9s brainssynchronize whendriven bydifferent stories.C.People testedinthesamegrouphave thesame heartrates.D.The samestory canmake listenershave thesame heartrates.A.To reporta researchfinding.B.To argueagainst anopinion.C.To tellreaders amoving story.D.To callfor immediateaction.
4.Which ofthe followingisthebest titlefor the passageA.The WayHuman HeartsWork B.The SameStory,the SameHeartbeatC.The HeartsConnection toBrain D.The Importanceof HeartRatesB（江苏省七市高考二模英语考前适应卷）2023Almost everyonehas heardthe expression,the calm before thestorm”.It isusually usedto describea peaceful period justbefore avery stressfulsituation ora tenseargument.British sailorscoined thephrase inthe late1600s;they notedthat beforecertain stormsthe seaswould seemtobecome staticand the windswould drop.But whyis itoften socalmbeforea storm（资讯娱乐）Science hasgiven usthe answer.According toUS infotainmentwebsite HowStuff Works,a calmperiodoccurs becausemany storms,such astornadoes andhurricanes,draw in all thewarm andhumid airfrom thesurroundingarea.As thisair risesinto the storm clouds,it coolsand actsas fuelforthe storm,like petrolin acar”.Once the storm hastaken allthe energyit canfrom theair,it ispushed outfrom thetop ofthe stormclouds andfallsback downto groundlevel.As theair descends,it becomeswarm anddry.Warm,dry airis stable,so onceit coversan area,it causesa calmperiod beforethe storm.This sameprocess alsocauses the“eye ofthestorm“in hurricanesand tornadoes.In theseconditions,the calmoccursin thecenter ofthestormbecause ofthe strongrotating winds.The WeatherNetwork hasa tipfor workingout howfar awaya stormis.First,count howmany secondsthere arebetweena flashof lightningandaclap ofthunder.Roughly threeseconds equalone kilometer.So,for example,if youcountnine seconds,thestormis about3kilometers away.A goodevaluation isthat ifyour countis below30seconds,youshould seekshelter straightaway.However,due tothe complexityof stormsystem,not allstormsarepreceded bycalm.Given theright conditions,some stormsannounce themselveswith heavyrain andchilling winds.So,your bestbet isto keepyourself updatedwith weatherreports forany predictionsregarding acoming storminyour area.Thafs themost reliableand sensibleway to predict thenext displayof naturestemper.
5.The underlinedword staticin Paragraph2is closestin meaningto.A.violent B.quiet C.fast-changing D.warmA.To explainhow a storm comesinto being.B.To supportprevious researchon stormclouds.C.To explainwhy apeacefulperiodoccurs beforea storm.D.To showhow dangerousa stormcanbein certainsituations.
7.What canwe learnfrom thelast twoparagraphsA.Storms havea biginfluence onlife.B.It isnot alwaysquiet beforea storm.C.Weather reportsmay failtopredictastorm.D.Heavy stormsdont usuallylast fora longtime.C（江苏省盐城市、南京市高三年级第一次模拟考试）2023Virtual realitycan improvebrain activitythat may becrucial fbrleaning,memory andeven treatingAlzheimers,a studyon ratshas found.After monitoringthe ratsbrain activity,researchers fromthe Universityof CaliforniaLos Angelesdiscovered（海马体神经元）electrical activity in aregion known as the hippocampus neuronsdiffered dependingon whetherthe ratswereplaced in real-world orVR environments.The newfindings aresignificant asthe hippocampusisaprimary driveroflearning andmemory inthebrain.（同步发生）When ratswalk aroundin reallife,electrical activityinthehippocampus appearsto synchronizeata（）rate ofeight heartbeatsper second.Heartbeats atthis frequencyare generallyknownastheta0waves,with stronger0waves seemingtoimprovethe brainsabilitytolearn andkeep sensoryinformation.When placedina VR environment,the rats6waves becamestronger.“It turnsoutthatamazing thingshappen whenthe ratisinvirtual reality“said ProfMayank Mehtafrom UCLA.The（节律）scientists alsofound thatVR environmentscould changedifferent electricalrhythms in different parts of theneurons,which indicatesthat scientistsmay beable tocontrol humanbrain rhythms.“This isanew technology thathas greatpotential/9Mehta said.The studyalso indicateswhy VRmay stimulatetheseunique brainwaves.A bigpart ofit,Mehta puts,maybedowntothe verydifferent setof stimulipresented inVR.Imagine that youre approachinga doorwayinreallife.Your eyessee thedoor gettinglarger.But howdo youknowthat youremoving forwardandthedoor isntcoming toyou Theanswer isthatyourbrain usesinformation suchas theaccelerationof yourhead throughspace orthe shiftof weightfrom onefoot tothe other-information thatmay notbepresent duringaVRexperience.
8.According tothepassage,why arethenewfindings importantA.VRs contributionsto learninghave finallybeen identified.B.VR canaffect electricalactivityinthehippocampusneurons.C.VR producesthesameeffects onbrains asreal environments.D.VR islikely tobecome anotherdriver forlearning andmemory.
9.What canwe learnabout0wavesA.They dontrespond todifferent brain rhythms.B.They remainstable indifferent environments.C.They affecthow humanperceive knowledge.D.They havelite todo withthe rateof heartbeats.
10.What doesthe underlinedword itinParagraph5refer toA.The potentialofthenewtechnology.B.The controlof humanbrainrhythms.C.The changeindifferentpartsofneurons.D.The stimulationoftheunique brainwaves.
11.How doestheauthorintroduce VRsdifferent setof stimuliA.By conductingfurther testson rats.B.By comparingdifferent environments.C.By providinga detailedanalysis D.By explainingthe theoryof VR.。
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